美国药典重金属检测方法-中文

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2020版《中国药典》重金属检验操作规程(USP)

2020版《中国药典》重金属检验操作规程(USP)

一、目的:制订详尽的工作程序,规范检验操作,保证检验数据的准确性。

二、范围:本标准适用于参考美国药典标准检验品种重金属的测定。

三、职责:1、检验员:严格按操作规程操作,认真、及时、准确地填写检验记录;2、化验室负责人:监督检查检验员执行本操作规程。

四、内容:1、特殊试剂:1.1硝酸铅原液:将159.8毫克的硝酸铅溶于100毫升水中,加入1毫升硝酸,然后用水稀释至1000毫升。

制备此溶液并将其储存在无可溶性铅盐的玻璃容器中。

1.2标准铅溶液:临用新制,用水稀释10.0毫升硝酸铅原液至100.0毫升。

每毫升标准铅溶液含有相当于10微克的铅。

以每克被测物质100微升标准铅溶液为基础制备的对比溶液包含相当于每百万份被测物质1部分的铅。

2、方法一:2.1 pH3.5乙酸盐缓冲液:溶解25克醋酸铵在25毫升水中,加入6mol/l盐酸38毫升。

如果需要调节,可用6mol/l氢氧化铵或6mol/l盐酸调节pH值为3.5,用水稀释至100毫升,并混合。

2.2标准制备:将标准铅溶液(20微克铅)2毫升放入50毫升比色管中,用水稀释至25毫升。

使用pH计或短程pH指示纸作为外部指示剂,用1mol/l乙酸或6mol/l氢氧化铵调节到3.0到4.0之间的pH,用水稀释至40毫升,混匀。

2.3供试品制备:按照各专著的指示,将试验准备的溶液放入50mL比色管中,或使用各专著中指定体积的酸,溶于水中,用水稀释至25mL,单位为按公式计算的待测物质:2.0/(1000L)其中L是重金属限度,占百分数。

使用pH计或短程pH指示剂纸作为外部指示剂,用1mol/l 乙酸或6 mol/l氢氧化铵调节pH值在3-4之间,用水稀释至40毫升,并混合。

2.4 监测制备:在第三根50mL比色管中,放入按供试品制备指示制备的溶液25mL,并加入2.0mL标准铅溶液。

使用pH计或短程pH指示剂纸作为外部指示剂,用1mol/l乙酸或6mol/l氢氧化铵调节pH值在3-4之间,用水稀释至40毫升,并混合。

2020版《中国药典》重金属检验操作规程(USP)

2020版《中国药典》重金属检验操作规程(USP)

一、目的:制订详尽的工作程序,规范检验操作,保证检验数据的准确性。

二、范围:本标准适用于参考美国药典标准检验品种重金属的测定。

三、职责:1、检验员:严格按操作规程操作,认真、及时、准确地填写检验记录;2、化验室负责人:监督检查检验员执行本操作规程。

四、内容:1、特殊试剂:1.1硝酸铅原液:将159.8毫克的硝酸铅溶于100毫升水中,加入1毫升硝酸,然后用水稀释至1000毫升。

制备此溶液并将其储存在无可溶性铅盐的玻璃容器中。

1.2标准铅溶液:临用新制,用水稀释10.0毫升硝酸铅原液至100.0毫升。

每毫升标准铅溶液含有相当于10微克的铅。

以每克被测物质100微升标准铅溶液为基础制备的对比溶液包含相当于每百万份被测物质1部分的铅。

2、方法一:2.1 pH3.5乙酸盐缓冲液:溶解25克醋酸铵在25毫升水中,加入6mol/l盐酸38毫升。

如果需要调节,可用6mol/l氢氧化铵或6mol/l盐酸调节pH值为3.5,用水稀释至100毫升,并混合。

2.2标准制备:将标准铅溶液(20微克铅)2毫升放入50毫升比色管中,用水稀释至25毫升。

使用pH计或短程pH指示纸作为外部指示剂,用1mol/l乙酸或6mol/l氢氧化铵调节到3.0到4.0之间的pH,用水稀释至40毫升,混匀。

2.3供试品制备:按照各专著的指示,将试验准备的溶液放入50mL比色管中,或使用各专著中指定体积的酸,溶于水中,用水稀释至25mL,单位为按公式计算的待测物质:2.0/(1000L)其中L是重金属限度,占百分数。

使用pH计或短程pH指示剂纸作为外部指示剂,用1mol/l 乙酸或6 mol/l氢氧化铵调节pH值在3-4之间,用水稀释至40毫升,并混合。

2.4 监测制备:在第三根50mL比色管中,放入按供试品制备指示制备的溶液25mL,并加入2.0mL标准铅溶液。

使用pH计或短程pH指示剂纸作为外部指示剂,用1mol/l乙酸或6mol/l氢氧化铵调节pH值在3-4之间,用水稀释至40毫升,并混合。

重金属四国药典比较

重金属四国药典比较

对照溶液:4ml 250g/l的硫酸镁溶液(稀硫酸溶解硫酸镁),规定量的标准铅溶液(10ppmPb)。

按供试溶液的制备方法,加热灼烧,加盐酸,加酚酞试液,加氨水及冰醋酸等,并用水稀释至20ml。

取10ml的该溶液,加2ml待测液,2ml pH3.5的缓冲溶液,混合。

加1.2ml的硫代乙酰胺试液,立即混合。

监控液:按照供试溶液方法制备,只是在称量样品后需加入10ppm的铅溶液,取该液10ml,加入2ml供试液,加2ml pH3.5的缓冲溶液,混合。

加1.2ml硫代乙酰胺试液,立即混合。

空白溶液:10ml的水,加2ml待测液,2ml pH3.5的缓冲溶液,混合。

加1.2ml硫代乙酰胺试液,立即混合。

如果对照液与空白溶液比较,不显示浅棕色,或者监控溶液所显的颜色浅于对照液的颜色,那么该检测结果无效。

方法D供试溶液:在坩埚内,充分的混合规定量的待测物质和0.5克的氧化镁,灼烧退去暗红色,直至出现同质的白色或灰白色物质。

如果灼烧30分钟后仍有颜色取出冷却,用玻璃棒混和,重复进行灼烧。

如有必要,重复此项操作。

在800℃加热约1小时。

分别制备两份残渣,各加5mL等体积的盐酸和水的混和溶液。

加0.1ml 酚酞试液,然后滴加浓氨水直至出现粉红色。

冷却,加冰醋酸直到溶液褪去颜色,再多加0.5ml 冰醋酸。

如有必要,过滤并冲洗过滤器。

加水稀释至20ml。

对照溶液(标准):按供试溶液的制备方法,用规定量的铅标准溶液(10ppm Pb)代替待测物质并在100-105℃烘箱中干燥。

取10ml的该溶液,加2ml待测液。

监测溶液:按供试溶液的制备方法,向待测物质中加入配制对照溶液规定量的铅标准溶液(10ppm Pb)并在100-105℃烘箱中干燥。

取10ml的该溶液,加2ml待测液。

空白溶液:10ml的水和2ml待测液混合。

向12ml每种溶液中,加入2ml pH为3.5的缓冲溶液。

混合后加1.2ml的硫代乙酰胺试液,立即混合。

USP35(231)重金属检查第二法中英对照

USP35(231)重金属检查第二法中英对照

Method II方法ⅡpH 3.5 Acetate Buffer— Prepare as directed under Method I.取醋酸铵25.0g,加水25ml溶解后,加38.0ml6N盐酸,如有必要用6N氨水或6N 盐酸调PH至3.5 ,用水稀释至100ml,摇匀。

Standard Preparation— Prepare as directed under Method I.标准溶液的制备取50ml比色管,用移液管移取2.0ml标准铅溶液(20 gPb),用水稀释到25ml,用1N醋酸或6N氨水溶液调PH至3.0~4.0之间,用窄范围的精密pH试纸作指示,然后加水稀释至40ml,摇匀。

Test Preparation— Use a quantity, in g, of the substance to be tested as calculated by the formula:2.0 / (1000L),供试品溶液的制备称取一定量的样品(以g计算) ,按公式2.0/1000L计算,in which L is the Heavy metals limit, in percentage. Transfer the weighed quantity of the substance to a suitable crucible, add sufficient sulfuric acid to wet the substance, and carefully ignite at a low temperature until thoroughly charred. (The crucible may be loosely covered with a suitable lid during the charring.)其中L为重金属的限度(%),置适宜的坩埚中,加适量的硫酸预以湿润,在低温小心炽灼,直至全部炭化,(炭化过程坩埚盖可不盖严),Add to the carbonized mass 2 mL of nitric acid and 5 drops of sulfuric acid, and heat cautiously until white fumes no longer are evolved. Ignite, preferably in a muffle furnace, at 500 to 600, until the carbon is completely burned off.炭化物中加2ml硝酸和5滴硫酸,小心加热,直至不再挥发白色烟雾,于500~600℃炽灼, 直至炭完全灰化。

重金属检查法(USP和EP)

重金属检查法(USP和EP)

231重金属检查法本试验系在规定的试验条件下,金属离子与硫化物离子反应显色,通过与制备的标准铅溶液目视比较测定,以确证供试品中重金属杂质含量不超过各论项下规定的限度(以供试品中铅的百分比表示,以重量计)。

【见分光光度法和光散射项下测定法目视比较法<851>】【注意:对本试验有反应的典型物质有铅、汞、铋、砷、锑、锡、镉、银、铜和钼等】除各论另有规定外,按第一法测定重金属。

第一法适用于在规定试验条件下,能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质。

第二法适用于在第一法规定试验条件下不能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质,或者适用于由于性质复杂,易干扰硫化物离子与金属离子形成沉淀的物质,或者是不易挥发的和易挥发的油类物质。

第三法为湿消化法,仅用于第一法、第二法都不适合的情况。

特殊试剂硝酸铅贮备液制备:取硝酸铅159.8mg,溶于100ml水中,加1ml硝酸,用水稀释至1000ml。

制备和贮存本溶液的玻璃容器应不含可溶性铅。

标准铅溶液制备:使用当天,取硝酸铅贮备液10.0ml,用水稀释至100.0ml。

每1mL的标准铅溶液含相当于10µg的铅。

按每克供试品取100µL标准铅溶液制备的对照溶液,相当于供试品含百万分之一的铅。

在上述二试管中,分别加入pH3.5的醋酸盐缓冲液2mL,然后再加硫代乙酰胺—甘油试液1.2mL,用水稀释至50mL,混匀,放置2分钟,在白色平面自上向下观察:供试品溶液产生的颜色与标准品溶液产生的颜色相比,不得更深。

EP 版的重金属分析方法重金属方法A供试溶液:12ml待测水溶液,2ml pH为3.5的缓冲溶液,混合后加1.2ml的硫代乙酰胺试液,立即混合。

对照溶液:10ml的标准铅溶液(1ppm or 2ppm Pb),2ml pH为3.5的缓冲溶液,2ml的待测液,混合后加1.2ml的硫代乙酰胺试液,立即混合。

空白溶液:10ml的水,2ml pH为3.5的缓冲溶液,2ml的测试溶液。

美国药典USP32重金属part中文翻译

美国药典USP32重金属part中文翻译

231 HEAVY METALSThis test is provided to demonstrate that the content of metallic impurities that are colored by sulfide ion, under the specified test conditions, does not exceed the Heavy metals limit specified in the individual mono graph in percentage (by weight) of lead in the test substanee, as determined by concomitant visual comparison (see Visual Comparison in the section Procedure under Spectrophotometry and Light-Scattering 851) with a control prepared from a Standard Lead Solution. [NOTE—Substances that typically will respond to this test are lead, mercury, bismuth, arsenic, antimony, tin, cadmium, silver, copper, and molybdenum.]Determine the amount of heavy metals by Method L unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph・ Method I is used for substances that yield clear, colorless preparations under the specified test conditions・ Method II is used for substances that do not yield clear, colorless preparations under the test condilions specified for Method I, or for substances that, by virtue of their complex nature, interfere with the precipitation of metals by sulfide ion. or for fixed and volatile oils. Method III, a wet-digesti on method .is used only in those cases where neither Method I nor Method II can be usedSpecial ReagentsLead Nitrate Stock Solution— Dissolve 159.8 mg of lead nitrate in 100 mL of water to which has been added 1 mL of nitric acid, then dilute with water to 1000 mL. Prepare and store this solution in glass containers free from soluble lead salts・Standard Lead Solution— On the day of use, dilute 10.0 mL of Lead Nitrate Stock Solution with water to 100.0 mL. Each mL of Standard Lead Solution contains the equivalent of 10 pg of lead ・ A comparison solution prepared on the basis of 100 pL of Standard Lead Solution per g of substance being tested contains the equivalent of 1 part of lead per million parts of substanee being 怕sted.Method IpH 3.5 Acetate Buffer— Dissolve 25.0 g of ammonium acetate in 25 mL of water, and add 38.0 mL of 6 N hydrochloric acid・ Adjust f if necessary, with 6 N ammonium hydroxide or 6 N hydrochloric acid to a pH of 3.5, dilute with water to 100 mL. and mix.Standard Preparation— Into a 50-mL color-comparison tube pipet 2 mL of Standard Lead Solution (20 pg of Pb), and dilute with water to 25 mL. Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, adjust with 1 N acetic acid or 6 N ammonium hydroxide to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0, dilute with water to 40 mL, and mix.Test Preparation— Into a 50-mL color-comparison tube place 25 mL of the solution prepared for the test as directed in the individual monograph; or, using the designated volume of acid where specified in the in dividual mon ograph ・ dissolve in and dilute with water to 25 mL the quantity, in g, of the substance to be tested, as calculated by the formula:2.0/(1000L),in which L is the Heavy metals limit, as a percentage・ Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, adjust with 1 N acetic acid or 6 N ammonium hydroxide to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0, dilute with water to 40 mL, and mix. Monitor Preparation— Into a third 50-mL color-comparison tube place 25 mL of a solution prepared as directed for Test Preparation, and add 2.0 mL of Standard Lead Solution. Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, adjust with 1 N acetic acid or 6 N ammonium hydroxide to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0. dilute with water to 40 mL, and mix.Procedure— To each of the three tubes containing the Standard Preparation, the Test Preparation, and the Monitor Preparation, add 2 mL of pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer, then add 1.2 mL of thioacetamide-glycerin base TS, dilute with water to 50 mL, mix, allow to stand for 2 minutes, and view downward over a white surface *: the color of the solution from the Test Preparation is not darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation, and the color of the solution from the Monitor Preparation is equal to or darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation. [NOTE—If the color of the Monitor Preparation is lighter than that of the Stan dard Preparati on, use Method II in stead of Method I for the substance being tested.)Method IINOTE—This method does not recover mercury・pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer— Prepare as directed under Method I.Standard Preparation— Pipet 4 mL of the Standard Lead Solution into a suitable test tube, andadd 10 mL of 6 N hydrochloric acid・Test Preparation— Use a quantity, in g, of the substance to be tested as calculated by the formula:4.0/(1000L),in which L is the Heavy metals limit・ as a percentage・ Transfer the weighed quantity of the substanee to a suitable crucible, add sufficient sulfuric acid to wet the substanee, and carefully ignite at a low temperature until thoroughly charred・(The crucible may be loosely covered with a suitable lid during the charring.) Add to the carb on ized mass 2 mL of nitric acid and 5 drops of sulfuric acid, and heat cautiously until white fumes no longer are evolved. Ignite, preferably in a muffle furnace, at 500 to 600, until the carbon is completely burned off (no longer th 日n 2 hours). If carb on remains, allow the residue to cool, add a few drops of sulfuric acid, evaporate, and ignite again. Cool add 5 mL of 6 N hydrochloric acid, cover, and digest on a steam bath for 10 minutes・ Cool, and quantitatively transfer the solution to a test tube. Rinse the crucible with a second 5-mL portion of 6 N hydrochloric acid, and transfer the rinsing to the test tube・Monitor Preparation— Pipet 4 mL of the Standard Lead Solution into a crucible identical to that used for the Test Preparation and containing a quantity of the substance under test that is equal to 10% of the amount required for the Test Preparation・ Evaporate on a steam bath to dryness ・ Ignite at the same time, in the same muffle furnace, and under the same conditions used for the Test Preparation・ Cool, add 5 mL of 6 N hydrochloric acid, cover, and digest on a steam bath for 10 minutes・ Cool, and quantitatively transfer to a test tube・ Rinse the crucible with a second 5-mL portion of 6 N hydrochloric acid, and transfer the rinsing to the test tube・Procedure— Adjust the solution in each of the tubes containing the Standard Preparation, the Test Preparation, and the Monitor Preparation with ammonium hydroxide, added cautiously and dropwise, to a pH of 9. Cool, and adjust with glacial acetic acid, added dropwise, to a pH of 8. thenadd 0.5 mL in excess・ Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, check the pH, and adjust, if necessary, with 1 N acetic acid or 6 N ammonium hydroxide to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0. Filter, if necessary, washing the filter with a few mL of water, into a 50-mL color-comparison tube, and then dilute with water to 40 mL. Add 2 mL of pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer, then add 1.2 mL of thioacetamide--glycenn base TS, dilute with water to 50 mL, mix, allow to stand for 2 minutes, and view downward over a white surface*: the color of the solution from the Test Preparation is not darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation, and the color of the solution from the Monitor Preparation is equal to or darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation・[NOTE—If the color of the solution from the Monitor Preparation is lighter than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation, proceed as directed for Method III for the substance being tested.]Method IIIpH 3.5 Acetate Buffer— Prepare as directed under Method I.Standard Preparation— Transfer a mixture of 8 mL of sulfuric acid and 10 mL of nitric acid to a clean, dry, 100-mL Kjeldahl flask, and add a further volume of nitric acid equal to the incremental volume of nitric acid added to the Test Preparation. Heat the solution to the production of dense, white fumes; cool; cautiously add 10 mL of water; and. if hydrogen peroxide was used in treating the Test Preparation, add a volume of 30 percent hydrogen peroxide equal to that used for the substance being tested・ Boil genfly to the product!on of dense, white fumes・ Again cool, cautiously add 5 mL of water, mix. and boil gently to the production of dense, white fumes and to a volume of 2 to 3 mL. Cool dilute cautiously with a few mL of water, add 2.0 mL of S怕ndard Lead Solution (20 pg of Pb)? and mix. Transfer to a 50-mL color-comparison tube, rinse the flask with water, adding the rinsing to the tube until the volume is 25 mL, and mix・Test Preparation— Unless otherwise indicated in the individual monograph, use a quantity, in g. of the substance to be tested as calculated by the formula:2.0/(1000L)tin which L is the Heavy metals limit, as a percentage・If the substance is a solid— Transfer the weighed quantity of the test substance to a clean, dry, 100-mL Kjeldahl flask. [NOTE—A 300-mL flask may be used if the reaction foams excessively.] Clamp the flask at an angle of 45, and add a sufficient quantity of a mixture of 8 mL of sulfuric acid and 10 mL of nitric acid to moisten the substance thoroughly・ Warm gently until the reaction commences, allow the reaction to subside, and add portions of the same acid mixture, heating after each addition, until a total of 18 mL of the acid mixture has been added. Increase the amount of heat t and boil gently until the solution darkens. Cool, add 2 mL of nitric acid, and heat again until the solution darkens・ Continue the heating, followed by addition of nitric acid unlil no further darkening occurs, then heat strongly to the production of dense, white fumes. Cool, cautiously add 5 mL of water, boil gently to the production of dense, white fumes, and continue heating until the volume is reduced to a few mL. Cool, cautiously add 5 mL of water, and examine the color of the solution .If the color is yellow, cautiously add 1 mL of 30 perce nt hydroge n peroxide, and again evaporate to the production of dense, white fumes and a volume of 2 to 3 mL. If the solution is still yellow, repeat the addition of 5 mL of water and the peroxide treatment. Cool, dilute cautiously with a few mL of water, and rinse into a 50-mL color-comparison tube, taking care that the combined volume does not exceed 25 mL.If the substanee is a liquid— Transfer the weighed quarrtity of the test substance to a clean, dry, 100-mL Kjeldahl flask. [NOTE—A 300-mL flask may be used if the reaction foams excessively.] Clamp the flask at an angle of 45, and cautiously add a few mL of a mixture of 8 mL of sulfuric acid and 10 mL of nitric acid・ Warm gently until the reaction comme nces. allow the reaction to sub side, and proceed as directed for If the substance is a solid, beginning with "add portions of the same acid mixture/1Monitor Preparation— Proceed with the digestion, using the same amount of sample and the same procedure as directed in the subsection If the substance is a solid in the section Test Preparation, until the step "Cool, dilute cautiously with a few mL of water/ Add 2.0 mL of Lead Standard Solution (20 pg of lead), and mix. Transfer to a 50-mL color comparison tube, rinse the flask with water, adding the rinsing to the tube until the volume is 25 mL,Procedure— Treat the Test Preparation, the Standard Preparation, and the Monitor Preparation as follows. Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, adjust thesolution to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0 with ammonium hydroxide (a dilute ammonia solution may be used, if desired, as the specified range is approached), dilute with water to 40 mL,To each tube add 2 mL of pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer, then add 1.2 mL of thioacetamide--glycenn base TS, dilute with water to 50 mL, mix, allow to stand for 2 minu怕s and view downward over a white surface1: the color of the Test Preparation is not darker than that of the Standard Preparation, and the color of the Monitor Preparation is equal to or darker than that of the SI日ndard Preparation. <231>重金属本试验系在规左的试验条件下,金属离子与硫化物离子反应显色,通过制备的标准铅溶液口视比较测左,以确证供试品屮匝金属杂质含量不超过各论项F规运的限度(以供试品中铅的百分比表示,以重量计)。

美国药典USP32-重金属测试

美国药典USP32-重金属测试

<231> 重金属本试验系在规定的试验条件下,金属离子与硫化物离子反应显色,通过制备的标准铅溶液目视比较测定,以确证供试品中重金属杂质含量不超过各论项下规定的限度(以供试品中铅的百分比表示,以重量计)。

(见分光光度法和光散射项下测定法目视比较法<851>)[ 注意:对本试验有响应的典型物质有铅、汞、铋、砷、锑、锡、镉、银、铜和钼等]。

除各论另有规定外,按第一法测定重金属。

第一法适用于在规定试验条件下,能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质。

第二法适用于在第一法规定试验条件下不能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质,或者适用于由于性质复杂,易干扰硫化物离子与金属离子形成沉淀的物质,或者是不易挥发的和易挥发的油类物质。

第三法为湿消化法,仅用于第一法、第二法都不适合的情况。

特殊试剂特殊试剂特殊试剂特殊试剂硝酸铅贮备液—取硝酸铅159.8mg,溶于100ml水中,加1ml硝酸,用水稀释至1000ml。

制备和贮存本溶液的玻璃容器应不含可溶性铅。

标准铅溶液—使用当天,取硝酸铅贮备液10.0ml,用水稀释至100.0ml。

每1ml的标准铅溶液含相当于10µg的铅。

按每克供试品取100µl标准铅溶液制备的对照溶液,相当于供试品含百万分之一的铅。

方法方法方法方法IIII pH3.5醋酸盐缓冲液—取醋酸铵25.0g溶于25ml水中,加6N盐酸液38.0ml,必要时,用6N氢氧化铵液或6N盐酸液调节pH至3.5,用水稀释至100ml,混匀。

标准溶液准备—精密量取标准铅溶液2ml,(相当于20µg的Pb),置50ml比色管中,加水稀释至25ml,以精密pH试纸作为外指示剂,用1N醋酸液或6N 氢氧化铵液调节pH至3.0~4.0,用水稀释至40ml,混匀。

供试品溶液制备—取各论项下规定的供试品溶液25ml,置50ml比色管中,或用各论项下规定用量的酸溶解样品,再用水稀释至25ml,供试品以g计,按下式计算: 2.0/(1000L)式中L是重金属限度(%)。

美国药典-阿司匹林-中英对照

美国药典-阿司匹林-中英对照

Aspirin(USP 34)Aspirin contains not less than 99.5 percent and not more than 100.5 percent ofC9H8O4.calculated on the dried basis.根据干燥品计算,本品C9H8O4为标示量的99.5%~100.5%。

Packaging and storage -Preserve in the tight containers.包装与贮藏-贮藏于封闭的容器中。

USP REFERENCE STANDRANDS<11>-USP Aspirin RSUSP 标准物质-USP 阿司匹林对照品Identification-A: Heat it with water for minutes,cool,and add 1 or 2 drops ferric chloride TS: a violed-red color is produced.鉴别-1.水浴加热数分钟,冷却,加入1到2滴FeCl3 试液,测得颜色为紫红色。

B: Infrared AbsorptionLoss on Drying-Dry it over silica gel for 5 hours: it loses not more than 0.5% of its weight.干燥失重-硅胶干燥器中干燥5小时,减少重量不得超过0.5%。

Readily carbonizable substances-Dissolve 500mg in 5ml of sulfuric acid: the solution has no more color than matching fluid Q.易碳化物-取500mg本品溶于5ml硫酸溶液中,溶液颜色不得深于标准溶液Q。

Residue on Ignition: not more than 0.05%.炙灼残渣-不得超过0.05%。

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这些问题的存在引发了用更可靠、准确、灵敏、特异和耐用 的新仪器方法代替 USP<231> 的计划。三个关于元素杂质 检测的新 USP 通则正在平行开发中,分别是 USP <232>/ <233> 和 <2232>。USP <2232> 仅针对膳食补充剂,而 USP <232> 和 <233> 则针对药物成分和产品。

10
40
0.0001

10
40
0.0002

25
100
0.002

25
100
0.0002

25
100
0.002

25
100
0.005

250
1000
0.002

250
1000
0.001
样品制备
范围广泛的各种样品都可以用 USP<232>/<233> 进行分 析,所以提供适合所有样品类型的详细样品处理方法并不现 实。有些药物样品可以直接分析(不用溶解),而其他样品 可以用水性溶剂(如水或稀酸)或适当的有机溶剂(如 2-丁 氧乙醇 : 水(25 : 75)[3],DMSO 或 DGME)简单稀释或 溶解进行制备。用水性或有机溶剂进行简单稀释或溶解的 方法必须考虑样品的化学稳定性,并且对于有机溶剂溶解, 还要考虑样品中组分化合物的不同挥发性。对许多 API 来 说,用有机溶剂稀释是首选方法,这种情况下有必要采取有 助于稳定分析物的方法,以避免因较高或较低挥发性(与校 正标准品相比)成分的存在而造成的回收率波动 [7]。
USP<232> 包括一个涉及元素形态的章节,指出 As 和 Hg 的某些形态值得关注,因为其毒性比其它形态要大得 多。As 的 PDE 是指无机 As,如果总 As 浓度超出限度, 必须用一种能够对不同 As 形态进行分离和定量的方法对样 品进行重新分析。这样做的原因是无机 As 比常见的有机形 式(如,砷甜菜碱)毒性大得多,因此形态分析必须能够分 离其不同化学形态,确定无机 As(亚砷酸盐(三价 As)和 砷酸盐(四价 As))的总量低于限量。同样,Hg 限量也是 指无机 Hg(Hg2+),虽然甲基汞(MeHg)是毒性更大的 形态,但通常认为药物中不可能存在 MeHg。但如果样品来 自于可能含有相当量甲基汞的原料(如,鱼组织),也必须 对其进行特别的分离和测定。
元素杂质的 USP 新通则 <232> 和 <233>: ICP-MS 在药物分析中的应用
白皮书
作者 Amir Liba 和 Ed McCurdy 安捷伦科技公司 美国
摘要
美国药典(USP)正在开发药品及其成分中有机杂质的新检测方法。人们普遍认 为目前的 USP<231>“重金属限量检测”在范围、准确性、灵敏度和专属性等方 面均存在不足,将在 2013 年被新通则 USP<232>(限度)和 <233>(方法)所 取代。新方法将克服当前方法的局限,特别是关于分析物列表、样品制备、挥发 性分析物的保留以及密闭容器样品消解和现代仪器技术的应用,以实现单个分析 物的精确回收和浓度测定。本白皮书提供了新通则的开发背景,并介绍了安捷伦 700x ICP-MS 如何应对该新方法的要求。
• USP<232> 中的元素列表包括 Hg 和 PGE 类。这些元素 低浓度条件下在氧化性基体,如硝酸(HNO3)或硝酸/ 过氧化氢(HNO3/H2O2)中化学不稳定 [10、11],只有 消解溶液中含有络合剂(如 HCl),才能在较长时间内 稳定并被可靠测定。USP<233> 规定,用 ICP-MS 分析 的样品如需要测定 Hg 时,必须包含适当的稳定剂(在 修订的通则中 Hg 是所有样品都需要测定的分析物)
前言
药品中杂质的存在受到关注,不仅是由于某些污染物具有毒 性,而且还因为它们可能对药品的稳定性、保质期产生不利 影响,或可能引发有害的副作用。因此,必须对药品生产所 用原料、中间体和活性成分(API)、赋形剂(稳定剂、填 充剂、粘结剂、着色剂、调味剂、糖衣等),以及最终药物 产品中所含的有机和无机(元素)杂质进行监测和控制。对 生产过程中可能引入的杂质,如催化剂和来自生产工艺设备 的污染物,也必须进行监测。
对于任何需要消解或稀释的样品,其 PDE 限量必须根据样 品制备过程中的稀释倍数进行校正。例如,固体药品和赋形 剂中的 Cd 限量是 0.5 µg/g(ppm),在样品消解过程中的 稀释因子是 250 倍(例如,0.2 g 稀释和消解后的最终体积 为 50 mL),那么样品消解液中,Cd 的 PDE 限量(“J” 值)应为 2 ng/mL(ppb)。而 0.5J(1 ng/mL)浓度下必 须能得到准确的回收,意味着所需检测限至少低于该值(用 ICP-MS 能轻松测定的最低浓度)10 倍(0.1 ng/ mL),如 表 2 所示。注射或吸入给药的药物和赋形剂的组分限量必须 比表中的值再低 10 倍,即意味着消解样品需要 0.01 ng/mL 的检测限,仍在 ICP-MS 的测量范围内。
元素
组分浓度
溶液中的浓度限量 7700x 仪器检测
限量(µg/g, (ng/mL,ppb) 限(ng/mL)†
ppm)*
250 倍稀释后

0.5
2
0.0001

1
4
0.0002
无机砷
1.5
6
无机汞
1.5
6

10
40

10
40

10Βιβλιοθήκη 40铂10
40
0.005 0.001 0.0002 0.0005 0.0001 0.0002
除了与主观的目测颜色对比相关的明显误差以外, USP<231> 是基于 10 种元素总和的限度检测方法,不能给 出单个元素的浓度。而且,也不能测定许多感兴趣的元素, 如 Cr,以及生产催化剂中常用的铂系元素(PGE)。另外, 世界上的许多地区都不允许使用硫代乙酰胺和 H2S。
USP<232> 包括含催化剂在内的广泛的分析物,并且最大 许可限是根据分析物毒性,而不是方法性能而制定的。 USP<233> 规定了样品制备方法选择,包括密闭容器微波消 解,并且推荐使用现代仪器,如多元素 ICP-MS 和 ICP-OES 技术,代替 USP<231> 中使用的比色检测法。
USP<231> 另一个公认的问题是其样品制备方法,需要在高 达 600 °C 的马弗炉中灼烧样品。如此高的温度不可避免地 会造成挥发性分析物的损失,包括重要的有毒元素 Hg [1、 2、3]。
在 1995 年第一届药典论坛(PF)的“修订过程的促进因 素”主题下发表的一篇文章中,Blake 指出,“由于灼烧过 程中金属的损失,现行 USP、JP(日本药典)和 EP(欧洲 药典)通用检测方法所得结果的正确性很成问题”[1]。在 2000 年的另一篇文章中,Wang 提出用一种现代仪器方法 (ICP-MS)代替 USP<231> 中规定的比色检测法。Wang 的文章指出了 USP<231> 的一些缺陷,认为,“这些基于 硫化物沉淀颜色强度的方法 [USP<231>],是非特异、不灵 敏、费时费力的,通常回收率很低或根本没有回收率。”[4]
的样品特异性或分析物特异性优化(利用反应性气体的 碰撞池方法的特性),即可以去除来自于基体的多原子 干扰 [12]。7700 的 He 碰撞模式能够检测含高浓度、大范 围氯化物的样品(例如,来自一般药物样品消解液中的 HCl),而不影响受氯多原子干扰影响元素的检测。这 些元素包括 51V(与 35Cl16O 重叠)、52Cr(35Cl16O1H)、 53Cr(37Cl16O)和 75As(40Ar35Cl),7700 可以准确测 定高浓度 HCl(>1%)存在下所有这些元素的含量
表 1 显示了 USP<232> 规定的新列表中 16 种分析物(As、 Cd、Hg、Pb、V、Cr、Ni、Mo、Mn、Cu、Pt、Pd、Ru、 Rh、Os 和 Ir)的每日允许暴露(PDE)限量 [5]。在最近 (2011 年 5 月)版本的 USP<232> 中,将以前 I 组和 II 组 的分析物结合到一张表格中,而强毒性元素(As、Cd、Hg 和Pb,有时称为“四大”)则控制在比其它分析物低得多 的水平,并且在所有样品中都必须进行检测。
3
表 2. 每日最大剂量 ≤10 g/日的药品各组分(药物成分和赋形剂)USP<232> 浓度 限量 [5],以及安捷伦 7700x ICP-MS 的仪器检测限 *注射或吸入给药的药物组分限量在此基础上降低 10 倍 † 7700x IDL 针对各元素首选同位素,在 1% HNO3 和 1% HCl 基体中进行测量
USP<232> 中规定的 PDE 限量(表 1)必须根据药品类型和 给药途径进行调整。例如,注射或吸入给药的 PDE 必须调 整为比口服限量低 10 倍,而大体积注射(LVP)药物(每 日剂量大于 100 mL)PDE 必须比基础 PDE 低 100 倍。
USP<232> 还为药物成分和赋形剂提供了单独的组分限量, 假设每日最大剂量小于或等于 10 g/日,如表 2 所示。这些 组分的限量可用于生产质量控制,使药品生产商能够控制最 终药物产品的原料和中间体中的杂质含量。表 2 还显示了消 解溶液中的组分浓度限量,以及 7700x ICP-MS 的仪器检测 限,用于比较。
许多原料、赋形剂、中间体、API 和最终产品在常用的水性 或有机溶剂中不能溶解,因此需要进行酸消解。USP<233> 规定用“强酸”对这些不溶性样品进行消解,酸组成和消解 方法要留待各实验室去开发和验证,包含样品可接受的回收 率和样品稳定性。不过,对需要消解的大多数样品类型还是 有一些共通点需要注意:
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