语言学教程第四版 练习 第一章
Chapter One Introduction to Linguistics
I. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.
languages’have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics.
A. morphology
B. lexicogrammar
C. syntax
D. meaning
of the following words is entirely arbitrary
function of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade is ___.
Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. Which function does it perform
of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation)
A. Transferability
B. Duality
C. Displacement
D. Arbitrariness
6. What language function does the following conversation play(The two chatters just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.)
A：A nice day, isn’t it
B : Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A.Emotive
B. Phatic
C. Performative
D. Interpersonal
refers to the a ctual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
C. Langue
D. Parole
a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- .
A. Reference
B. Productivity
C. Displacement
answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language.
A. Psycholinguistics
B. Anthropological linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Applied linguistics
deals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region.
A. Linguistic theory
B. Practical linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Comparative linguistics
II. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.(10%)
1. The widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by Chomsky first.
2. For learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticing than its conventionality.
3. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.
4. For Jakobson and the Prague school structuralists, the purpose of communication is to refer.
5. Interpersonal function is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.
6. Emotive function is also discussed under the term expressive function.
7. The relationship between competence and performance in Chomsky’s theory is that between a language community and an individual language user.
study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.
phonetics investigates the properties of the sound waves.
nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with prescription instead of description.
III．Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10％)
1.Nowadays, two kinds of research methods co-exist in linguistic studies, namely,
qualitative and q__________ research approaches.
2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be
combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed as p__________.
has many functions. We can use language to talk about language. This function is m__________function.
claim that language originated by primitive man involuntary making vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the y＿theory.
is often said to be concerned with the organization of speech within specific language, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular language.
linguistics is d＿in the sense that linguist tires to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
general principle of linguistics analysis is the primacy of s___________over writing.
8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ linguistic study.
9.Saussure put forward the concept l__________ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
10.Linguistic potentia l is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s c__________. IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.
1.Design features
2.Displacement
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4013830401.html,petence
4.Synchronic linguistics
V. Answer the following question briefly.(10%)
do people take duality as one of the important design features of human languages
Can you tell us what language would be like if it had no such design features
can we use language to do things Please give two examples to show this point.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).
1. Language is ____________in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.
2. Language is_____________ and__________ in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction.
features that define our human languages can be called_____________, which include____________, _____________, ______________, _____________.
the opposite side of arbitrariness.
fact that in the system of spoken language, we have the primary units as words and secondary units as sound shows that language has the property of___________. is resourceful because of its_____________ and its___________, which contributes to the_____________ of language.
human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions. Jakobson’s vers ion, there are six functions of language, namely, ____________, _____________, _______________, ________________, ________________and metalingual function.
people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the _____________ function of language in Jakobson’s version.
functional grammar, language has three metafunctions, namely, _____________,____________________,__________________.
Halliday’s three metafunctions ______________creates relevance to context.
of language is primary to change the social status of persons.
name five main branch of
linguistics:___________________________,___________________,_____________ _____, _____________________and ____________________.
,we study the speech sounds produced by articulatory organs by identifying and classifying the individual sounds.
,we focus on the way in which the listener analyzes or processes a sound wave
the minimal unit of meaning.
study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called_______________.
study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is called_________________.
study of the way in which symbols represent sounds in linguist communicate are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study called_____________. study of rules which governs the combinations of words to form permissible sentences constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies that is_________________. fact that we have alliteration in poems is probably because of the__________________ function of language.
III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.
1.The description of a language at some print in time is a_______________ study.
A.descriptive
B. prescriptive
C. synchronic
D. diachronic
2. According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentence because_______
A. he has come across all of them in his life
B. he has internalized a set of rules about his language
C. he has acquired the ability through the act of communicating with others language
3.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is very similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance, but Saussure takes a ____________view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a__________ point of view
A. sociological, psychological
B. psychological, sociological
C. biological, psychological
D. psychological, biological
4.The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we write with indicates language is______
A. arbitrary
B. rule-governed
C. applied
D. illogical
5.We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is______
A.creative
B. arbitrary
C. limitless
D. resourceful
6.______means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker
A.Duality
B. Displacement
C. productivity
D. Arbitrariness
7.______examines how meaning is encoded in a language
A.Phonetics
B. syntax
C. Semantic
D. Pragmatics
8.______is concerned with the internal organization of words.
B. syntax
C. Semantic
D. phonology
9.______refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning
B. Arbitrariness C .Replacement D. Creativity
10.______of language makes it potentially creative, and______ of language makes learning a language laborious
A. Conventionality, arbitrariness
B. Arbitrariness, replacement
C. Arbitrariness, conventionality
D. Conventionality, arbitrariness
11.When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the______ function of language
B. creative
C. phatic
D. metalingual
12.____proposes a theory of metafunctions of language.
A.Chomsky D. Halliday
13.____function constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations.
B. Textual
C. Logical
D. Ideational
14.Interpersonal function enacts_________ relationship.
A.social
B. experiential
C. textual
D. personal
15.By_____________ function people establish and maintain their status in society.
A.experiential
B. referential
C. metalingual
D. Interpersonal
16.The study of the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech belongs to the study of_____.
B. phonetics
C. morphology
D. syntax
17.In__________ phonetics, we investigate the properties of the sound waves.
B. acoustic
C. auditory
D. sound
18.French distinguishes between nouns like GARE(station)which is feminine and nouns like TRAIN which is masculine. This shows that French is a language which____.
illogical B. has grammatical gender
biological gender D. has two cases
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4013830401.html,petence, in the linguistic sense of the word, is______.
skill B. intuitive knowledge of language
knowledge of language skill D. communicative ability
20.French has Tu (means: you) aimer a (means: will love) Jean and English has You will love Jean. This shows us that____.
A. both languages are alike in expressing future time
B.Both languages have a future tense but English requires more words
C.English is loose while French is compact
D.French forms its future tense by adding a special suffix
21.Knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question of the_____
A.lexis
B. syntax
C. semantics
D. pragmatics
22.A(n)_____is a speaker/listener who is a member of homogeneous speech community, who knows language perfectly and is not affected by memory limitations or distractions.
A. perfect language user
B. ideal language user
C. proficient user
D. native language user
IV. Analyze the following with your linguistic knowledge.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/4013830401.html,e the following two examples to support the idea that language is not all arbitrary.
a.They married and had a baby.
b.They had a baby and married.
2.Examine the way the following words are separated. Comment on the way of separation in relation to Bloomfield’s idea that word is minimal unit of meaning.
3.,is the difference between the following two statements in terms of attitude to grammar What kind of linguistic concepts do they represent
a.Never put an a before an uncountable noun.
b.People usually do not put an a before an uncountable noun.
4.How do you understand the sentence Music is a universal language
5.What are the two interpretations of the sentence They are hunting dogs What is the linguistic knowledge that enables you to distinguish the meanings of this sentence
V. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.
语言学教程第一章ppt
语言学教程胡壮麟主编
Contents ?Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds(Phonetics) Chapter 3 From Morpheme to Phrase (Morphology) Chapter 4 From Word to Text(Syntax) Chapter 5 Meaning(Semantics) Chapter 6 Language and Cognition ?Chapter 8 Language in Use(Pragmatics)
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics ?1.1 Why study linguistics? ?1.2 What is language? ?1.3 Features of language ?1.4. Origin of language ?1.5. Functions of language ?1.6. What is linguistics ?1.7 Main branches of linguistics ?1.8. Macrolinguistics ?1.9 Important distinctions in linguistics
Lead-in ?Qestion1: Other animals can beat us in many different ways, but what makes us superior to all of them? ?Qestion2: Why are children easy to undrstand their mother's tongue??Qestion3: Why do people in different social classes speak in different ways??Qestion4: Why is it "I love you" in English, but "私はあなたを愛して" in Japanese?
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胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记
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语言学第七章知识点总结 Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of society. In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly depended on its occurrence in a given context. Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship between language use and its co-occurrence factors. 1.The relevant features of the participants, persons, and personalities The verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action of the participant 2.The relevant objects 3.The effects of the verbal action Speech Community It refers to a group of people share the same rules of speaking and one linguistic variety as well. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Different languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of understanding the world. https://www.360docs.net/doc/4013830401.html,nguage may determine our thinking patterns
索绪尔普通语言学教程单词.
绪论 第一章 A Brief Survey of History of Linguistics institute 建立，实行prescriptive 规范性的Alexandria 亚历山大Philology 语文学inaugurate 倡导scientific 学术上的literary 文学的institution 制度criticism 考订 insofar 只有/在…范围内/达到…程度decipher 解密archaic 古代的problematic 难懂的couch v. 表达、措辞slavishly 如奴隶般的subservient 有帮助的/奉承的antiquity 古代文物affinity 亲属关系furnish 提供elucidation 说明，解释Sanskrit 梵语broader 广阔的sounder 牢固的Paradigm 范例/词性变化（表）Latin 拉丁语hypothesis 假定Vowel 元音Proto-Indo-European 印欧语faithful 如实的 havoc 杂乱，浩劫by chance 偶然，意外Germanic 日耳曼语etymological 词源学comparative mythology 比较神话学school 学派 principle 原理mutual 互相的，共有的codification 法典编纂systematization 系统阐述volume 著作instead of 然而warrant n.授权/搜查证/理由/委任书/证明vt. 批准/成为…的根据/向…论证/[口]断言elude 困惑/躲避exclusive 高级的/排外的/独有的validate 使生效/承认/验证Bizarre 异乎寻常的permissible 可容许的methodological 方法论的Initial stage 初期magnify 放大attest 证明 Restrict 限制，约束Junggrammatiker 新语法学派inadequacy 不足第二章语言的材料和任务；它和毗邻科学的关系
《普通语言学》读书心得
《普通语言学教程》读书会心得 近一个月来,大家都在为这次读书会进行忙碌的准备。下午听完各位同学不同的观点,有受益匪浅的地方,有值得学习的地方,也有可以讨论、不确定的地方,甚至反驳的地方。 值得一提,也就是值得思考的就是,几乎所有同学对这本书的普遍反映就就是——瞧不懂。有瞧了整本书三遍以上还就是觉得很费解的同学,也有反反复复的瞧很多遍绪言却还就是没懂,卡在绪言部分的同学。大家都非常用心的读了这本著作,却也被其中谈到的哲学、心理学、地理学、甚至物理学的东西的搞得头晕眼花,我也就是如此。借用今天读书会上一位同学的话说,“哲学系的同学跟我说想瞧懂这本书就要先学懂哲学,于就是,我就借了一本哲学书瞧,可就是瞧不懂。心理学的同学跟我说,想要瞧懂这本书就要先学心理学,我又借了一本心理学的书,还就是瞧不懂。无奈,我又去借了一本微心理学的书,瞧就是瞧懂了,可就是发现跟语言学没什么关系”。这足以说明索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》这本书涉猎学科之广泛,蕴藏知识之深奥。再借用另外一名同学在读书会上讲到的一个小笑话为例,她说她曾在朋友圈发表一条状态,她的某位学经济的同学就是这样评论的,“索绪尔说:‘您的结构有问题’。乔姆斯基说:‘亲爱的,别听她的,结构这玩意儿就就是一坨屎。’”。可见,这本书不仅仅就是学语言的人需要读的著作,也吸引着其她很多学科的人了解它,认识它,潜心研究。 先以我个人的观点为例谈谈我对这本书的内容的感触。与其她同学一样,《普通语言学教程》之于我也就是非常难理解的一部著作,其中涉猎的学科之广,有些就是我从未接触与涉及过的领域,以现阶段的学识基础,读起来真的就是非常有难度。那么,就我现阶段知识结构来说说关于书中第三章“地理差异的原因”——基本原因:时间的浅显认识吧。索绪尔提出语言有地理差异的原因的基本原因就是时间。相信很多同学瞧到这里都会有疑问,我也就是如此,一谈到语言的地理差异,第一反应认为基本原因就就是空间差异,因为去了另外一个地方,受到当地人、事、环境、习俗等等的影响,语言才会出现差异。抱着这种疑问并且不服气的心态瞧了这章内容,不得不说,我被索绪尔的理论说服了,也被自己曾经历过的实践说服了。由于大学时读英语专业,自己有着很深切学习另一门语言的感受,加之对英美文化背景的了解,让我更容易理解与赞同索绪尔提出的——言地理差
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3. 微观语言学 3.1. 语音学 3.2. 音系学 3.3. 形态学 3.4. 句法学 3.5. 语义学 3.6. 语用学 4. 宏观语言学 4.1. 心理语言学 4.2. 社会语言学 4.3. 应用语言学 4.4. 计算语言学 4.5. 神经语言学 5. 重要概念及其区分 5.1. 描写式&规定式 5.2. 共时&历时 5.3. 语言&言语 5.4. 语言能力&语言应用 5.5. 唯素的&唯位的 5.6. 传统语法&现代语法 5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义；发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类；基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法 2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系与区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布于互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音；音高和语调。 1. 语音学及其三大领域 1.1. 语音学定义 1.2. 语音学三大领域 ①发音语音学 ②声学语音学 ③听觉语音学 2. 辅音 2.1. 辅音定义 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。 2.2. 发音方式 发音方式是指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位的方式 2.3. 发音部位 发音部位是指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。 3. 元音
索绪尔及其《普通语言学教程》之心得
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语言学教程(胡壮麟版)综合测试题含标准答案.
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语言学教程复习题与答案（胡壮麟版第一章） Chapter I In troduct ion I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2. Lin guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3. A scientific study of Ianguage is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ianguage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts. 5. Gen eral lin guistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7. 7. Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to convey meaning in com muni cati on. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces. 11. The study of meaning in Ianguage is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolatio n, but in con text. 14. Social changes can often bring about Ianguage changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage. 20. The disti nction betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F.de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter give n: 21. Chomsky defi nes “ compete nee ” as the ideal user ' s k ___________ of the rules of his Ian guage. 22. La ngue refers to the a _______ lin guistic system shared by all the members of a speech com munity while the parole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and applicati on of the rules. 23. D _______ is one of the desig n features of huma n Ian guage which refers to the