俄罗斯文学术语(汉语版)
●“新人形象”
指19世纪俄国文学中具有民主主义思想的平民知识分子，即“自由民主资产阶级的受过教育的代表”。19世纪50年代俄国解放运动进入资产阶级民主主义时期，贵族阶级已逐渐丧失其进步意义，平民知识分子登上了政治舞台，新人形象应运而生。新人大都出身平民，接受了革命民主主义思想，投身反抗沙皇专制的实际斗争，他们从事劳动，接近人民，意志坚强，品德高尚，追求自由、独立和真挚的爱情，有为社会解放努力奋斗的精神。屠格涅夫《前夜》中的英沙罗夫和叶琳娜，是俄国文学中第一次出现的两个新人形象。
●奥勃洛莫夫性格
Обломовщина起源于Гончаров的长篇小说《Обломов》的主人公Обломов，一个三十二、三岁的地主。他懒惰成性，精神空虚，极端无能，不能处理日常事务，整天胡思乱想，想用幻想代替现实生活，萎靡不振，蜷缩在安静的安乐窝里，就连爱情都不能使其振作，是一个不可救药的腐朽的形象。
Обломовщина成了一个因循守旧、停滞不前、轻视劳动、惧怕新生事物的代名词。
Обломовщина根源于农奴制，它的形成发展是与俄罗斯农奴制联系在一起的。Обломов出生于一个与世隔绝、死气沉沉的地主庄园，造就了闭塞愚昧、惧怕新生事物、冷淡懒惰的奥勃洛莫夫性格，说明了腐朽的农奴制生活不仅摧毁了农奴的幸福生活，同时也毁了地主自己的生活，暴露了农奴制的腐朽罪恶。
●托尔斯泰主义Толстовство
是托尔斯泰思想探索的产物，它的产生与俄国社会环境密切相关。
70年代末80年代初托尔斯泰的世界观发生了巨变，转到宗法制农民的立场上，对俄国现实世界批判，反对俄国的政治制度，彻底否定国家教会，私有财产，认为资本主义与资产阶级是洪水猛兽，但否定用暴力推翻，从而创造了“托尔斯泰主义”。
Толстовство是托尔斯泰宗教思想的代名词，他宣扬以基督之爱普爱众生，要按上帝的方式进行生活；他认为以恶抗恶只能引起新的恶，而不能消除恶，只有历经每个人在道德上的自我完善，才能根除恶。
这种学说是空想是不可行的。其内容是消极的，他宣扬宗教与顺从，理想是搞自己耕田打草鞋的自然经济，这是开历史倒车，阻碍了人民革命意识的觉醒，麻痹了人民的斗争意识；但Толстовство 是托尔斯泰创作的动力，没有该主义就没有他杰出优秀的作品，所以它又是一份复杂的精神遗产，值得我们好好研究。
●白银时代серебряный век
一般认为，从19世纪普希金开始，一直到19世纪80年代左右，这是俄罗斯文学的“黄金时代”，从普希金到后来伟大的俄罗斯现实主义作家果戈理、屠格涅夫、托尔斯泰、陀思妥耶夫斯基和契诃夫等的小说和戏剧，对全世界产生了惊人的影响，他们的作品成为世界经典名著。到19世纪末20世纪初，俄罗斯的诗歌继普希金时代后，重新走上文化生活的前台，变现出生机勃勃，令人瞩目。后来，这个时期的诗歌获得了“诗艺复兴”或“白银时代”的美称。这一名称是从“黄金时代”这个概念推演而来，起初用来评价20世纪初诗歌文化的鼎盛现象，后来渐渐地有人开始把术语“白银时代”指称19世纪末20世纪初象征主义、阿克梅派、“新农民”文学以及部分未来主义文学那部分俄罗斯艺术文化。
●新型现实主义
以高尔基为代表的一批作家继承了19世纪俄罗斯文学传统，在契诃夫开创的容纳各式各样人物、注重人的个性、发觉人与人之间互不理解原因的新审美视觉的基础上，把现实主义推向一个新的阶段——新型现实主义。高尔基及其继承者把大写的人、大地的主人、革命者推到首位。在他们的作品中，人是世界的主人，人是胜利者，是自由的斗士。他们否定陀思妥耶夫斯基与托尔斯泰关于痛苦与道德净化的基督教思想。高尔基认为，改造世界的革命会改
变和丰富人的精神世界。
●现代主义модернизм
现代主义是与现实主义相对立的一种文学运动，19世纪末、20世纪初起源于西班牙和墨西哥等国家，而这一新的文学运动几乎同时在俄国很快发展起来。现代主义文学否定现实主义美学中严格的因果决定论，否定现实主义认定的社会或历史环境对人的必然决定论。现代主义维护人的个性，维护人不受历史时间因素束缚的权利。俄国的现代主义包括了许多不同的流派：象征主义、阿克梅派、“新农民”文学及部分未来主义者。
●象征主义символизм
象征主义在诸流派中居于首位，它兴起于法国，但在俄国很快得到强劲的发展。它不认为艺术是对世界的认知，而要在创作的过程中建构世界；它不接受艺术的功利主义，认为一切价值都是相对的。象征主义运用暗示、隐喻、联想和烘托增强表现力，追求言外之意，象征是多义的，不要求有惟一的共同理解，如果有两种或更多的理解，或者不能完全理解而只是感受，而后自己在脑海里补足，这才是它的迷人之处。这个流派的辉煌主要表现在诗人辈出，除了勃洛克Блок、别雷Белый、阿赫玛托娃Ахматова、曼德尔斯塔姆Мандельштам外，还有К·巴尔蒙特Бальмонт、В·布留索夫Брюсов、М·库兹明Кузмин、Д·梅列日科夫斯基Мережковский、З·吉皮乌斯Гиппиус和维·伊万诺夫等。
●阿克梅派Акмеизм
1910年前后象征主义运动内部发生的分裂，使其影响逐渐衰落，同时它又面临新兴起的诗歌流派的挑战，这其中最主要的有阿克梅派和未来主义。阿克梅派产生于1912-1913年间，“阿克梅”一词源于希腊语，意为“顶峰”、“繁盛”。它直接针对于象征主义后期盛行一时的神秘主义和宗教思想而兴起。
●未来主义футуризм
俄国未来主义和阿克梅派一样产生于象征主义的危机时期，虽然在艺术主张上与发源于意大利的未来主义有一定联系，但其思想观和社会观远胜于意大利的未来主义。俄国未来主义没有统一的组织和主张，只有若干个相互斗争的小组。最早的未来主义者是自我未来派эгофутурист。其短暂的同盟者有莫斯科的“诗歌顶楼派”мезонин поэзии。这两派存在的时间很短，1914年左右便消亡。1913-1914年莫斯科出现了“离心机”派центрифуга。俄国未来派中人数最多、影响最大的是立体未来主义кубофутуризм，通常所研究的未来主义主要思想艺术特征是以他们的主张和实践为基础的。
●拉普РАППРоссийская ассоциация пролетарских писателей
俄罗斯无产阶级作家联合会，20世纪20-30年代初苏联最大的文学团体。拉普的活动分两个阶段。前一阶段，1923～1925年，以《在岗位上》杂志为主要阵地，反对托洛茨基，捍卫无产阶级文学的战斗原则，但妄自尊大，排斥不同观点作家，甚至把高尔基和马雅可夫斯基也列为“同路人”作家加以攻击。1925年俄共（布）作出《关于党在文学方面的政策》的决议后，原领导中的一些极端成员被撤销领导职务，后一阶段，1926～1932年，1926年后，拉普新领导表示接受党的决议，提出要学习、创作和自我批评的口号。但它继续排斥、打击“同路人”及其他不同观点、风格的作家，搞宗派活动，并在内部闹无原则纠纷。1932年4月联共（布）中央作出《关于改组文艺团体》的决议后，拉普宣告解散。
●“同路人”作家
“同路人”作家苏联早期文学界对一部分作家的称呼。这部分作家政治上拥护苏维埃政权，但思想上同革命还有一定距离，对革命带来的巨大变革还不能完全理解。总之，世界观还没有转变到无产阶级方面来。
●侨民文学
1917年十月革命后不久, 俄国爆发了一场国内战争, 也就是赤卫运动保卫红色苏维埃政权
和白卫运动保卫临时政府的旧政权的斗争。斗争最后以白卫运动的失败而告终, 同白卫组织一起溃逃到国外的有200一300万俄罗斯人, 他们或不理解布尔什维克的无产阶级专政, 或惧怕托洛茨基等人的红色恐怖, 或不满自1914年起被战乱折磨了六七年的俄国艰难生活环境, 离开祖国,侨居国外。这就是苏维埃俄罗斯及苏联历史上的第一个侨民浪潮。
第一次浪潮中侨居国外的作家、诗人的人数最多, 艺术成就及影响也最大。第二次浪潮出现在第二次世界大战末期。德国（主要是慕尼黑极其近郊）、美国成了这次浪潮俄侨的主要侨居地。相对于俄侨文学第一次浪潮而言, 这次侨民文学的规模要小得多, 也没有什么太大的文学建树。第三次侨民浪潮始于60年代中期, 可以说, 是为排挤和高压政策所“ 造就” 。他们在战时和战后这段时间中成长起来, 所以, 从某种意义上来说, 他们是“ 战争的孩子” 。他们曾对苏共20大充满信心,为斯大林体制的改变欢呼雀跃过, 并对苏联的政治体制及赫鲁晓夫的“ 解冻”有过堂吉诃德式的幻想。但他们所期望的创作自由并没有出现, 相反, 却遇到了永远无法逾越的冰山。第三次浪潮中有影响的作家大多是因为政治原因被迫离开苏联的, 其中许多人甚至被剥夺了苏联国籍。
●解冻文学Оттепельная литература
以小说《解冻》为标题，在苏联的50年代出现一批真实反映现实生活的作家作品。斯大林时代的文坛大都是歌颂文学，宣扬“无冲突论”，造成了公式化、概念化、粉饰生活、回避矛盾的状况，并且粗暴批判一些触及现实的作家作品。斯大林逝世后，苏联第二次作代会召开，彻底纠正“左”的偏向，作家们开始大但地表现生活矛盾和冲突以及黑暗面。西方评论界认为解冻影射斯大林个人崇拜时代已经结束，将这股新的文学潮流称作“解冻文学”。倾向于对过去的僵化的文学模式的反叛，更多的是以一种理性的、清醒的态度来对待历史，对待现实生活。
●生态文学
二十世纪的俄罗斯文学，无论相对于俄国文学的“黄金时代”，还是相对于俄国文学的“白银时代”，都有其独特之处，其中引世人瞩目的乃是二十世纪的生态文学。二十世纪俄罗斯文坛上的生态文学其作品之多，内容之丰富，涉及面之广堪称世界文学之最。生态文学，可以说是二十世纪世界文坛上一个新的文学现象，它从伦理道德的角度关注人与大自然的关系，关注生态平衡，关注人类生存环境。它以精神和道德为基础，探索人与大自然之间的新关系、新法则和新内涵。
人与自然的关系一直是人类永恒的话题，也是文学创作取之不竭的源泉。纵观俄罗斯文学史，人大自然的关系，一直是俄罗斯文学的传统主题，山川河流、花草树木、大小生灵都具有独特的审美主题，都是与人的个性意识紧密相联的。十九世纪后半期以反映人与自然关系为主题的俄国作家大体上可分为两派：一派是以费特、迈科夫、阿"托尔斯泰等为代表的纯艺术派作家。他们以描绘大自然、歌唱大自然的美为主题，以大自然来表现人的内心世界。另一派是以涅克拉索夫、奥加辽夫、尼基丁等为代表的革命民主派作家。他们的作品寄托了人类对大自然亲人般的关怀，关注人与大自然的命运，揭示出社会的矛盾与悲剧。
二十世纪俄罗斯文学中，人与大自然关系的探索是与整个人类和民族感情紧密相联的。二十世纪早期，在普里什文、帕乌斯托夫斯基、布尔加科夫、叶赛宁、戈尔巴托夫、高尔基等作家的作品中，都显露出作家对大自然和人类命运的忧患意识，并且，预见毁坏大自然不仅是由于无序发展的经济，更主要的是因为人的精神、道德以及审美情趣的贫乏。普里什文是二十世纪俄罗斯生态文学的鼻祖，他的名著《人参》、《大自然的日历》以及后来出版的《林中水滴》等作品，创造了一种“我在自然之中，自然在我之中”的意境，表达了诗人对人与自然关系不和谐的担忧。他主张通过自然认识人，在大自然中寻找和挖掘人类美好的心灵。他的思想后来也集中为一个警句“人必须与大自然作斗争，也必须对他宽大，必须保护它”。普里什文的作品受到高尔基很高的评价，称他为“诗人和哲人”。在人与自然的关系上，诗人叶赛
宁反对一切破坏大自然的因素。他以其天才的敏锐直觉和大诗人的洞察力，意识到工业文明对农业文明和传统精神价值的毁灭性冲击，预见到现代文明将带来生态失衡、人的物化等恶果。高尔基曾这样评价：“谢尔盖" 叶赛宁与其说是一个人，倒不如说是自然界特意为了诗歌，为了表达无尽的…田野的哀愁?，对一切生物的爱和恻隐之心（人——比天下万物——更配领受）而创造出来的一个器官。” 叶赛宁与大自然同呼吸，共生存。在他的笔下，大自然是活生生的，有知觉有情感的。自然的人化和人的自然化在他那里是一回事。他从革命风暴给乡村带来的变革中敏感地捕捉到大自然面临一场劫难的信息。他难以接受他所热爱熟悉的乡村遭到破坏的事实，他后期的诗由对大自然的赞颂变为挽歌。
全景文学苏联当代战争文学的一个发展阶段和一种体裁。存在的时间大体是从60年代后期到70年代末。主要代表作家作品有：邦达列夫的《热的雪》、恰科夫斯基的《围困》、斯塔德纽克的《战争》、西蒙诺夫的《最后一个夏天》（《三部曲》的第三部）等。
全景文学是继50年代末到60年代初在苏联文坛上大显声势的“战壕真实”文学而出现的。它的主要形式是描写卫国战争题材的长篇小说。其特征可归纳为以下几点：（一）强调全面历史地反映卫国战争的时代，写具有重大意义和规模宏伟的军事战役和战斗事件，通过对战争的整个进程的认识和描写，揭示苏联人民最后胜利的历史必然性。这样，巨大的时空跨度，史诗般的宏伟气势，立体式的结构和纷繁而令人眼花缭乱的事件与场面，就成为这类小说的一个醒目的艺术特点。（二）由于强调对战争的全面观点，着眼更高层次的战争领导机构（营、团、师、军、集团军、方面军）的指挥和决策活动，直至写到大本营和最高统帅部。这样，在苏联方面，就出现了斯大林和许多苏军元帅及高级将领的形象；在德国方面，也出现了希特勒及其同僚。历史人物的出场导致了两种情况。一是大量利用真实的文献和档案材料，包括地图和战时日记等，把艺术虚构和真实再现相结合，这类作品因而带有“纪实性”的性质，故也称为“军事纪实小说”。其次是，所写战役和战斗事件的背景往往超越军事的范畴而涉及到政治和外交领域；所以“全景小说”有时也与当代政治小说有着密切的联系。（三）在创作思想上，是60年代中期以来反对“非英雄化”，重提英雄主义和军事爱国主义的产物。即使写普通人，不再强调“活命”意识和表现猥琐心理，而是把他们的思想和行动连同他们对整个战争意义的认识联系起来。这样，即使写苦难和死亡，也有一个乐观的基调。（四）斯大林问题是苏联当代战争文学中最敏感的问题之一。在60年代以前的战争文学作品中，过多地谴责了斯大林在领导和指挥卫国战争中的失败和错误，在“全景文学”中，这一倾向有了很大的扭转。斯大林是作为远见卓识的军事统帅和苏联党和国家领导人来描写的，而且指出他的领导作用和卫国战争的胜利有着直接的关系。作品中形象丑化的成份也大为减少。
美国文学史复习提纲 名词解释
I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or（American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.） 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It
美国文学简史名词解释定义
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
美国文学史名词解释
1.American Puritanism清教 2.It comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised. Characteristics: 特点 1. Idealistic: Puritans pursue the purity and simplicity in worship. They focuse the glory of God, and the angry believe in the doctrine of destiny, original sin, limited atonement 2. Practical: Puritans come to Amrican to do business and make profits with the desire of chasing wealth and status. They have to struggle for survival under the severity of the western frontier. 3 .The struggle between the spiritual and the material is the basics of the Puritan mind. On the one hand, Puritans chase the purity of the early the other hand, they come to America to earn money. This contradictory will be reflected by their thoughts. 4. In a word, it rests on purity, ambition, harding work, and an intense struggling for success. Romanticism浪漫主义: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography. Transcendentalism先验说,超越论: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau. American Realism现实主义: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience Local colorism乡土文学: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. Stream of consciousness意识流：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke
美国文学史名词解释
1、the Lost Generation In general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of . writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a . that, basking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, . cummings and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald's Tender Lost generation The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the >full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to >the three best-known representatives of lost generation are Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos. Lost generation The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish. 2、Iceberg Theory It is a term used to describe the of American writer . The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real similarly lies beneath the surface. Iceberg Theory Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety
十八到十九世纪俄国文学史考点总结
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美国文学史习题
美国文学史习题 Document serial number【LGGKGB-LGG98YT-LGGT8CB-
I.Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’) 1.In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ____ was the dominant. 2.The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named ____. 3.Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism? 4.The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the __ attitude of its author.
5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by ___. 6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___ and Thoreau. 7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”? 8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.
十九世纪俄罗斯作家作品一览表
十九世纪俄罗斯作家作品一览表 1.克雷洛夫ИванАндреевичКрылов(1769--1844）： 别林斯基称它为“俄国唯一的一位真正的、伟大的寓言作家。 《摩登小店》1807 喜剧 勇士伊利亚1808 神话剧 2. 瓦西里?安德烈耶维奇·茹科夫斯基Василий Андреевич Жуковский (1783-1852)：继杰尔查文后成为俄国诗坛泰斗，是俄国第一个浪漫主义作家，浪漫主义文学的奠基人。《五月的早晨》 1797 诗歌 《黄昏》 1806 抒情诗哀歌 《柳德米拉》 1808 谣曲 《斯维特兰娜》 1813 故事诗 《捷昂与艾斯欣》 1815 谣曲 《十二睡美人》 1827 诗歌 3．里鮑耶陀夫Aleksandr Sergeyevich Griboyedov(1795.1—1829)： 俄国剧作家。 《智慧的痛苦》 1824 喜剧 4．孔德拉季·费奥多洛维奇·雷列耶夫：Кондра?тийФёдоровичРыле?ев（1795.9-1826）： 19世纪初期，俄国贵族革命家。文学成就主要表现在诗歌上。十二月党诗人中最著名的诗人。 《致宠臣》 1820 讽刺诗 《沉思》 1821-1823 诗歌 《伊凡·苏萨宁》 1823 诗歌 《公民》 1824-1825 政治抒情诗 《沃伊纳罗夫斯基》 1825 长诗
5．亚历山大·谢尔盖耶维奇·普希金Aleks Sergeyevich Pushkin (1799--1837)： 俄国文学之父。在俄国文学史上是继往开来的人物，他既是俄国浪漫主义文学的杰出代表，又是现实主义文学的奠基人。 《皇村回忆》 1814 诗歌 《致诗友》 1814 诗歌 《自由颂》 1817 诗歌 《致恰达耶夫》 1818 政治抒情诗 《乡村》 1819 诗歌 《鲁斯兰与柳德米拉》 1820 叙事长诗 《假如生活欺骗了你》 1825 哲理意味诗 《我记得那美妙的一瞬》 1825 爱情抒情诗 《黑桃皇后》 1833 中篇小说 《上尉的女儿》 1836 历史长篇小说 6．尼古拉·瓦西里耶维奇·果戈里 Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol-Yanovski (1809-1852)：是俄国批判现实主义文学的奠基人，伟大的讽刺作家。 《汉斯·古谢加顿》 1829 长诗 《狄康卡近乡夜话》 1830 短篇小说 《三等弗拉基米尔勋章》 1835 喜剧 《彼得堡的故事》1835 中篇小说 《密尔格拉得》 1835 中篇小说 《钦差大臣》 1835 讽刺喜剧 《死魂灵》 1840 长篇小说 7．维萨里昂·格里戈里耶维奇·别林斯基Виссарион Григорьевич Белинский 1811-1848 俄国革命民主主义者、哲学家、文学评论家。 文学的幻想1834 论文 1846年俄国文学一瞥1847 论文 1847年俄国文学一瞥1848 论文
美国文学史名词解释
American Puritanism 美国清教主义 Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.美国清教主义指的是清教徒的精神和理想的定居在北美大陆十七世纪初期由于内容的宗教迫害。 It migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England. 它为新英格兰奠定了宗教，知识和社会秩序的基础。 Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort: unconditional election, limited atonement, total depravity, irresistible grace and the perseverance of the saints. 清教徒遵循加尔文派于多特宗教会议上制定的五点信条：无条件拣选，有限救赎，完全堕落，不可抗拒的恩典，以及圣徒的坚守。 It is basis of American literature. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. It contributing to the development of Symbolism: a technique, widely used. 它是美国文学的基础。所有文学基于一个神话——伊甸园。 它的发展导致的象征主义:技术,广泛使用。 American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义 The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass. 浪漫主义时期是美国文学历史上最重要的时期,从18世纪末延伸至爆发内战。它始于华盛顿·欧文的《见闻札记》,以惠特曼的《草叶集》结束。 In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. 在文学上，这个时期是美国第一次伟大的创作期，浪漫主义的种子在北美的土壤里生根发芽。 American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. 美国浪漫主义在本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达，因为这个新大陆充满着生机和活力而使美国的浪漫主义蕴含异国的气质。Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. 清教主义对美国浪漫主义有着显著的影响。浪漫主义作家往往更讲道德。许多浪漫主义作品旨在陶冶他们过瘾了。 Subjectivity, back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature, back to nature is romanticism’s characteristics. 主体性，回到中世纪，尤其是中世纪民间文学，回归自然是浪漫主义的特征。 It stressing emotion rather than reason, stressing freedom and individuality, Idealism rather than materialism. Writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements. 强调情感,而不是原因，强调自由和个性，理想主义,而不是唯物主义。写关于自然、中世纪的传说和超自然的元素