习题 研究生
研究生英语课后习题
Ⅰ. Comprehension
8. Whether positive or negative, a person’s attitude towards life is a thinking habit _______. A. inherited from either of his parents B. formed when he is very young C. acquired after he has gained considerable experience D. never to be got rid of
1.Those people who "keep their eye upon the doughnut rather than on the hole" _______. A. are considered positive-thinkers by the author B. are likely to see their glass as half empty C. view their successes and failures more objectively D. have suddenly become the object of scientific research on clichés
研究生综合英语下学期习题文档
Unit6P1721The press has been asked to respect the ___of the Royal Family during this very difficult time.A individualismB privacyC isolationD insulation2 The pharmaceutical company attracted a___ amount of funding for research into a cure for cancer.A considerateB conservativeC countlessD considerable3 A conference might help create new marketing ideas or provide a(n)___for discussion of problems.A arenaB playgroundC stadiumD stage4 His book is the cultural___ of the year.A incidentB accidentC eventD affair5 The mountaintop provides a spectacular view of Innsbruck and tis____.A environmentsB surroundingsC circumstancesD vicinities6 Finance during marriage___ is a very big issue particularly with regards to the mortgage and household bills.A separationB divisionC allocationD detachment7 E d′s already____ health deteriorated after he left the hospital.A invalidB faintC fragileD crisp8 A man driven by____ is capable of anything.A respectB embarrassmentC conceitD jealousy9 Glenn started acting____ after his wif e′s funeral.A popularB peculiarC particularD persistent10 If a vitamin is frequently absent from the a(n)___ may develop.A efficiencyB sufficiencyC deficiencyD proficiencyP1741 Corbett could scarcely understand some of the accents and______ himself with gazing around. (content)2 An annual_______ of the World Bank was held in Geneva last week. (convention03 Do you need to be_______ to play basketball well? (tall)4 She felt_____ calm in front of the crowd. (curious)5 The_______ for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was adopted in 1950 to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. (convention)6 Many of the essays are political in_______.(content)7 Broc k′s attorney has yet to_______ the will. (execute)8 A few______ neighbors came out to see what was going on. (curious)9 The state will______ him in 24 hours unless his appeal is granted. (execute)10 First impressions really do________. (count)11 We will be_____ with a respectable result in tomorrow′s match. (content)12 Italian neo-realism breaks with film_______ of the past. (convention)13 A linesman had his flag up so the kick did not______. (count)14 For the next four years they defied______ by living as man and wife when they were not. (convention)15 Finding a replacement is going to be a(n)_____ order. (tall)完型P174：(10个)contradictory worldly sophisticated glamorous crimesubject safest sheer chaotic violenceThe culture of New City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the cit y′s size and variety, and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its______ size and cultural influence, New York has been the______ of many different, and often______, portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and______ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and______ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorses e′s Taxi Driver, New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for virtually every conceivable viewpoint on big city life.In the early years of film New York City was characterized as urbane and______. By the cit y′s crisis period in the 1970s, however, filns like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection, Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and______. With the cit y′s renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex and the City showed life in the city to be______ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of______ dramas, such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city their subject, even as New York has become the______ large city in the United States in the last two decades,完型P180：(15个)More willful movie star feather images disappointed realize prodigyPacific homeland intentions impatient magazines excited / hopeful failedMany years ago my mother bought a beautiful swan in shanghai for much______ than its worth. After losing everything in China, she sailed across the______ Ocean with the swan and her dream for a new life in America. But upon her arrival, the swan was pulled away by the immigration officials and only a swan_____ was left for her . Now my mother was old. For many years she had kept the feather for me which was carried from her______ with all her good_______.My mother once believed that one could______any dream in America. She believed that her daughter, I, could be a(n)______ of certain type. At first, she wanted to train me into a child______ just like Shirley Temple. Then she had me do various tests she had read in different______ about amazing children. However, she was_______ every time by my answer.At the beginning,I was as_______ as my mother, if not more. I imagined myself as many different_______. As the time went by ,the hoping prodigy in me became more expectations. But one sad night in front of the mirror, I suddenly saw a new me-an angry, powerful and______ girl. I made up my mind to be myself for the rest of my life!P182:1 sumApple has spent huge______ in its drive to penetrate new markets.The city problem can be______ up in three words: too many people.I wrote a letter______ the main points we had discussed.2 boas tHank was____ that he could drink a case of beer by himself.Each luxury home______ an indoor pool and three-car garage.After they had drunk a lot of wine, they started to become loud and_____3 worthThe new computer system has already proved its_______We had only three day_______ of food left.Leeds United were_____ winners of the copetition.4 trickyIt would be very_____ to try to stabilize the region without the support of other countries.Pretending he doesn’t remember is an old______ of hisA _____ look crossed his face when Patsy mentioned the money.It was a piece of political_____ that enraged the opposition.5 adoreHe _____ his wife and children.They knelt in_______ of their gods.Have you seen their new baby—she simply_____The elderly actress can still pull in_____ audiences6 reproachYou’re got nothing to_____ yourself for—it was his own decision.She gave her danghter a _______ glance.He listened to his wife’s bitter_____7 blinkLucy _______ at him in astonishment.Lynn laughed, ________ to try to wosh the dust from his eyesHe kept giving quick_______ to try to wosh the dust from his eyes.8 reflectionI could see my _______ in his glassesI was dazzled by the sunlight______ off the wet road.A moment________ will show the stupidity of this argument.TV shows sometimes_______society more liberal views on sex.P2021 There is little point putting a(n) ______ door in a frame that will rot in 10 years.(destroy)2 A woman______ him for a well-known actor, and asked him for his autograph.(take)3 In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as ______, courage, discipline and love of ones country.(selfish)4.Democracy, no matter______ is sill the best method of government.(perfect)5.Max walked past her, without acknowledging her presence by the slightest_____ in his expression.(alter)6.Whether she is victim or ______ remains unknown.(trait)7.A(n)_____ amount of research was done here by our science department.(consider)8.She may be stupid, but shes not a (n)_______.(lie)9.We are a multi-national corporation with140,000______worldwide.(employ)10.As the story______ ,we learn more about Maxs childhood.(fold)11.The new theory is a(n)_______ of Corbins theory of personality development.(refine)12.Andrew Carnegie was a true______, giving away millions to charity.(philanthropy)13.The _______ was sent to prison for 10years.(crime)14.Lisa is deaf in one ear and ______ blind.(part)15.His modesty is ________.(proverb)P210held scrunched watched reduced importunitiesstuck ordered wretchedness racked vanityordered recall frequented motionless examinedDue to a dock strike, I was ______ in Vera Cruz on my way from Mexico City to Yucatan. To kill time, I sat down in the coolness of the plaza and______ a drink.A red-haired beggar attracted my attention. He was skinny. His ragged clothes barely______ together. He stood at the tables, one after another, silent and immobile, with______ in his eyes. When he came to me, I shook my head.In the eveing , I was again that beggar standing _______ before one table after another. It occurred to me that I had come across him before. But I couldn’t tell when and where.The second day at Vera Cruz wore on. I ______ for the beggar and _____ him very carefully. I _______ my brains,trying to remember when I might have met him, but could______ none of the circumstances.A policeman who tried to protect the public from the _______ of the beggars gave him a whack. And suddenly I remembered everything except his______.Twemty years ago, I was in Rome and often went to a restaurant_______ by some American and British art students and writers. He was only a boy among them then, good-looking but with enormous ______ and with an ambition to be a writer. Being arrogant, he was not popular among us. I could never imagine that he had been______ to this frightful misery. I found him and went up to him.“Do you remember Rome?” I said.He didn’t move, nor spoke a word; it was as if I were not standing before him. I pressed a note in his hand. But he _____ it up and flicked it into the air.P2111.PutThe ship_____ in at Bombay and remains there for a day._____ your name at the top of each answer sheet.It is hard to_____ into words how I feel now.2.rentI pay the ______ at the beginning of every month.Did you know you can_____ a fax machine from the telephone company?3.frequentThe bar was _____ by actors from the nearby theater.As a ______business traveler, I have spent many nights in hotel rooms4.grindHe dropped a cigar butt and _____it into the carpet with his heel.These huge stones were once used for_____ wheat into flour.5.tipA serv i ce charge is included on the bill, so_____ isn’t necessary.Doctor Gordon frlt my neck with the_____ of his fingers.Here s a good_____ :If you spill red wine on your carpet, pour salt on it to prevent staining.6.censureIn particular, they have been______ for failing sufficiently to take into account the needs of local people. Costs will have to be kept down if severe if public_____ is to be avoided.7.gleamA Rolls Rovce was parked outside, ______in the sunshine.A few faint______ of sunshine lit up the gloomy afternoon.8.waneHer interest in the project is on the_____His popularity in the state began to _____ almost immediately after the election.9.dismayThe thought of having to earn her own living ______ her.Arriving late for school, we found to our______ that the headmaster was waiting for us at the gate.10.throwNever trust those who_____ over their friends when they are in danger and difficulty.That was a very long______ -at least 80 yards.11.wearSusanna was ______ a black silk dress.Check the equipment for______ and tear.As the evening______ on, she became more and more nervous.12.protestA small group of demonstrators staged a peaceful______ outside the UN Headquarters.Thousands of people blocked the street,______ against the new legislation.P2291.She was a woman of uninspiring appearance and a dreadful bore_____(to boot)2. Society does not exist in a _____, it is influenced by Government policies, the environment and culture. (vacuum)3 Your efforts will be_____ and you will find that you no longer have to bother about the boring details of everyday life(reward)4The _____ police had offered for any information leading to his arrest is twenty times the average national wage(reward)5We ended the year with a _____ profit of 9.7 million, which represents earings of just 5%(net)6Elderly people were still slowly______ the hotel steps when the parade started(negotiate)7The_____ are that he will commit the same crime again(the odds)8The little company battled its way to success, despite the enormous_____(the odds)9______ accidents have decreased in frequency in recent years(fatal)10The government opened______ with the IMF for another loan(negotiate)P2301. black and white in black and whitePart of the problem is that we only see the issue as_____Once its down________, you cant forget it.I still get a thrill seeing re-tuns of old_____ movies on Saturday afternoon televison.2. on the scene behind the scenes set the sceneThe accident victim died before the ambulance arrived______Foster ______ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect.Women make their contribution in the word either in high-profile or______3.make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no differenceHe told me he should have been more careful, but that it would_______The lighting will______ to how wel people can the picture.Will exercise_____________to my chances of getting far?A few kind words at the right time__________4work on work out work againstIf you ______ it steadily you should win thrugh in the endCriticizing the security procedures usually _____ making them sffsctive.Why don’t you leave him here till you see how things________5spread out spread through spread toBuddhism _______ China from India.Felix watched his men________ to cover the whole area.A mass movement against forced labor_______ the state.P2391Migrant workers are to be______ near the place where they work(accommodate)2He treated us as______ individuals who had to learn to make up our own minds about important issues.(autonomous)3Parking near the school causes severe traffic_______(congestion)4People and corporations are______ entities under the law(equivalent)5We should go a step further to_______ scientific and technological advances with economic development(integrate)6The choice of research design________ to the substantive results.(make a difference)7The_______area of Boston is a major center for technology manufacturing, publishing, banking,, and finance.(metropolitan)8Words listed in this book______ frequently.(occurrence)9Last night Mr.brown was______ the final details of his 4 billion giveaway.(work on)10A(n)______ employee is one who is employed for an unlimited length of time(permanent)P2401The man signaled for me to______ the children together.(gather)2They started out by looking at the computer screens which_____ the images.(display)3Why bother baking a potato when a packet of_____ is at hand?(crisp)4If you_____ information or evidence, you collect it, especially over a period of time and after a lot of hard work (gather)5The gates are_____ by a computerized system(control)6He was_____ and well groomed but not very clever.(smart)7An audio-visual_____ gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship.(display)8The autumn sky is clear and the air is_____(crisp)9______ bombs and weapons are guided by computers and lasers so that they hit their targets accurately.(smart)10The work______ arrived to repair the broken fence.(party)P241Management include congestion collection courseprivate system rapidly until applicationIntelligent Transport Systems(ITS) is the name to the______ of computer and communication technologies to transport problems. In a(n) ______ changing society the emphasis on road technology imporovements to assist in road_____ has been identified. The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the_______ of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s. The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the_____ of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s. The European Union picked up the theme, and referred to it as Road Transport Informatice. In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes______ the USA gave it the name ITS. Intelligent Transport systems_______ wider application of technology to transit systems as well as ______ cars and highways. Benefits given by ITS to any transportation______ that introduce it are:improved safety, improved traffic efficiency, reduced______ ,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. P2601City officials have slowed the development by stalling building permits for the area.A delayingB installingC threatening Dissuing2Sales of the new drug have been stopped, pending further research.A asking forB looking forC seeking forD waiting for3We had a difficult time during the financial crisis, but eventually things turned out all right.A were acceptableB becameC pulled outD carried on4The young emperpor had at his disposal a very powerful light jinfantry army with experiencedA with his willB under his controlC within his powerD to his surprise5He has been down on his luck lately, his company went bankrupt and his girlfriend broke up with himA waiting for his fortuneB gambling on his fortuneC suffering from bad luckD dragged down by luck6 Predictions of a disastrous slump in industry were proved unfounded by strong demand and continually increasing sales.A declineB ruinC damageD dump7In the first five years of reform, the country s GDP soared by almost 40%A sufferedB increasedC sacrificedD inclined8He skimped for years to pay back the money that he borrowed for his college educationA did withoutB skinnedC laboredD saved9When I was on the dole, I got 505per week from the government and spent 2.5 on rentA drugB dopeC welfareD pension10Mr. Wilson wanted new recipients to be eligible for aid for only one year, but some Democrats wanted two years.A able to get helpB able to offer helpC unmarried in order to get aidD bachelors in order to helpP2611 Thousands of spectators_______ into the stadium to see the game.(cram)2 Tell the students to blow up the______ and then tape the straw to it.(balloon)3Most river tourists travel in big noisy rigs, which______ through all but the biggest rapids without difficulty(crash)4 Jill______ her clothes into the bag(cram)5He lost control of his car at the first bend and ______(crash)6We _____ in as much sightseeing as possible during our stay in New York.(cram)7The company s debt has______in the past year.(balloon)8You can_____ at our place if you cant get a ride home(crash)9We ll have to get our of this situation before the _____ goes up(balloon)10As house sales have______, so has spending in department-store on items like furniture, carpets and electrical appliances(slump)11It is believed that the proceeds from the sale will go into a _____ fund for the children(trust)12The hardest thing is finding a car dealer you can______!(trust)13I was fortunate enough to have very_____ parents(liberal)14The post-war______ sent unemployment figures soaring to twice the expected level.(slump)15That decision did not win her much support from____ and moderates.(liberal)16When he is 25,the trustees will give him full control of his____ fund(trust)P267Aligned interest unfortunately expected variousPushed up flattening use appreciation residentialAo as to demand economics lower appreciationHousing prices have been_______ to unprecedented levels. It is a common idea that a significant part of the_______ for housing is based on an expectation of future________. The more prices go up, the more people want to buy_______ reap the gains from_____ future price appreciation. The pushes prices up even more. Can anything be done?Some municipalities provide_______ types of assistance to new homeowners._______ this increases demand even more. Increasing taxes does not solve the cost of the housing problem either.Basic______ that either a reduction in demand or an increase in the supply of housing will____ housing prices, so a rise in ______ rates should moderate________ and it appears that housing prices are_______ out in some areas. As to increasing supply, land_____ restrictions are tight in many desirable______ areas , and political forces are______ against relaxing these restrictions due to limited land resources and traffic problems.So what id the answer to high prices of home?P2681ownThe yacht was intended for the king s______ useYou wont know the cost of______ a car until you have______ oneHe studied these subjects on his_____2dynamicShe s ______ and determined.Markets are ______ and for ever changing.Group____ is the study of group behavior, especially the interactions that occur among persons in small groups involved with business or social activities3fixEllis was able to quickly find and______ the problemHe s going to ______ a time when I can see himMany of those changes could just be a temporary______4feedSeveral children were _____bread to the ducks.Figures are_____ into the computer, which then predicts the likely profitThe grain just rotted and all they could use it tor was animal_____5appreciationIt helps children to develop an ______ of poetry and literatureI m very______ of all the support you ve given meThere has been little _____in the value of property recently6remainThe refugees were allowed to ______in the UKI rescued the_____ of my slipper from the dogThe three parties will meet next month to work out ______ differences7endIt is hoped that the talks will bring an _____to the violenceIt has three pairs of legs, each_____ in a large claw.Being out of work and having two young children, they found it impossible to make____ meet8stockShe owned 3000 worth of_____ and shares.The blue shirts are out of _______The same questions seem to be asked every time, and he gives his_____ answers9billThey sent us a ______ for the work they had doneThe senator introduced a _____ that would increase the minimum wageYou will be______ monthly for the service.10ZoneSan Francisco and Tokyo are both located in earthquake______Look at the way she s playing. She really in the ______ nowThe former dockyard has been______ for tourist useP2871The academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of a long-standing national consensus about the value of educationA agreementB controversyC confidenceD reputation2She gave a staggeringly good performance in the TV program as a police officer investigating a murderA eventuallyB crediblyC amazinglyD famously3The President expects that the research team will work together to explore the complex issues in an open and collegial manner to find a solution.A concertedB polishedC competitiveD cooperative4A monk who lives in a monastery or temple has a relaxed and peaceful life of contemplation.A complainB thinkingC contemptD discovery5Iron began to supersede bronze for tool making about 3000 years agoA blockB replaceC interveneD relegate6She was stating out over the lake, composing a poem in her mind.A illustrationB creatingC visionD courage7Not all countries appoint a poet laureate but most countries have many poetsA chairmanB nomineeC honoredD member8We cannot predict with any accuracy how current discoveries and scholarship will influence future generationsA prizeB inventionC intelligenceD learning9We also have an obligation to ensure that the scholarly work of the academy is widely disseminated.A spreadB appreciatedC recommendedD recognized10It would take nearly a book in itself to explain the scope, rigor and stress of those testsA vigorB strictnessC traditionD pursuitP2881To solve a problem you have to understand its______ causes(underlie)2Once we ve had the disease, we areusually ____for life(immunize)3I was rather quiet as I didn’t feel I had much wisdom to ____ on the subject(impaart)4A broad and balanced education is a(n)_______ for raising standards(imperative)5The fort was ______ to attack from the north(vulnerability)6Their ideas ______ quickly across Europe.(diffusion)7Economic concerns are_______ in many voters minds(foremost)8 I went to a(n)_________ lecture this morning(scholar)9The report _______ the difficult issues at the heart of scientific policy(illumination)10He is a man of ambition and ________(eloquent)P2951But brace yourself for what you ll findA prepareB hugC patD ready2We are graduating tooo few skilled workers to meet the burgeoning demand for themA vitalizedB surplusC increasingD shrinking3America has compensated for its failure to adequately educate the next generation by importing brainpower A machinery B talent C technology D equipment4The global competition for science and engineering talent is intensifyingA intensiveB deterioratingC tightD strengthening5President Bush s education-reform initiative may be exacerbating the problemA reinforcingB exaggeratingC worseningD reversing6 Enrollments of US students in science and engineering majors have stayed flat.A unchangedB increasingC broadenedD fluctuaing7Reversing this slide will require stronger federal leadership and more money A trend B decline C growth D impact8The upshot: The US now ranks below 13 other countriesA progressB outlineC resultD briefing9Science graduates simply have too many lucrative alternative to teachingA profitableB comfortableC attractiveD plain10It could ultimately squander its leadership of the world economyA consolidateB prohibitC wasteD maintainP2951sweepThey want to make _______ changes to education policiesBert______ the path in front of the house2addressThe new President delivered his inaugural _______ in CreoleOur products_______ the needs of serious users3stunRedfern _______ the crowd with a last-minute goalYou look absolutely_______ in that dress4ironicYour car was stolen at the police station! How ________________ his cold got better on the last day of his holiday5contendThree armed groups are________ for powerShe is a strong _______for the Teacher of the Year6depressThe whole experience was very_______The thought of taking the exam again_______ him7figureGovernment______ underestimate the problemFrom the way he behaved, I _______ that he was drunk8rankDuring the war Harold had risen to the _____ of majorThe tasks have been _______in order of difficulty9qualifyFree school lunches are given to children who ______If you don’t speak German, you are not_____ to comment10majorThere are two _____political parties in the USHe is_______ in Political Science。
计算机网络研究生课程习题含答案
d. Find the probability that there are 11 or more users transmitting simultaneously.
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ୀ
ሺ െ ሻ wants to send a large file to Host B. The path from Host A to Host B has
2.
List at least t four differe ent applicat ions (including hint) tha at are natur rally suitable e for P2P architecture es. (Hint: File e distribution n and instant messaging are two.)
9월 13일 수업 시간 전에 제출 바랍니다.
Homework #1(답안)
1.
How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over circuitswitched networks when all links are 1.536 Mbps, each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec, and 500msec to establish end-to-end circuit. Bandwidth: 1.536 Mbps / 24 = 64Kbits Transmission time: 640,000bits / 64Kbits = 10 sec Overall time = circuit establishment time + transmission time = 10.5 sec
研究生英语课后习题
一、选择五单元：1.if you are to be accepeted as a member of the club you must [abide]by its rules.(如果你要被接纳为这个俱乐部的会员，你必须[遵守]它的规则。
)A.agreeB.abideC.confirmD.conform2.[Even if] you dislike ancient monuments.Warrick Castle is worth a visit.(.即使你不喜欢古迹。
但沃里克城堡值得一看)A. SinceB.EvenC.IfD.Even if3.The cities were to be [deflated] and the population distributed in villages.(城市将被[缩小]，人口将分布在农村。
)A.deflatedB.reducedC.decayed （腐败的）D.defined(下定义)4.He gave a [distorted] account of what has happened(他对所发生的事作了[歪曲的]叙述)A.discomfortedB.distortedC.dismissed(解雇)D.discovered(发现)5.His speech[fermented]trouble among the workers(他的讲话在工人中引起了骚动)A.firmed（目标确认）B.ferried（被运送的）C.fermented(发酵)D.festered（溃烂）6.The criminal was told he would be [immune] from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.(那个罪犯被告知，如果他说出他所知道的谋杀的事，他就不会受到惩罚)A.impossibleB.immune (免于)C.improbableD.imminent（迫近的）7.If you[strain]the elastic band any more.it will break.(如果你再拉橡皮筋的话。
研究生-基础综合英语-课后习题及答案
研究生-基础综合英语-课后习题及答案Unit 1 Education1. 问答题1) The F word discussed in the essay is flunking.2) Sherry’s attitude toward the F word is positive.3) What reasons does the author give for believing that the threat of flunking students is a positive teaching tool?Flunking is a healthy threat to students and can ensure the education quality. By contrast, Many students are angry and resentful for having been passed along until they could no longer even pretend to keep up.4) What choice does the author want to give to students? Why is she particularly interested in the subject?The choice for students is whether to succeed through hard work or to fail without the threat of being flunked. The author is particularly interested in this subject because she herself teaches an adult-literacy class and her own son improved greatly after being threatened with flunking by a strict teacher5) In what sense does the author think that the educational system cheats the students and employers?The present educational system is not strict enough with students so that they can easily graduate with diplomas. However, many of them find that they are incompetent for their jobs because of their semi-illiteracy6) Why have students at night school decided to make education a priority? Because they are motivated by the desire for a better job or the need to hang on to the one they’ve got7) What is the point of this essay? What does it have to do with the subject of learning?The essay aims at urging students to take a positive attitude towards flunking because working hard at school will eventually help students to be qualified for their future jobs.2. 词汇题1) This research seems to lend some validity（有力的）to the theory that the durg might cause cancer.2) In a number of developing countries, war has been an additional impediment（障碍）to progress.3) Anthea was about to play her trump card（王牌卡）: without her signature none of the money could be released.4) I flunked（挂科）my second year exams and was lucky not to be thrown out of college5) I didn’t want to lose my composure（镇静）in front of her.16) The management did not seem to consider office safety to be a priority（优先）.7) For three hours a committee of state senators listened toa parade（一系列）of local residents giving their opinions8) Thousands of lives will be at stake（在危机关头）if emergency aid does not arrive in the city soon.9) Brierley’s book has the merit（优点）of being both informative and readable10) I think there was a conspiracy（阴谋）to keep me out of the committee3. 改写题1) These diplomas won’t look any different from those awarded their luckier classmates.resemblance(n.)These diplomas bear a close resemblance to those awardedtheir luckier classmates. 2) I blamed the poor academic skills our kids have today on drugs.accusation (n.)My accusation against our kids for their poor academic skills was that they took drugs.3) Eventually a fortunate few will find their way into educational-repair shops.enroll (v.)Eventually a fortunate few enroll into educational-repair shops.4) However, if style alone won’t do it, there is another way to show.work (v.)However, if this style won’t work, there is another way to show.5)We excuse this dishonest behavior by saying kids can’t learn if they come from terrible environments.excuse (n.)Our excuse for this dishonest behavior is that kids can’t learn if they come from terrible environments.6) Tens of thousands of 18-years-olds will graduate this year and be handed meaningless diplomas.grant (v.)Tens of thousands of 18-year-olds will graduate this year and be granted meaningless diplomas.4. 翻译题1) Our youngest, a world-class charmer, did little to develop hisintellectual talents but always got by. Until Mrs. Stifter.我的小儿子是个世界级的万人迷，学习不怎么动脑筋却总能蒙混过关。
南航研究生激光原理与技术习题
南航研究生激光原理与技术习题1.1为使氦氖激光器的相干长度达到1km，它的单色性???应是多少？1.2（1）一质地均匀的材料对光的吸收为0.01mm－1，光通过10cm 长的该材料后，出射光强为入射光强的百分之几？（2）一光束通过长度为1m的均匀激活的工作物质，如果出射光强是入射光强的两倍，试求该物质的增益系数。
1.3如果微波激射器和激光器分别在?＝10?m，＝5×10－1?m输出1W 连续功率，试问每秒钟从激光上能级向下能级跃迁的粒子数是多少？1.4设一光子的波长＝5×10－1?m，单色性－4????x。
若光子的波长变为5×10?m（x射线）和5×10－18?m（?射线），则相应的?x又是多少？1.5设一对激光能级为E2和E1（g1=g2），两能级间的跃迁频率为?（相应的波长为λ），能级上的粒子数密度分别为n2和n1，试求（1）当ν＝3000MHz、T=300K时，n2/n1=？（2）当λ＝1?m、T=300K时，n2/n1=？（3）当λ＝1?m、n2/n1=0.1时，T＝？A21?1J?S/m3，这是什B21＝10－7，试求光子位置的不确定量1.6假定工作物质的折射率η＝1.73，试问ν为多大时，么光波范围？1.7如果工作物质的某一跃迁波长为100nm的远紫外光，自发跃迁几率A10等于105S－1，试问：（1）该跃迁的受激辐射爱因斯坦系数B10是多少？（2）为使受激跃迁几率比自发跃迁几率大三倍，腔内的单色能量密度ρ应为多少？1.8如果受激辐射爱因斯坦系数B10＝1019m3s－3w－1，试计算在（1）λ＝6?m（红外光）；（2）λ＝600nm（可见光）；（3）λ＝60nm（远紫外光）；（4）λ＝0.60nm（x射线），自发辐射跃迁几率A10和自发辐射寿命。
又如果光强I＝10W/mm2，试求受激跃迁几率W10。
2.1证明，如习题图2.1所示，当光线从折射率η1的介质，向折射率为η2的介质折射时，在曲率半径为R的球面分界面上，折射光线所经受的变换矩阵为其中，当球面相对于入射光线凹（凸）面时，R取正（负）值。
研究生英语提高3习题及答案
研究生英语阅读教程课后答案Lesson 21. The story about the Brothers Grimm may evoke warm memories of story time in the comforting arms of a parent.A. recallB. createC. releaseD. collect2. One of the secrets of successful travel lies in always turning adversity to your advantage.A. unfamiliarityB. explorationC. pleasureD. difficulties3. The claws of bears may be used to climb trees, rip open nests and beehives, or catch prey.A. clearB. tearC. throwD. dig4. The analysts are dissecting intrusions and other attacks that have breached their computer systems.A. interceptingB. fightingC. analyzingD. discussing5. He spent whole days in his room, headphones on lest he disturb anyone.A. unlessB. whenC. so thatD. in case6. As the unemployment lines lengthened and factories closed, there was talk of apocalypse.A. emergencyB. uncertaintyC. disasterD. reduction7. The odor of the hospital was so unforgiving that every so often she would bring the cloud of white flowers to her nose.A. unexpectedB. uniqueC. impressiveD. terrible8. Critics argue that the lavish park itself is incongruous a country where around half the population lives below the poverty line.A. inappropriateB. creativeC. unnecessaryD. enjoyable9. Many believed optimistically the news would soothe markets, but it seems to have had the opposite effect.A. pushB. misleadC.calmD. discourage10. A stoical person tends to show admirable patience and endurance in the face of adversity without getting upset.A. confidentB. uncomplainingC. unconventionalD. reliable Lesson 4①1. During the lecture all the audience listened to China's first astronaut with rapt admiration.A. obscureB. obviousC. obligedD. obsessed2. Most of her colleagues didn't like her because she was adept at the fine art of irritating people.A. ambitiousB. annoyingC. skillfulD. scornful3. In the schools today we need, more than ever, the training of deft hands, quick eyes and ears, and above all the broader, deeper, higher culture of gifted minds and pure hearts.A. skillfulB. cleverC. delicateD. elegant4. At last the judge decided to give the custody of the child to his father.A. supervisionB. cateringC. raisingD. fostering5. Denver residents continued to dig out from what was called the worst blizzard in nearly a century.A. catastropheB. disasterC. snowstormD. landslide6. After all, the candidate was endorsed governor's board and many of the local party members.A. ignoredB. rejectedC. sponsoredD. supported7. His expression gave temporary meaning to a set of features but it was nondescript．A. unclearB. distinctiveC. impliedD. ambiguous8. She came home spouting off about the subjects she was taught at school and basked in her teacher's praise.A. pridedB. enjoyedC. criticizedD. narrated9. It was evident that the administrative officials did not believe the excuse that he held forth for the delayed delivery.A. liedB. toldC. emphasizedD. compiled10. When Frank heard that the war had started, it didn't sink in for a long time until his father was drafted into the army.A. be understoodB. be acceptedC. be takenD. be illustrated②1. Plants will lose their when they are heavily trimmed.A. voyageB. vitalityC. vogueD. virgin2. It was generally conceded that the net result of the incident was calculated to make Eisenhower mad enough to force him to re-electionA. run forB. compete inC. apply toD. line up with3. Mick entered the V ocational High School, and in order to get to know her new classmates, she ______ a partyA. castB. launchedC. flungD. threw4. Alice Moore refused to learn what they required. She couldn't see the necessity of ______ for those that would only appear in the examinations.A. clappingB. crammingC. clashingD. creeping5. The listeners were _______ by his magic eloquence and ready to stand by him in his boldest flights.A. agonizedB. thrilledC. disturbedD. interfered6. We remained until our ship was repaired, and after that, we set sail for England, our ________ port being London.A. doomedB. denotedC. despairedD. destined7. Seeds of various types-wheat grains, beans, and nuts-form the bulk of human food. But not all seeds are ______ to either humans or insects; many contain toxins.A. palatableB. primitiveC. peculiarD. permanent8. Continuing violence could ________ the progress towards reform.A. hold on B .hold up C.hold down D.hold off9. A bill passed _______ by both houses in August requires states to set up systems for withholding child support payments from the wages and state tax refunds of those persons.A.anonymously B .autonomously C.unanimously D.enormously10. After about an hour all the participants ________ with the regulations and each other.A.warmed up B .made up C.mixed up D.wound upLesson 61. Another common use of the tag question is in small talk when the speaker is trying to _____ conversation: "Sure is hot here, isn't it?"A.illicitB.elicitC.solicitD. explicit2. Napster says it is delaying the launch of its subscription service yet again, after running into serious problems in its talks with other firms. So here is Napster's ________: Still not ready.A.refrainB.renownC.restraintD.retention3. The path from initial lab work on a drug to final approval of the drug by the Food &Drug Administration is a long and ______ process.A. hilariousB. notoriousC. industriousD. laborious4.When I was a child, I always refused to write thank-you notes for birthday presents from a faraway relative. My mother would _ me and say, "Paul, you must learn to be polite."A.glideB.slideC.abideD.chide5. A(n) ________ memory may be a good thing, but the ability to forget is the true token of greatness.A. attentiveB. inattentiveC. retentiveD. irretentive6. There's still a great deal of ______ on the weapons of mass destruction, which despitewhat President Bush and Prime Minister Blair say, have not yet been found.A. evidenceB. skepticismC. knowledgeD. consensus7. Even though exercise has many positive benefits, too much can be harmful. Teens who exerciseare at risk for both physical and psychological problems. A. comparatively B. competitively C. compulsively D. comprehensively8. Some of the maids were quiet and affectionate. But others were _______, driving the young women crazy by complaining to them all the time.A. querulousB. fabulousC. pretentiousD. conscientious9. There is nothing more fascinating than observing citizens of many different nationalities_______and exchanging greetings in an international airport.A. singlingB. dinglingC. jinglingD. mingling10. When Dallas police notified the hospital that President Kennedy had been shot, at first, the young neurosurgeon thought it was a _______.A. blankB. flankC. prankD. frank Lesson 71. Upon hearing these critical remarks, he was in a complete state of bewilderment and did not know what to do next.A. astonishmentB. frustrationC. depressionD. perplexity2. For many women, the harrowing prospect of giving evidence in a rape case can be too much to bear.A. promisingB. embarrassingC. hauntingD. upsetting3. The company's disappointing sales figures are an ominous sign of worse thing to come.A. disgracefulB. disgustingC. scandalousD. threatening4. He said that people are too obsessed with utopian visions that will never come, instead of thinking of the quality of life now.A. promisingB. unrealisticC. unbelievableD. unprecedented5. We eliminated the possibility that it could have been an accident because it was so well timed.A.elicitedB.despisedC.removedD.elevated6. Things would never change if people weren't prepared to experiment with new teaching methods.A. endeavorB. campaignC. swerveD. try7. The national interest is more important than the sectional and personal interests of individual politicians.A. segregatedB. factionalC. inviolableD. dismantled8. Despite differences in background and outlook, their partnership was based on mutual respect, trust and understanding.A. unilateralB. reciprocalC. obligatoryD. optional9. Desirous of knowing something about the operations, I stood and watched the spectacle with great interest.A. Desperate forB. Desirable ofC. Detached fromD. Deprived of10. He spoke eloquently with the self-effacing humor that has endeared him to the American press.A. elegantlyB. persuasivelyC. arrogantlyD. expressivelyLesson 91. When she manners arose to speak in their assemblies, her commanding figure and dignified manners ______ every trifler into silence.A. rushedB. hushedC. cashedD. pushed2. In many of his paintings of towns, harbors, and rivers, Marquet showed a particular gift for simplification that seized ________ upon the essentials in the scene before him.A. unexpectedlyB. unavoidablyC. unerringlyD. unbelievably3. The old gentleman was so much immersed in business, that he was unable to _______ much attention upon me.A. bestowB. bewilderC. bewareD. betray4. The most famous ______ whiteface clown is Felix Adler, who performed in the early andmid-20th century.A. picturesqueB. uniqueC. techniqueD. grotesque5. By the 1st century B.C., Roman power was growing and Greek influence had begun toA. waneB. waverC. weaveD. warp6. To starboard, at Hurghada, behind ______ ranks of coral reefs, lay the important Marine Biological Station of the University of Egypt.A. severeB. serriedC. seducedD. sentimental7. At first, the downturn was confined to industries most sensitive to high interest rates. But ____, the loss of income in these areas had a ripple effect throughout the economy.A. inexorablyB. intensivelyC. inevitablyD. infinitely8. The puppet theater combines three elements: the puppets; the chanters who sing and ______for the puppets; and the players of the three-stringed instrument.A. declineB. reclaimC. declaimD. proclaim9. This is your daily life; to me it is like a scene from a play, over which one sighs to see the curtain fall-all _______, all light, all happiness.A. enchantmentB. engagementC. enlargementD. endurance10. "It was really rural when we moved here," says Stanley. "But these newcomers are _______ the rural atmosphere."A.justifyingB. citifyingC. ratifyingD. simplifyingLesson 111. The supporters of GM foods say that it should be possible to make foods that are less likely to trigger allergies.A. preventB. reduceC. causeD. transfer2. The relationship between men and their cars would terminate in the event of irreparable mechanical breakdown (equivalent to the death of a spouse) .A. endB. declineC. failD. proceed3. The combination of miscommunication, ignored warnings and general hubris is virtually guaranteed disaster.A. misunderstandingB. misconductC. angerD. arrogance4. Despite an occasional glimmer of hope, this campaign has not produced any results.A. proofB. indicationC. releaseD. consequence5. These kids had been further insulated by their wealthy families from reality with the privilege that money could buy.A. protectedB. awokenC. coveredD. isolated6. I found myself constantly pondering the question: "How could anyone do these things?"A. arguingB. answeringC. repeatingD. considering7. Interactive technology augments traditional methods with new and yet-to-be invented collaboration tools ranging from e-mail to Web109S to digital video to peer-to-peer systems.A. communicationB. entertainmentC. cooperationD. improvement8. For people who feel too intimidated or shy to ask questions during class, the Internet creates a "safe environment" to speak their mind. Online, nobody knows who you are.A. frightenedB. frustratedC. depressedD. disappointed9. On this day after September 11, most planes were still grounded; the skies were eerily quiet.A. particularlyB. unusuallyC. mysteriouslyD. pleasantly10. Considered by many archaeologists to be the first human civilization, Sumer has yielded many huge stone carvings. Deciphered, they described "gods" who came from another planet in flying machines.A. InspiredB. InterpretedC. ImprovedD. ImplantedLesson 131. In the Renaissance, fresco painting on walls and ceilings largely gave way to ______ painting in oils, but wall painting returned to popularity in the 20th century.A. eraB. easelC. earnestD. echo2. White marble busts of Shakespeare, Dickens, Hawthorne and Irving _______ through the trailing ivy from the various comers.A. glistenedB. glancedC. glaredD. glided3. As Hank ventured this last remark in a cautious manner, he scraped the _______ of the walk with one foot while he slyly noted the reception of his venture by an upward cast of his eye.A. cliffB. curbC. gravelD. glamour4. They had an air of dignity and independence in their manners, which formed a striking contrast to the _______ and servile appearance of the Slave.A. erectingB. straightC. proudD. crouching5. The sun coming down the heavens was scattering its beams full and fair against the vine clad ________and windows.A. hutB. ceilingC. eavesD. beam6. Drunkenness is temporary suicide; the happiness that it brings is merely negative, a _____ cessation of unhappiness.A. momentousB. momentaryC. momentumD. monetary7. Though he looked thin and weak, he could run _____ fast in the 1,000 meters race.A. darnedB. diligentC. deviousD. dizzy8. He was seated in the rear lobby, _______by cushions in a comfortable rocking-chair.A. took upB. propped upC. brought upD. set up9. The darkness came very early. Then the electric lights ________.A. turned onB. got onC. took onD. came on10. All of us were very surprised to find that they had completed the difficult task in ______haste.A. fatalB. perishedC.deadlyD. passed二、翻译题Lesson21、It is a cliche,as it is to take of apocalypse and nightmare, but when something is beyond our experience,we reach for the points of reference we have.说到世界末日和噩梦又是老生常谈，但是当事情超出我们的经验时，我们总会寻找现有的东西作为参照。
研究生高等代数复习题完整版
32.设 的两个子空间为： ,
.求 与 的基与维数.
33.设 是3维线性空间， 为它的一个基.线性变换 ，
求（1） 在基 下的矩阵； （2）求核 和值域 .
34.设 是实数域上所有 阶对称阵所构成的线性空间，对任意 ，定义 ，其中 表示 的迹.（1）证明： 构成一欧氏空间；（2）求使 的子空间 的维数；（3）求 的正交补 的维数.
17.设 是5维的欧几里得空间 的一组标准正交基， ，其中 ，求 的一组标准正交基.
18.设 是 矩阵，其中
（1）求 的值；（2）设 ，求W的维数及W的一组基.
19.设?是线性空间 上的线性变换，满足 ，求?在基 下的矩阵.
20.设?是 维线性空间 上的线性变换， 是 的一组基.
如果?是单射，则 也是一组基.
研究生高等代数复习题
1.设?是数域 上线性空间 的线性变换且 ,证明:
（1）?的特征值为1或0；（2） ;（3） .
2.已知?是n维欧氏空间的正交变换，证明：?的不变子空间 的正交补 也是?的不变子空间．
3.已知复系数矩阵 ， （1） 求矩阵 的行列式因子、不变因子和初等因子；（2）若当标准形.（15分）
35.试找出全体实2级矩阵 所构成的线性空间到 的一个线性同构.
36.求由向量 生成的子空间 与由向量 生成的子空间 的交的基和维数.
37.设 ，求(1) 的不变因子、行列式因子、初等因子.(2) 的 标准形.
38.设 是数域 上 矩阵关于矩阵加法和数乘作成的线性空间，
定义变换 ， .（1）证明： 是 上的对合线性变换，即 是满足 （恒等变换）的线性变换；（2）求 的特征值和特征向量.
58.设 是4维空间 的一组基，已知线性变换 在这组基下的矩阵为
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固体物理练习题其中带* 的为附加题第1讲晶体结构1.1画出下列晶体结构的原胞，说明他们的Bravais格子，并标出原胞中原子的坐标。
（1）面心立方金属、氯化钠、金刚石；（2）体心立方金属、氯化铯。
1.2利用钢球密堆模型，求致密度：（1）简单立方；（2）体心立方；（3）六方密堆；（4）金刚石结构。
1.3证明对于六角密堆积结构，理想的c/a比为（8/3）1/2≈1.633。
又：金属Na在273 K 因马氏体相变从体心立方转变为六角密堆积结构，假定相变时金属的密度维持不变，已知立方相的晶格常数a = 0.423 nm，设六角密堆积结构相的c/a维持理想值，试求其晶格常数。
1.4画出正四面体的所有基本对称操作。
1.5写出面心立方晶格的基矢，轴矢，配位数，致密度，体积1.6金刚石结构原子间的键间角与立方体的体对角线间的夹角相同，试用矢量分析方法证明这一夹角为109º28'。
1.7画出体心立方和面心立方晶格结构的金属在（100），（110）和（111）面上的原子排列。
1.8指出立方晶格（111）面与（110）面，（111）面与（100）面的交线的晶向。
1.9如将布拉维格子的格点位置在直角系中用一组数（n1，n2，n3）表示，证明（1）对于体心立方格子，n i全部为偶数或奇数；（2）对于面心立方格子，n i的和为偶数。
1.10 证明体心立方和面心立方格子互为正、倒格子。
1.11 对于密堆六方结构，原胞基矢为1232222a a a a c =+=-+=a i j a i j a k试求倒格子基矢，并画出第一Brillouin 区。
1.12 考虑晶格中的一个晶面hkl（1）证明倒格矢123h k l =++G b b b 垂直于这个晶面；（2）证明晶格中另个相邻平行晶面的间距为()2/d h k l π=G ，对于简单立方晶格有22222()/()d h k l a h k l =++。
1.13 证明第一Brillouin 的体积为3(2)/c V π，其中V c 是晶体原胞的体积。
1.14 * 试求面心立方结构，体心立方结构的结构因子，并讨论衍射的相消条件。
1.15 * 双原子线，设有A-B 键长为a /2，ABAB 排列……AB ，原子A 、B 的散射因子分别为f A ，f B ，X 射线束垂直作用于原子线。
（1）证明干涉条件为n λ = a cos θ，其中θ为衍射束与原子线之间的交角。
（2）倒格矢G = hb ，h 为整数，证明h 为奇数时衍射束的强度正比于│f A − f B │2，h 为偶数时正比于│f A + f B │2。
第2讲固体结合2.1试计算正负离子相间排列的二维正方晶格的马德隆常数。
（1.685）2.2假如离子晶体NaCl的离子电荷加倍，讨论对晶格常数、结合能以及体弹性模量的影响，假定排斥势保持不变。
2.3挤压KCl晶体，多大的压强可使它的晶格常数减小1 %？KCl晶体的晶格常数为R0=0.314 nm，马德隆常数α = 1.75，n=9。
2.4固态分子氢。
对于H2，由气相测量获得的Lennard-Jones参数为ε = 50⨯10-16 erg，σ = 0.296 nm，试计算H2晶体具有面心立方结构时的内聚能，要求结果以kJ/mol为单位给出。
把每个H2 分子作为球体处理。
内聚能的观测值为0.751 kJ/mol，比计算值小很多，因此量子修正在这里一定是很重要的。
2.5用Lennard-Jones势计算Ne在体心立方和面心立方结构中的结合能之比。
2.6由实验测得NaCl晶体的密度为2.16 g/cm3，它的弹性模量为2.41⨯1010 N/m。
试求NaCl 晶体的每对离子内聚能U c/N。
（已知马德隆常数M=1.7476，Na和Cl的原子量分别为23及35.45）2.7由气体分子的实验测得惰性气体Xe的伦纳德-琼斯势参数ε=0.02 eV, σ=0.398 nm。
在低温下Xe元素形成面心立方的晶体。
试求Xe晶体的晶格常数a，每个原子的内聚能U c/N 及体积弹性模量B m。
若对晶体施加压力P=6⨯105 N/m2。
试在近似假定体积弹性模量不变的情况下，计算这时晶体的晶格常数a将变成为多少?并求这时的内聚能U c/N将改变成多少？2.8* 原子轨道波函数2s、2p x、2p y、2p z相互正交、归一，请证明由3sp杂化后的未配对电子轨道122222222232222422221()21()21()21()2x y zx y zx y zx y zs p p ps p p ps p p ps p p pψϕϕϕϕψϕϕϕϕψϕϕϕϕψϕϕϕϕ⎧=+++⎪⎪⎪=+--⎪⎨⎪=-+-⎪⎪⎪=--+⎩也相互正交、归一：*(,1,2,3,4)ij ij d i j ψψτδ==⎰，如果已知在球面极坐标中，轨道波函数2s 、2p x 、2p y 、2p z可写成：22222222()()cos ()sin ()x yzsp p p R r R r R r R r ϕϕθϕϕθϕϕθ⎧=⎪⎪⎪=⎪⎪⎨⎪=⎪⎪⎪=⋅⎪⎩请求出杂化轨道ψ1、ψ2、ψ3、ψ4在球面坐标中的表达式。
并由此求出杂化轨道具有最大值的方向。
第3讲 晶格振动和晶体的热学性质3.1 证明长波下单原子链运动方程2112(2)n n n d um u u u dtβ+-=+- 可以化为连续介质弹性波动方程：22222u u vtx∂∂=∂∂。
3.2 考虑一双原子链的晶格振动，链上最近邻原子间的力常数交替的等于c 和10c ， 令原子量相同，且最近邻距为a /2，试求在q =0和q =π/a 处的ω(q )，并大略地画出色散关系。
本题模拟如H 2这样的双原子分子晶体。
3.3 考虑一个全同原子组成的平面方格子，用,l m u 记第l 列，第m 行的原子垂直于格平面的位移，每个原子质量为M ，最近邻原子的力常数为β。
（1）证明运动方程为2,1,1,,,1,1,2(2)(2)m l l m l m l m l m l m l m d u Mu u u u u u dtβ+-+-⎡⎤=+-++-⎣⎦。
（2）设解的形式为：,(0)exp ()l m x y u u i lq a mq a t ω⎡⎤=+-⎣⎦，这里a 是最近邻原子的间距，证明运动方程是可以满足的，如果222cos cos x y M q a q a ωβ=(--)，这就是问题的色散关系。
（3）证明独立解存在的q 空间区域是一个边长为2π/a 的正方形，这是平面方格子的第一布里渊区。
画出x q q =，而0y q =时，和x y q q =时的ω(q )图。
（4）对于1qa ，证明：21/2221/21/2()(/)x y a M q q a M q ωββ2=(/)+=。
（5）在第一布里渊区中画出一些等ω线，其中包括通过点(/,0)x y q a q π==的。
并请标出ω的极大点、极小点和鞍点。
3.4 在一维双原子晶格振动的情况中，证明在布里渊区边界q =±π/2a 处，声学支格波中所有轻原子m 静止，而光学支格波中所有重原子M 静止，画出这时原子振动的图像。
3.5 从一维双原子晶格色散关系出发，当m 逐渐接近M 和m =M 时，在第一布里渊区中，晶格振动的色散关系如何变化？试与一维单原子链的色散关系比较，并对结果进行讨论。
3.6 设晶体中每个振子的零点振动能是(ħω)/2，试用德拜模型求晶体的零点振动能。
3.7 设三维晶格的光学振动在q = 0附近的长波极限有20()q A q ωω=-，证明：频率分布函数1/20023/21()()40V f Aωωωωωπωω⎧-<⎪=⎨⎪>⎩。
3.8 应用德拜模型，计算一维、二维情况下晶格振动的频谱密度，德拜温度，晶格比热。
3.9 证明简谐振动对热膨胀没有贡献。
所以研究热膨胀需要考虑非谐效应。
3.10 具有简单立方布喇菲格子的晶体，原子间距为2Å，由于晶格有非线性相互作用，一个沿[100]方向传播，波矢为q [100]=1.3×1010m -1的声子同另一个波矢大小相等但沿[110]的方向传播的声子相互作用，合并成第三个声子。
试求合成后的声子的波矢。
第4讲 能带理论4.1 电子在周期场中的势能函数2221() w hen ;()20 w hen (1);m b x na na b x na b V x n a b x na b ω⎧⎡⎤---≤≤+⎪⎣⎦=⎨⎪-+≤≤-⎩，其中b a 4=，ω为常数，（1）画出此势能曲线，并求其平均值；（2）用近自由电子近似模型求出晶体的第一个以及第二个禁带的宽带。
4.2 对于单价原子构成的三维简单立方单原子晶格，（1）在空晶格近似下，用简约布里渊区图示，画出沿[100]方向的前4个能带，并标出每个能带的简并度。
（2）如果晶体受到均匀的流体静压强，情况如何？ （3）如仅在[100]方向受到单轴应力，情况又如何？ 4.3 对原子间距分别a 的同种原子构成的二维密堆积结构 （1）求出前3个布里渊区；（2）求出每原子有一个电子时的费米波矢； （3）给出第一布里渊区内接圆的半径；（4）求出内接圆为费米圆时每原子的平均自由电子数；（5）平均每原子有两个自由电子时，画出扩展布里渊区中费米面的图形。
4.4 设有一一维晶体的电子能带可写成2271()(cos cos 2)88E k ka ka ma=-+，其中a 是晶格常数，试求 （1）能带宽度；（2）电子在波矢k 状态时的速度； （3）能带底部和顶部电子的有效质量。
4.5 设电子的等能面222222112233()/2/2/2k k m k m k m ε=++ ，外加磁场相H 对于椭球主轴的方向余弦为α，β，γ （1）写出电子的运动方程（2）证明电子绕磁场回旋的频率**/c c eB m ω=，其中123123[()/()]c m m m m m m m αβγ-=++4.6 一维周期场中电子的波函数()kx ψ应当满足布洛赫定理。
若晶格常数是a ，电子的波函数为（1）()sinkx x aψπ=；（2）3()coskx x i aψπ=；（3）()()kl x f x la ψ∞=-∞=-∑（f 是某个确定的函数），试求电子在这些状态的波矢。
4.7 用紧束缚方法处理面心立方晶体的S 态电子，若只计最近邻的相互作用，试导出其能带为0()4cos cos cos cos cos cos 222222y y x z z x k a k a k a k a k a k a E k E A J ⎡⎤=--++⎢⎥⎣⎦，并求能带底部的有效电子质量。