第一章 翻译概述
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Chapter I Introduction to Translation Studies
Contents
1. Definitions of Translation
2. The Chinese Translation History
3. Western Translation History
1. Definitions of Translation
Q: What is Translate?
Its Etymology
The word translation derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and fero, the supine form of which is latum, together meaning "to carry across" or "to bring across").
The Ancient Greek term for translation, μετάυρασις(metaphrasis, "a speaking across"), has supplied English with metaphrase (a "literal," or "word-for-word," translation) —as contrasted with paraphrase ("a saying in other words", from παράυρασις, paraphrasis).[8]
Metaphrase corresponds, in one of the more recent terminologies, to "formal equivalence"; and paraphrase, to "dynamic equivalence."[9] Strictly speaking, the concept of metaphrase —of "word-for-word translation" —is an imperfect concept, because a given word in a given language often carries more than one meaning; and because a
similar given meaning may often be represented in a given language by more than one word. Nevertheless, "metaphrase" and "paraphrase" may be useful as ideal concepts that mark the extremes in the spectrum of possible approaches to translation. Definitions by some pre-eminent translators（请阅读教材P1-2）。Q：What is the meaning of the language? Or can the translator render the meaning of a language into another.
In accordance with the functions and meanings of Language, we can form the idea that what aspect of language can be translated. Translatable element is denotative meaning or cognitive meaning while untranslatable elements are connotative meaning or affective meaning, voice and its related features. So some language theorists think literary works cannot be translated. At least, literary translation is the most difficult among all style of translation.
2. The Chinese Translation History
2.1. The earliest translation in China
The convincing historical record of the earliest translation activities in China can be found in the Zhou Dynasty(周代) about 3000 years ago.
In the books《周礼》and 《礼记》，the record of the title of the translator is kept. The title of the earliest translator is called 象胥。