季佩玉、范烨学术英语 第4到9课文翻译

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新人教版英语选修九第四单元Reading的课文译文

新人教版英语选修九第四单元Reading的课文译文

新人教版英语选修九第四单元Reading的课文译文18世纪和19世纪的植物探索我们花园里的植物看上去是那么熟悉,以致我们常常意识不到在这些植物中有许多实际上来自遥远的国度。

收集所谓的“异国”植物要追溯到很久以前。

许多古老文化都懂得从遥远的地方把植物带回来的价值。

历史上有记载的第一个收集植物的探险是在公元前1500年,埃及女王派出船只去收集植物、动物以及其他货物。

然而,直到18世纪和19世纪人们对植物世界大规模的探索才开始。

那时欧洲对科学发现已经倍感兴趣,而欧洲的中产阶级则特别热衷于收集新的植物。

随着欧洲人,如荷兰、英国和西班牙向世界其他地区,如亚洲和澳洲的迁徙,这些异域植物的吸引力也在增长。

勇敢的年轻人借机进行植物探索活动,他们常常面临许多危险,如疾病、饥饿、严酷的环境以及同当地居民的冲突。

有一群重要的收集者是法国天主教教士,18世纪中叶,他们开始进入中国。

其中有一位叫汤执中的传教士于18世纪40年代被派赴北京。

他收集了树种、灌木种,其中包括天堂树的种子。

就在他去世之前,他还把一些天堂树的种子送到了英国。

1751年它们抵达英国,由这些树种长成的树遍布了全欧洲。

后来在1784年,这个物种又被引进到了北美。

约瑟夫.班克斯爵士是一位著名的英国植物收集家,他曾经陪同詹姆斯.库克进行了从英国到大洋洲的首航。

班克斯这次出行的目的就是把他们所见到的植物和动物的情况记录下来。

他和他的队员们每次进入干燥的土地时都要收集样品。

1769年,班克斯在我们如今知道的名叫澳大利亚的这块土地上收集到大量的植物,而在欧洲还没有有关这些植物的记载。

库克还把“奋进号”抛锚停靠的地方称为植物湾。

要使植物在陆地上或海上航行时存活下来,是一个巨大的挑战。

在亚欧之间经过海上或陆上远程航行之后,大量的种子都不能生长。

曾有一位植物探险家由于他的植物被海水侵蚀腐烂而使他好几年的成果毁于一旦。

纳塞尼尔.沃德医生所发明的便携式密封玻璃容器彻底改变了植物探索的世界。

季佩玉、范烨学术英语答案

季佩玉、范烨学术英语答案

季佩玉、范烨学术英语答案2. And yet, isn't there something wonderous, — something almost inexplicable in the way your Thanksgiving weekend is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of total strangers? (Line 1, Para. 4)3. ...Thanksgiving Turkey, there would be one, — or more likely, a few dozen— waiting. (Line 3, Para.6)Task 3/Formal English1. very many2. buying or selling3. a large group of4. more huge5. understand6. troubledUnit 2Language buildingTask 1:Part 1:1)无形之手;2)自由企业制度3)股东4)经济体制5)开发产品和服务6)市场力量;市场调节作用7)金融机构8)严重衰退9)破产10)mission11)stock price12)corporate motto14)maximize profits 15)financial system Part 2:1)market forces2)financial institutions 3)free enterprise system 4)deep institutions5)invisible hand6)stockholder7)profit maximization 8)economic system Task 2:1.and;2.Another;3. also;4. Not only;but;5. otherTask 31. understanding;2. agree with;3. forces… to be accepted;4. bad5. purpose7. given;8.famous.Unit 3Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1) 充满敬畏与感激;2)与外部世界隔离3)陷入绝境4)易感抑郁5)恢复体能6)界定性特征7)暂时的挫败8)不因挫败而心烦意乱9)竞选权位10)吹着欢快的曲调Part 2:1)bout 2)validated 3)squabble 4)aptitude5)platitude 6)debilitate7)reassuring 8)undermine 9)ruminate 10)martial Task 2:1.contrasting;2.in contrast;3. However;4. different;5. on the other hand6. in the opposite way7.howeverTask 31. full of;2. becomes alert and energetic3. keeping thinking about4. been left in hopelessness5. likely to suffer from6. not disturbed7. saying something that people are quite familiar with8. officially approvedUnit 4Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. green movement2. protected areas3. extinction of animals and plants4. wild fish stocks5. make clean power6. save resources7. 培育生物多样性8. 控制污染9. 阻止对生态体系的破坏10. 扩大清洁产业11. 集体世界观12. 生态经济Part 2:1. Embedding a narrative that moves us on from protecting nature from people to protecting nature for people is an essential part of this reframing. (Para.6)If such a narrative is to gain practical effect, then looking after nature must urgently be seen as not only an environmental challenge, but also an economic one. (Para.7)The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating keys words such as narrative, nature.2. So long as we continue to travel in two directions at once, promoting environmental goals on the one hand while on the other directly contradicting that with measures to achieve more economic growth, the longer we will fail to make real progress. (Para.7)When it comes to economics and ecology there is plenty of good thinking already done. (Para.8) The author manages to bring in a new topic and maintain coherence by repeating key words such as economic, economics.Task 3 Formal language1. unchangeable; increasing2. control3. effort; charitable4. pleasant detail5. complicated6. change7. Changing8. importantUnit 5Language buildingTask 1: collocationPart 1:1. having a mind2.behave as if you understand3.what and how we know4.inside;reflects Mentalist Dbehaviorist BEpistemologist Aphenomenologist CPart 21. psychological2.spiritual3.behaviour4.phenomenologist5.perplexity6.mentallyTask 2:…,classified…This class of…The class of……a less severe label…The huge classTask 31. what we imagine about computers today2.we have broken the distinction between the first type of response3.for the sake of convenience so that it is easier to refer to the first type of response4. you have the same reason for thinking that M had a mind.5. (The reason you believe your mother has a mind is based) not on your prejudice6. as groundless as believing that computers have mindUnit 6Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. 数学化,数字处理2. 计算机辅助设计3. 统计4. 基因组学5. 运筹学6. 优化组合7. 概率8. 数据库Part 2:1. database2. CAD3. statistics4. probability5. optimization6. genomics7. mathematization8. Operations researchTask 2:1. Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extended from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:…(Line1,para.8,Text A)2. Admittedly this is rather vague, but it will clarify a bit as I go on and mention a few of the manyexamples that Baker gives:…(Line 8, para.10, Text A)Task 3 Formal language1. exists2. included3. explained4. model5. get6. environment7. knowledgeable person; in which8. until now9. fix ideas of (caution) in one’s mindUnit 7Task 1: Specialized vocabularyPart 11. -h2.-f3.-a4.-j5.-i6.-b7.-d8.-g9.-c10.-ePart 2:1. To achieve professional development isimportant as a means to the end of becoming an expert and gaining more flexibility and independence2. Numerous studies over the last 30 years have suggested that personality is a powerful predictor of a person's life satisfaction3. An employee's work orientation is shaped in the first instance by their understanding of “what work is about”4. The government is trying to introduce new measures to create a better social safety net and encourage better worker pay5. Money has been used as the incentive of many intelligence contests in TV program Task 2:1. The present perfect tense(现在完成时)emphasizes that people’s conception about what money can bring them has changed greatly2. The tense switches from the present to the past to manifest that an example is given3.The tense switches between the present and the past to produce a comparison of different interpretations of a “calling”in different times Task 3 Formal language1. pour heart and soul into :spare no efforts,try one's bestwhat will stimulate\encourage a worker to try his best in making good products?2. lure:temptationgrueling:working exhaustedlyPeople are no longer so tempted by the dream of becoming rich by working exhaustedly 80 hours a week for several years in a humble position3. lowly job:humble jobrecrafted:turnedHe might be doing a humble job,but he would turn it into a great mission4. entails:requiresA career requires more devotion to work5. contributing to:being beneficial toconnotation:implicationPeople who regard their work as a calling\great mission think that what they do helps serve the public and brings benefits to our society,and therefore it's quite proper to say that a mission\calling implies something similar to religious beliefsUnit8Task 1 Specialized vocabulare1. cultural tradition 文化传统2. social stability 社会稳定3. distinct identity 鲜明特色4. edge effect 边缘效应5. organic evolution 有机界进化6. mutual respect 相互尊重7.political correctness 政治正确性anic evolution2. mutual respect3. Edge effect4. social stability5. political correctness6. cultural tradition7. distinct identityTask 2 Signpost language1. Through; through; through2. not just; but3. first4. second5. next6. final7.not only; but alsoTask 3 Formal English1. develop2. combined3. skillful performers4. obvious5. friendly6. getting rid of7. combine8. changed9. imagine10. a large number ofUnit 9Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 D 医疗2 J 基因分型3 F 内窥镜检查4 A 生物技术5 H 诊断6 C 分子的7 I 治疗方案8 E 医生9 G 外科医生的;手术的10 B 胶囊1 diagnosis2 surgical3 Biotechnology4 healthcare5 protocols6 molecularTask 2 Signpost language1 known as2 referred to as3 call4 describe5 meanTask 3 Formal English1 increases2 marked3 arrival/ coming4 replaced5 move away6 filledUnit 10Task 1 Specialized vocabulary1 b2 k3 f4 j5 g6 i7 e8 c9 h10 a11 d1 syntactic patterns2 Language faculty3 neural system4 underlying logic5 evolutionary adaptation6 formal instruction7 mental organ8 natural selectionTask 2 Signpost language1 for2 led to3 because4 Therefore5 Therefore6 because; because7 SoTask 3 Formal English1 explanation/interpretation; impacts2 is present all over; analyze/explain/interpret亚当斯密称它为“看不见的手”导致无数人的神秘力量,各为自己的利益工作,推动结束,受益多。

季佩玉、范烨学术英语 第4到9课文翻译

季佩玉、范烨学术英语 第4到9课文翻译

Unit 4 翻译环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。

那段时间意识不断壮大,我们所面临的挑战知识增加,而重要的实践已经取得了进展,例如在一些减少各种污染,并在建立保护区。

我们是,但是,仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。

人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候,动物和植物的势头,并在关键的资源,包括野生鱼类资源,淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。

而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。

他们不断升级,随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。

如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的,但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力?什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域?这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息,更好的技术和良好的政策思路。

这些东西是至关重要的当然的,但所有这些东西都已经可用。

我们知道如何让清洁电力,节约资源,培育生物多样性。

我们知道如何规范污染,防止损坏的生态系统,如果我们想。

我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。

如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。

我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动,谈到风险管理,促进抗灾能力。

要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机,我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来,而不是一些可选的慈善事业,我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊,做社会改良。

嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。

我们正处在一个时期的后果,世界必须知道,健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。

如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战,也是一个经济问题。

只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进,一方面是促进环保目标的同时,对其他直接矛盾与措施,以实现更多的经济增长,我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。

当涉及到经济学和生态学有大量的好思已经完成。

例如,在不同的经济措施,以取代成功与失败,生态税的改革更为现实的措施,收入转移的负担,污染,生态系统服务补偿,补贴的重定向和如何调动国内生产总值的原油措施融资以扩大清洁行业。

Unit 9 THE EDUCATION OF A PHYSICIST课文翻译大学英语四

Unit 9 THE EDUCATION OF A PHYSICIST课文翻译大学英语四

Unit 9 THE EDUCATION OF A PHYSICISTMICHIO KAKUIdly watching fish swimming in a pond and allowing the mind to wander can lead to some surprising results.Two incidents from my childhood greatly enriched my understanding of the world and sent me on a course to become a theoretical physicist.I remember that my parents would sometimes take me to visit the famous Japanese Tea Garden in San Francisco. One of my happiest childhood memories is of crouching next to the pond, fascinated by the brilliantly colored carp swimming slowly beneath the water lilies.In these quiet moments, I felt free to let my imagination wander; I would ask myself silly questions that only a child might ask, such as how the carp in that pond would view the world around them. I thought, What a strange world theirs must be!Living their entire lives in the shallow pond, the carp would believe that their “universe” consisted of the dark water and the lilies. Spending most of their time moving around for food on the bottom of the pond, they would be only dimly aware that an alien world could exist above the surface. The nature of my world was beyond their comprehension. I was intrigued that I could sit only a few inches from the carp, yet be separated from them by a very huge gap. The carp and I spent our lives in two distinct universes, never entering each other’s world, yet were separated by only the thinnest barrier, the water’s surface.I once imagined that there may be carp “scientists” living among the fish. They would, I thought, laugh at any fish who proposed that a parallel world could exist just above the lilies. To a carp “scientist,” the only things that were real were what the fish could see or touch. The pond was everything. An unseen world beyond the pond made no scientific sense.Once I was caught in a rainstorm. I noticed that the pond’s surface was bombarded by thousands of tiny raindrops. The pond’s surface became turbulent, and the water lilies were being pushed in all directions by water waves. Taking shelter from the wind and the rain, I wondered how all this appeared to the carp. To them, the water lilies would appear to be moving around by themselves, without anything pushing them. Since the water they lived in would appear invisible, much like the air and space around us, they would be baffled that the water lilies could move around by themselves.Their “scientists,” I imagined, would make up a clever invention called a “force” inorder to hide their ignorance. Unable to comprehend that there could be waves on the unseen surface, they would conclude that lilies could move without being touched because a mysterious invisible entity called a force acted between them. They might give this illusion impressive, lofty names (such as action-at-a-distance, or the ability of the lilies to move without anything touching them).Once I imagined what would happen if I reached down and lifted one of the carp “scientists” out of the pond. Before I threw him back into the water, he might struggle furiously as I examined him. I wondered how this would appear to the rest of the carp. To them, it would be a truly unsettling event. They would first notice that one of their “scientists” had disappeared from their universe. Simply vanished, without leaving a trace. Wherever they would look, there would be no evidence of the missing carp in their universe. Then, seconds later, when I threw him back into the pond ,the “scientist” would abruptly reappear out of nowhere. To the other carp, it would appear that a miracle had happened.After collecting his wits, the “scientist” would tell a truly amazing story. “Without warning,” he would say, “I was somehow lifted out of the universe (the pond) and hurled into a mysterious world, with blinding lights and strangely shaped objects that I had never seen before. The strangest of all was the creature who held me prisoner, who did not resemble a fish in the slightest. I was shocked to see that it had no fins whatsoever, but nevertheless could move without them. It struck me that the familiar laws of nature no longer applied in this other world. Then, just as suddenly, I found myself thrown back into our universe.” (This story, of course, of a journey beyond the universe would be so fantastic that most of the carp would dismiss it as utter nonsense.)I often think that we are like the carp swimming contentedly in that pond. We live out our lives in our own “pond,” confident that our universe consists of only those things we can see or touch. Like the carp, our universe consists of only the familiar and the visible. We smugly refuse to admit that parallel universes or dimensions can exist next to ours, just beyond our grasp. If our scientists invent concepts like forces, it is only because they cannot visualize the invisible vibrations that fill the empty space around us.A second incident from my childhood also made a deep, lasting impression on me. When I was 8 years old, I heard a story that would stay with me for the rest of my life. I remember my schoolteachers telling the class about a great scientist who had just died. They talked about him with great reverence, calling him one of the greatest scientists in all history. They said that very few people could understand his ideas, but that his discoveries changed the entire world and everything around us. I didn't understand muchof what they were trying to tell us, but what most intrigued me about this man was that he died before he could complete his greatest discovery. They said he spent years on this theory, but he died with his unfinished papers still sitting on his desk.I was fascinated by the story. To a child, this was a great mystery. What was his unfinished work? What was in those papers on his desk? What problem could possibly be so difficult and so important that such a great scientist would dedicate years of his life to its pursuit? Curious, I decided to learn all I could about Albert Einstein and his unfinished theory.I still have warm memories of spending many quiet hours reading every book I could find about this great man and his theories. When I exhausted the books in our local library, I began to visit libraries and bookstores across the city, eagerly searching for more clues. I soon learned that the unfinished papers on Einstein’s desk were an attempt to construct what he called the unified field theory, a theory that could explain all the laws of nature, from the tiniest atom to the largest galaxy. However, being a child, I didn't understand that perhaps there was a link between the carp swimming in the Tea Garden and the unfinished papers lying on Einstein’s desk. I didn’t understand that higher dimensions might be the key to solving the unified field theory.Nevertheless, I could see that this story was far more and more exciting than any murder mystery and more important than anything I could ever imagine. I decided that I would try to get to the root of this mystery, even if I had to become a theoretical physicist to do it.一个物理学家受过的教育米基奥·凯科我孩提时代发生的两件事大大加深了我对这个世界的理解,还把我送上了成长为理论物理学家的道路。

大学英语泛读教程第四册全文翻译..

大学英语泛读教程第四册全文翻译..

大学英语泛读教程第四册全文翻译..Unit 1Text天才与工匠许多人羡慕作家们的精彩小说,但却很少有人知道作家们是如何辛勤笔耕才使一篇小说问世的。

以下的短文将讨论小说的酝酿过程,以及作家是如何将这小说雕琢成一件精致完美的艺术品。

1.有一次,我在暮色中来到小树林边一棵鲜花盛开的小桃树前。

我久久站在那里凝视着,直到最后一道光线消逝。

我看不到那树原先的模样,看不见曾穿透果核,能崩碎你的牙齿的力量,也看不到那使它与橡树和绿草相区别的原则。

显现在我面前的,是一种深邃而神秘的魅力。

2. 当读者读到一部杰出的小说时,他也会这样如痴如狂,欲将小说字字句句刻骨铭心,不提出任何问题。

3.但即使是个初学写作者也知道,除那将小说带到世上的文字之外,还有更多的构成小说生命的因素,小说的生命并不始于写作,而始于内心深处的构思。

4. 要创作出有独创性的作品,并不要求懂得创造的功能。

多少世纪以来的艺术、哲学及科学创造都出自人们的头脑,而创造者也许从未想到去关注创造的内在过程。

然而,在我看来,对创造工作一定程度的了解,至少会使我们通过知道两个事实,增长我们处理正在出现的故事的智慧。

5. 首先,天赋不是掌握了技艺的艺术家独有的特性,而是人脑的创造性功能。

不仅所有对技艺的掌握都含有天赋,而且每个人都具有天赋,无论他的天赋发展是何等不充分。

对技艺的掌握是天赋的显现,是经过培养的,发展了的和受过训练的天赋。

你的天赋在最原始的层面上起作用。

它的任务就是创造。

它是你的故事的创造者。

6. 第二,将你的小说带进世界的文字是艺术家的工作,它就和一个泥瓦匠的工作一样,有意识、谨慎而实实在在。

天赋正如理解力、记忆力和想象力一样是我们的精神禀赋中的天然部分,而技艺却不是。

它必须通过实践才能学到,并要通过实践才能掌握。

如果要使在我们内心深处浮现的故事跃然纸上,光彩照人,那么,每个故事都须有感染力极强的优雅文笔。

只有健全的技艺才能使我们做到这一点。

7.一个故事是如何酝酿成的呢?据说,我们从一生中的前二十年,或许前五年起就开始写作。

学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing

学术英语-季佩英-第6课翻译 New winds blowing

New winds blowing in applied mathematicsPhilip J.DavisHow would you complete this sentence:”this is the age of...”Every generation of writers has filled in the dots not only for their own age,but for selected past ages.In1947,the poet W.H.Auden wrote that his was“the age of anxiety”.Around1970,song writers,pulling on astrological beliefs,called it“The age of Aquarius,”an age of love and human kindness.More recently,psychiatrist Daniel Freeman wrote that this is“The age of Paranoia”with distrust and optical surveillance everywhere.We answer according to our experiences.I would fill in the dots by saying that this is the age of computers,or more sharply,the age of mathematizaions.The computer is the prime and driving mechanism of the age and in all computer applications there resides some sort of mathematical construction.It is an age when applied mathematizations affect us all, for good,for bad,for somewhere in between,and these effects may not develop or become apparent for some while.Mathematics is now so universally employed that its teaching cannot be encompassed in one department.CAD/CAM(computer aided design/manufacture)is now in dentistry.Does the dentistry development require engineering talent?Should its techniques be taught in an engineering department?One can truly wonder what courses should comprise the basic training for the applied mathematician or computer scientist.I have spent a good fraction of my professional life in what might be termed“a traditional department of applied mathematics”.by“traditional”I mean a department that stresses the mathematics that models physical phenomena,or to a lesser extent, that models social phenomena via statistics.The word“traditional”cal also be explicated by noting the specific courses that are given in such a department.In my department at Brown University,for example,there are graduate courses in biophysical models,genomics,operations research,statistical inference,dynamical systems,and fluids.This represents a change from a half century ago,when my department was a renowned research center for solid mechanics:elasticity,plasticity, rheology,etc.The word“traditional”can also be explicated by the well-known paradigmatics sequence:Description-prediction-comparison-re tinkering the description.But there is now another type of applied mathematics whose paradigm is:Prescription-adoption-surveillance and societal evaluation-re prescription.Here are a few simple examples of prescriptive mathematics that extend from single numbers to exceedingly complex systems:The speed limit on a highway.The mandatory retirement age for particular occupations.The scoring system for football.An algorithm for determining the“pecking order”of colleges.The old”point system”for determining the quality of a mortgage application.The presidential electoral system in the USAA national tax systemNational and international financial system.This list could go on and on.Society may adopted a mathematical prescription,but its acceptance is more provisional or tentative than,e.g.,Newtonian mechanics.There is yet another kind of mathematics by prescription that derives from human behavior and that is the product of a large cadre of professional s whom the journalist and investigative reporter Stephen Baker ha termed“the Numerati”.who are“the Numerati”?A secret society?No,they are mathematicians,computer scientists,engineers,physicists,economists,biologists,psychologists,linguists and data miners.In fact,anyone who consciously devises or uses algorithms that extract patterns from the behavior of individuals,individual or collective,whose uses then have a direct impact on their personal lives.Admittedly,this is rather vague,but is will clarity a bit as I go on and mention a few of the many examples that Baker gives:A name identifying company using linguistic analysis can tell you whether Mr. Chang is the same fellow as Mr.Tchang,or even Mr.Tchung.A company keeps shopping and lifestyle data of some200million Americans. The company buys just about every bit of data about us that is cold,and then sells selections of it.Another company quietly amasses court rulings,tax and real estate transactions, birth and death notices so as to enhance,among other things,law and child support enforcement,public safety and health care.Yet another company divides the electorate into10groups with characteristic voting patterns so as to help political parties get the swing voters onto their bandwagon.Some of these compilation and analyses,even now,go on silently andautomatically.We are typecast as we sit innocently before our screen and surf of when we use a credit card to buy our weekly groceries.The products of the Numerati can run from socially benign and useful to worrisome to scary.The principal worry is the loss of personal privacy.What formal mathematical knowledge is required to install such mathematizations?If can be anything from the very simple to the very advanced. Technically speaking,what goes on here is part of field of learning/computational statistics,a very hot area in applied mathematics,and computer science.The useful formal training would include:linear algebra,mulch-variable calculus,optimization, probability,statistics,on the mathematics side.On the CS side,it would include algorithms and database theory.Specialized knowledge of the particular domain is of course necessary.In a sense,all applications of math are ultimately prescriptive,but I’m concerned here with mathematics that,once prescribed,creates a brand-new milieu as opposed to mathematics that describes or models an existing often physical milieu.In a perceptive1946article,the French polymath Paul Valery,pointed out that with Volta’s1800discovery of the electric current and invention of the battery, science entered a new phase wherein it created and described absolutely new phenomena as opposed to phenomena that pre-existed.By the same token,applied mathematics which has hitherto been concerned with pre-existing phenomena,is now, via the work of the Numerati,creating new(and largely social)phenomena,this adds fuel to the social constructivist view of mathematics as explicated by Paul Ernest in his many works.Over the years,i may very well have trained students is applied mathematics who have happily,productively and lucratively,entered the ranks of the Numerati. There are fortunes to be made in the numerocratic domains and the young people are aware of it.the low-hanging fruit in engineering may now have all been plucked.To go froward with schemes,e.g.creating sufficient quantities of clean energy may be difficult whereas creating successful new data-mining applications is comparatively easy.And we must deal with its consequences,many of which will be unintended.Mathematics is a very adaptable,very universally applicable language and for this reason it should be invoked with caution.Part of mathematical education of the future should be to inculcate caution lest we fall into the complaint of Caliban:”You have given me language,and my profit on’t is I know how to curse.”(1136words)应用数学的新风Philip J.Davis你将如何完成这句话:“这是一个……时代”每一个时代的作家都在省略号处填上不不同的内容,不仅仅是他们自己的年龄。

新编大学英语4课外阅读课文翻译1-10单元

新编大学英语4课外阅读课文翻译1-10单元

Unit 1 after-class reading致命诱惑1英国离奇谋杀案小说的女皇,毫无疑问是阿加莎·克里斯蒂。

虽然作者本人在20多年前就去世了,但她创作的78部侦探小说还是非常畅销。

它们已经被译成了100多种语言,销量超过了20亿册。

2阿加莎的小说无论是在英国还是在其他国家,都如此受人喜爱并不难理解。

她的每本书都构思精巧。

她创造的人物一眼就能辨认出,情节的发展非常规范、准确、流畅。

但最重要的是,她所有的故事都给读者一个谜团。

3克里斯蒂的作品几乎都是以谋杀开场,迫使读者提出这样一个问题:“是谁干的?”,而最后总是水落石出。

读者的乐趣就在于根据故事里隐含的线索顺藤摸瓜,试图在作者揭开谜底之前找到正确答案。

这种模式吸引了人类最强烈的本能——好奇心——而人们对这种模式欢迎的程度没有任何减弱的迹象。

4很多离奇的案子都是由克里斯蒂笔下某个常常出场的侦探破解,例如那个非常自信的比利时人埃居尔·波洛探长,或者是那个显然没有恶意的小老太太马普尔小姐。

她同时也为她的故事创造了一个特有的背景,这一背景,如同她创作的一些人物一样为人们所熟知。

那是处于两次世界大战之间的英国,那儿的小村庄里社区关系紧密,生活安静,或者是城里的阔佬们在乡下的豪宅里度周末。

5这个世界有着严格的社会等级制度。

乡下宅子的主人,很可能是贵族成员,占据着社会的顶层,然后是那些职业阶层:医生、律师和商人。

处于底层的则是一般民众,在书中通常作为仆从、厨师和园丁出场。

当谋杀案发生时,需要调查的嫌疑人不在少数。

6阿加莎-克里斯蒂的世界不是一个完全真实的世界,这就是她的作品还没有过时的原因之一。

这是一个安定、循规蹈矩的世界,然后谋杀案打乱了人们的正常生活。

必须侦破案件,抓住杀人犯,恢复宁静的生活。

7在阿加莎·克里斯蒂一生的大部分时问里,英国的杀人犯都被处以死刑。

因此,她作品中的谋杀案一旦破获,找出了杀人犯,那么他或者她的末日也就到了。

学术英语(医学)教师版Unit4课文翻译

学术英语(医学)教师版Unit4课文翻译

Unit 4 Text A传统中医和现代西医的融通人们对传统医学和补充医学的兴趣正在引起医疗界、政府部门、媒体和公众等美国社会各界的关注。

越来越多的保险公司和管理式医疗机构为传统医学大开方便之门,现在大多数美国医学院也开设了传统医学课程。

艾森伯格的多项全国性研究表明也有更多人在使用补充疗法。

为了便于研究替代疗法的有效性,美国国家补充与替代医学中心于1999年获得了多达五千万美元的预算。

由于认识到除了要对饮食补充剂安全性和有效性进行系统性评估之外,还需要提升植物药材科学数据的质量和数量,今年为此设立了两个研究中心,以研究植物药材的生物学作用。

许多患者传统模式和现代模式同时并用,这就需要将两种医学进行合理平稳地结合。

传统中医的理论和技术涵盖了美国归为补充医学的多数实践,在医疗保健体系中变得日益重要。

若运用得当,传统中医费用合理,技术含量低,安全且有效。

在全球,正在展开针对针灸、草药、按摩和太极的诸多研究,这可阐释传统中医的一些理论和实践。

雄心勃勃的研究设计提供的证据和巨大的患者需求正在推动传统中医和现代医学在临床层面的结合,而学术研究者和学术机构对两种治疗体系结合的潜力也有越来越浓厚的兴趣。

针刺基于1997年美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)专家共识会议审查的证据,NIH 专家共识发展小组保守建议针刺可以作为多种疾患的辅助疗法、替代疗法或综合管理方案的一部分。

该专家组确认针刺可用于治疗手术后出现的和化疗引起的恶心和呕吐,也可治疗术后牙痛。

专家组同时也建议针灸可作为辅助疗法或可接受的替代疗法,用以治疗成瘾、卒中康复、头痛、经痛、网球肘、纤维肌痛、肌筋膜疼痛、骨关节炎、下背痛、腕管综合症和哮喘等。

未来在传统中医架构下进行的针刺临床试验与当前这一代主要主要从生物医学的角度对针刺疗效进行评判的临床试验相比,可能对针刺的疗效提供更恰当更有临床意义的评估。

临床研究中现有的科学严谨性必须保持。

然而,NIH数据分析的方法过于严格,限制了潜在的适应症。

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Unit 4 翻译环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。

那段时间意识不断壮大,我们所面临的挑战知识增加,而重要的实践已经取得了进展,例如在一些减少各种污染,并在建立保护区。

我们是,但是,仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。

人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候,动物和植物的势头,并在关键的资源,包括野生鱼类资源,淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。

而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。

他们不断升级,随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。

如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的,但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力?什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域?这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息,更好的技术和良好的政策思路。

这些东西是至关重要的当然的,但所有这些东西都已经可用。

我们知道如何让清洁电力,节约资源,培育生物多样性。

我们知道如何规范污染,防止损坏的生态系统,如果我们想。

我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。

如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。

我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动,谈到风险管理,促进抗灾能力。

要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机,我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来,而不是一些可选的慈善事业,我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊,做社会改良。

嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。

我们正处在一个时期的后果,世界必须知道,健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。

如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战,也是一个经济问题。

只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进,一方面是促进环保目标的同时,对其他直接矛盾与措施,以实现更多的经济增长,我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。

当涉及到经济学和生态学有大量的好思已经完成。

例如,在不同的经济措施,以取代成功与失败,生态税的改革更为现实的措施,收入转移的负担,污染,生态系统服务补偿,补贴的重定向和如何调动国内生产总值的原油措施融资以扩大清洁行业。

我们必须在经济进行转型能够在工作丰富和更平等带来许多其他社会福利,从更健康。

它,然而,需要政治支持。

这是流行文化就变得非常重要。

在许多国家已经采取了保留的消费文化是非常多的GDP-增长模式的合作伙伴。

两个一起去,随着消费前积极推动以提高后者的扩张。

从这个意义上它是很难改变的经济思想也没有改变流行文化塑造那些相同的经济假设。

这是不容易的。

消费主义是我们很多人有吸引力的文化空间居住。

它发挥我们的默认设置,并为我们与生俱来的倾向,以促进地位,自我表达和短期的舒适度。

移的流行文化将需要比简单地告诉人们他们错了想要的消费品了。

这到目前为止还没有成功,这可能不会在今后的工作中无论是。

另一种更复杂的方法是必需的,或许是时尚大师们和其他非环保意见领袖领导。

不幸的是,以上。

无论怎样引人注目的叙述,在我看来既不经济也不是文化将改变,直到有一个不同的哲学背景下塑造我们共同的世界观。

在大多数国家,今天还有就是看技术,而不是本质,作为改善人民生活的任务,我们的首选合作伙伴世界观。

对于我们大多数人的本性是无关紧要的。

更糟糕的是自然环境有时表现为对发展的阻力,且不方便载重吨减慢人类进步的漫长旅程。

只要这种世界观保持甚至部分完好无损然后文化变革和改革对准经济思想与生态容量是的,我害怕,几乎是不可能实现的。

改变社会“的世界观是一个巨大的工作,但也不是没有可能。

我们看世界的方式是不是一个给定的,它的形状,并且它可以在更生态方向,以及自毁那些移动。

各国可以引入自然史研究作为国家教育计划的一部分。

自然可以被设计成城市的心脏,把树木,飞鸟,流水和绿地变成城市居民的日常生活。

通过重建具有许多的我们已经丢失的连接,这将是可能的还原使许多预工业社会生活在自然,不外的含义。

同样重要的是改变角色的演员。

每天谁碰十亿人的私营公司必须在我们采用的解决方案的心脏。

并帮助与业务流程的学校需要得到这些问题的顶部。

所以,一定要主流经济学家,心理学家,教育学家和工程师。

这一切都需要被提出,因为这是关于增益的积极议程。

它需要有一个包容性的进程,鼓励每个人都可以作出贡献是解决方案的一部分。

它需要一个程序,是不是我们是否'回归自然',或追求基于以往任何时候都更多的技术和成长进步,这是画一个光明的人类未来建立在生态经济的一个引人注目的图片的问题,并依次与自然系统的支持我们和其他所有不同的关系。

今后五十年将跻身世界上最不平凡的数百万年。

这将是在此期间,我们要么认识到我们有问题,并解决它,或进入一段动荡的生态,将与它深刻的经济和社会混乱带来的周期。

有没有简单的自上而下的“解决方案”。

即使政府说,一些在巴西这个月的地球峰会正确的事情,有没有办法实现无强自下而上的活动持久的进展。

政府不能做自己需要什么,也不能在'绿色运动'或私营部门。

大家一起工作,但是,还有就是另一回事了。

首先由独立的,周五15日2012年6月出版5翻译在无数的电影中,电脑扮演主角。

有些人用合成的声音说话,另一些人则在屏幕上写上一连串的文字.。

一些管理宇宙飞船;其他人,“大脑”的机器人,管理自己的“尸体”。

人与他们交谈,理解他们,与他们交换信息和问候。

这大部分仍然是科幻小说。

但真正的计算机会向律师提供相关案例、诊断医生、原子反应堆的工程师.。

幻想和事实都会让我们的祖父母感到惊讶。

他们的祖父母可能认为,这只能通过魔术。

然而,我们大多数人已经习惯了,把硅时代视为理所当然。

然而,一个怀疑仍然存在。

我们人类一直认为自己是特别的。

我们都假设物质世界与精神世界之间存在某种对比.。

如果电脑真的是一个“物质的头脑”,那么我们不仅必须重新考虑这种区别,但我们打破了它与我们自己的创作。

我们应该小心避免这样一个重要的结论,直到我们真正想过。

然而,自然地,人们想当然地认为计算机可以思考和行动,那么,我们不应该仅仅假设它。

在哲学中我们常常发现,我们通常认为理所当然的“常识”的观点在正确理解问题的方式。

所以让我们看看我在第一段谈论电脑的方式是否准确。

我说他们说话。

但他们真的在说话的意义上,人们呢?仅仅说他们生产出听起来像是语言的东西是不够的。

录音机这样做,但他们不说话。

当人们交谈时,他们说的话意味着什么。

意味着什么,他们需要能够理解句子。

现在我也说过电脑理解我们对他们说的话。

但他们真的吗?我们讲话的声音变成了电脉冲.。

脉冲通过机器的电路。

这使得语音合成器产生声音。

它可能是非常聪明的设计一台机器,这样做,但有什么证据,我们有机器的理解?嗯,一台机器能理解吗?这个问题有两个明显的反应。

我会打电话者的第一反应,对标签的缘故。

这是你的反应,如果你认为了解人们所说的涉及有一个头脑。

超感警探说:电脑真的不能理解任何东西。

要明白他们必须有意识的头脑。

但是我们用硅芯片制造了它们。

我们没有给他们有意识的头脑。

所以我们知道他们没有他们。

在另一个极端是响应我会打电话的行为。

行为主义者说:当然,每个人都应该同意一些计算机不明白。

但是,没有理由不明白为什么电脑不能制造。

如果一台机器以同样的方式对一个懂演讲的人做出反应,那么我们就有充分的理由说机器能理解我们必须说的是。

一台机器,它在每一个方面的行为,如果它理解是从一个机器理解。

如果它以正确的方式表现,那将表明它有一个想法。

很清楚为什么我称这种反应”行为。

”行为表示理解的是好像你了解。

我们这里有一个在哲学上很熟悉的情况。

有两种对立的观点和行为主义者,在这种情况下,每一种似乎都在忙些什么,但看起来完全正确。

每一种观点都有其侧面的常识。

超感警探凭借常识认为机器不能思考。

行为依赖于常识认为我们都知道其他人的思想我们知道他们做了什么。

看来这里的常识是不会告诉我们如果超感警探或行为是正确的。

事实上,如果你持有这些观点中的任何一种,你将面临困难的智力选择.。

让我们以一个问题,你如果你是一个唯心主义的开始。

假设问题的计算机是一个机器人,其中,像科幻小说中的机器人,看起来很像一个人。

这是一个非常聪明的电脑,所以它的“身体”的反应完全像一个特定的人:你的母亲,例如。

出于这个原因,我会叫机器人“M”你不会有这么多的理由认为,M有一个想法,你认为你的母亲呢?你可能会说,“如果我知道它的脑袋里有硅芯片的话,”但是你有没有检查过你妈妈脑袋里有脑组织?你没有,当然,因为它不会证明什么,如果你做了。

你相信你母亲有一个想法是基于她所说的和做的。

她心里在想什么可能是一个有趣的问题,行为主义者会说,但它是不相关的决定她是否有思想。

如果你妈妈的脑袋里什么都不重要,为什么要和M有关呢?如果你是一个唯心论者,是一个重大的问题:如何解释你为什么不能说Android有一个主意,即使你有了一个想法你有你母亲一样的证据。

当然,相信你的母亲有一个想法的基础上,她做了什么,说,但不相信M有一个头脑在同样的证据,这将是荒谬的。

如果这是你妈妈做什么的证据让你相信她有一个想法(而不是说,一个天生的偏见),然后别的同样的证据会让你相信,它有一个心。

这是一个思路,可能会导致你的行为。

但是如果你决定做一个行为主义者,你也有问题。

你和我都知道,毕竟,既然我们都有头脑,有什么是喜欢有一个头脑。

所以你和我都知道,我们和一台机器的行为完全一样,但没有任何经验。

除非M有经验,它没有头脑。

有一个头脑和操作,如果你有一个似乎是明确的意识和无意识之间的区别。

结果是这样的:如果你从外面看问题,我与其他人相比,行为主义很诱人。

从你的证据来看,M和你母亲是一样的。

从里面看,然而,世界上有着所有的不同。

你知道你有头脑,因为你有意识的体验,一种“内在的生活”。

但如果它不,再多的伪装是要让它真正有头脑。

我们从一个熟悉的事实开始:电脑无处不在,他们越来越聪明。

看来很快就会有智能机器,机器会明白我们对他们说什么。

但当我们走近一点,事情就不会那么简单。

一方面,有理由怀疑,行为像一个人与头脑和有头脑是相同的事情。

另一方面,一旦我们开始询问我们对别人的想法是什么以及如何知道的,我们的信念似乎是:人们的头脑没有比相信计算机有可能更好的信念更好.。

我们叫人问哲学问题关于什么和我们如何知道一个认识论。

如果我们问我们如何知道别人的想法,很明显,这是从他们所说的和做的。

我们只是没有直接的方式知道如果有什么是发生在其他人的头脑。

但是,如果人们所说的和所做的是告诉我们他们有头脑,一台机器,说,做同样的事情告诉我们,它有一个头脑也。

从认识论的角度来看,其他人的思想的电脑和“心灵”是在同一条船上。

当我们从内部看问题时,正如我们所看到的,画面看起来不同。

长相的人从里面我们可以称之为现象学的关系。

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