高考英语技巧--长难句分析

例2 、Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
① However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.
此句的主语为many scientists，主语里面包含 了一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓 语，即are doubtful和say，say后面又包含了一 个宾语从句。


解析：此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语即 discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从 句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句， 第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引 导同位语从句。 点评： that在长难句里面用得非常多， 所以正确理解that在不同从句中的用法非 常重要。
跳出陷阱
whereas引导了一个从句，即 a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave afailing marriage, 而it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriagewas in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.为主句，其中it为形式主语， 真正的主语为不定式。
分析： 第一句的主语为James Green, the librarian，谓语为told，第一个宾语为the magazine “American Libraries”，第二个 宾语为宾语从句，此宾语从句的主语为 This chance discovery，谓语即ended， 后面宾语的中心词为a 12-day search。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
方法四： 并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法 ——先读懂并列复合句， 再看主从复合句
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.
方法一：较复杂单句的处理方 法 —找主谓语，即找主干成分
② Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
此句的主语为a microcomputer，也有两个 谓语，即locks 和sets。
方法二：并列复合句的处理方 法——找并列连词
① The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing. 本句话中有两个主语，the hot sun 和 fermenting yeast,分别有自己的谓语had cause ,made,是由and 连接的两个并列句
1. This chance discovery ended a 12day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasure— a 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan—“a woman who knew everybody of her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.
首先弄清并列复合句，即but连接的两个句子，再 看but前有一个条件状语从句，but后为一个单句， 单句里又有一个who引导的定语从句。
(2)意群阅读法
意群阅读法即把意义和语法结构 上有关联的几个词连接成较完整的 信息。 此方法不仅有利于提高阅读速度， 而且有利于对句子的整体理解。例 如：

When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other①, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield② with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters③.
三、 成分省略

在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原 则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并 使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结 合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。 例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一 些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响， 而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
方法二：并列复合句的处理方 法——找并列连词
② Miss Germaine’s mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.
本句话中也有两个主语，Miss Germaine’s mother 和 Mr. Cordell’s parents,分别有自己 的谓语looked ,are reported,也是由and 连 接的两个并列句

突破策略 (1) 结构分析法


所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析， 迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基 本框架。 基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、 并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的 核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句 子的附属成分。
方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法 — 找主谓语，即找主干成分
2. The alarm had been raised because Vicki became suspicious(怀疑) of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Year’s Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face ...


解析： 此句的主语为What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life整 个从句，其中主语里面又包含了一个由 who引导的定语从句；主语的谓语为is， 后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。 点评： 分析长难句时找出主句的谓语是 至关重要的一步。

一、 复合从句

这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很 多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句 之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分 析混乱。这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将 每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干， 这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
二、 分隔结构

为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是 为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严 密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子 成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的 分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破 折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一 些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置， 也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原 有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
分析：①是状语从句， ②是主句， ③是with引导的介词短语作状语，修 饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为4个意群，可 以大大提高阅读速度。
典型例题

例1、 What Winter knows of the 19-yearold who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植).
此句的主语为some companies,有两个谓语，即 have made和emphasize，their main selling point 是宾语补足语。
方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法 — 找主谓语，即找主干成分
③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.