语言学课件：functions of language
语言学
combined according to rules.This explains why ―iblk‘ is not a possible sound combination in English, and also why ―Been he wounded has‖ is not a grammatically acceptable sentence in English.
The proportions in the final score
Presence is 10%. Performance in class is 10%. Final exam is 80%.
CONTENTS
Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Review (1)Leabharlann 1.2.2 Duality
Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of lg can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meanings such as morphemes and words, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences.
英语语言学概论语言学ppt
Metafunctions of Language
M.A.K. Halliday
12英语2班 翁京京 马密密 王雅莛 唐晓雯 唐苑
A British-born Australian linguist who developed the internationally influential systemic functional linguistic model of language.
逻辑功能
The experiential function 经验功能
It refers to the grammatical choices that enable
speakers to make meanings about the world around us
and inside us. 经验功能指的是语言对人们在现实世界（包括内心世界） 中的各种经历的表达。换言之，就是反映客观世界中所 发生的事、所牵涉的人和物以及与之有关的时间、地点 等环境因素。
The logical function
逻辑功能
Halliday describes the logical function as those systems
“whichnships between o
ne clausal unite and another”
英语语言学function of language知识分享
Referential: to convey message and information Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions Conative: to persuade and influence others through
Ideational metafunction
The ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience. It includes the experiential function and the logical function.
Halliday’s view
Interpersonal metafunction
The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical s that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations.
元语言功能（弄清意图、词语和意义 ）。
Halliday’s view
From early on in his account of language, Halliday has argued that it is inherently functional. His early papers on the grammar of English make reference to the "functional components" of language, as "generalized uses of language, which, since they seem to determine the nature of the language system, require to be incorporated into our account of that system." Halliday argues that this functional organization of language "determines the form taken by grammatical structure".
英语语言学第一章
functionalism & formalism
• functionalism:
study the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication.
• formalism:
study the abstract forms of language and their internal relations
made by Saussure in the early 20th century
competence & performance
competence underlying knowledge about the system of rules
performance the actual use of language in concrete situations
Message—Poetic
the addresser uses language for the sole purposes of displaying the beauty of language itself
Contact—Phatic communion
the addresser tries to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee
2. One of the main features of our human languages is arbitrariness. Can you briefly explain what this feature refer to? Support your argument with examples.
专八语言学
The design features of language
Arbitrariness Duality Creativity/Productivity Displacement
Arbitrariness （任意性）
Definition
Arbitrariness is the core features of language, which means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Arbitrariness is a matter of degree.
Arbitrariness 任意性
Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. Arbitrariness at the syntactic level. Arbitrariness and convention.
Main branches of Linguistics
Phonetics 语音学 Phonology 音系学 Morphology 形态学 Syntax 句法学 Semantics 语义学 Pragmatics 语用学
Macrolinguistics
Psycholinguistics 心理语言学 Sociolinguistics 社会语言学 anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 computational linguistics 计算语言学
Linguistics
语言学 Functions of language
the ideational function
Language serves for the expression of ‘content’: that is, of the speaker’s experience of the real world, including the inner world of his own consciousness. We may call this the ideational function.
well. （ 表 明 说 话 人 的 社 会 地
位、态度、判断等）
Elizabeth, Lizzy, my dear, Mummy, your majesty…
---Your Majesty（女王陛下）, my party has won the election, and so I ask your permission to form a... (----No, Mr Blair. I ask the question. )
（只有20%语言用于描述事实或传递 信息）
--- Eugene Nida
Interpersonal function （人际功能）
Language can be used to help people
interact with each other in a society, （与人交际）
to express the speaker’s status, social position, attitudes, and his judgment as
Informative function信息功能
Whenever we
ask people for information or tell others about our circumstances and things alike,
《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件
Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a
set of (finite or infinite) sentenБайду номын сангаасes, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”
• • • • •
Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
英语语言学讲义Chapter1
2006学年秋季《普通语言学教程》讲义 ―― 第以章Chapter one本章共 5 页Introduction to linguistics1. What is linguistics? ( definition of linguistics) Linguistics: is generally defined as the scientific study of (human) language. 1. The word language preceded by zero article in English implies that linguistics studies not any particular language, e.g. English , Chinese , French and Japanese, but languages in general. 2. The word study does not mean “learn” but “investigate”. 3. The word scientific refers to the way in which language is studied. 2. Why study linguistics ? 1. Linguistics takes an analytical approach to the study of language, and focus on developing skills in data analysis, problem solving, and logical thinking that can be applied to many fields. 2. It is a interdisciplinary subject. 3. Linguistics is a science that is still in its infancy but undergoing rapid development, and it is “a pilot science” 3. What and how linguists study language? 1. nature of language (focus on language itself) 2. nature of acquisition (focus on learners) 3. nature of teaching (focus on teachers) The process of linguistic study can be summarized as follows: .First, certain linguistic facts are observed, and generalizations are made about them; .Next, based on these generalizations, hypotheses are tested by further observations; .And finally a linguistic theory is constructed about what language is and how it works.4.Scope of linguistics 1. General linguistics: The study of language as a whole, it deal with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 2. Micro-linguistics includes 6 parameters, namely, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. It studies language itself. 3. Marco-linguistics conclude other disciplines such as psychology, sociology, ethnography, and artificial intelligence. It studies language in use--- practical usage.12006学年秋季《普通语言学教程》讲义 ―― 第以章本章共 5 页5Micro- linguistics 1. Phonetics: The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds. 2. Phonology: The description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. 3 Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words. 4. Syntax: The study of those rules that govern the combination of words to from permissible sentences. 5. Semantics: The study of meaning in abstraction. 6. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use. Micro- linguistics61. Sociolinguistics: It studies the relations between language and society. 2. Psycholinguistics: The study of language and mind.– the mental structures and processes. 3. Stylistics: The study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features. ( Written language) 4. Text linguistics: The study of the relationship between language and the contexts in which language is used. 5. Computational linguistics: 6. Cognitive linguistics: 7. Applied linguistics:Most linguistics, however, would agree on a tentative definition like this: 7 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition is widely accepted because it includes some of the important characteristics of human language. The design features of language The following 7 design features of human language have been identified by C.F.Hockett(1958): 1.productivity, 2. arbitrariness, 3. duality, 4. displacement, 5.interchangeability, 6.specialization, 7.cultural transmission. The characteristics of language 1. Language as system ---The key word in the definition is "system". Language is systematic. Otherwise we would not be able to learn or use it consistently. Each language system contains two subsystems: a system of sound and a system of meaning. 2. Language as arbitrary ---There is no natural relationship between the sound and what it means in a certain22006学年秋季《普通语言学教程》讲义 ―― 第以章本章共 5 页language. we cannot predicate exactly what specific features we will find in a particular language if we are not familiar with it. 3. Language as vocal ---By "vocal" we mean that the primary medium of all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing system might be.The Elements of Language8Origin of language 1. The evolution of man’s social life paved the way for the evolution of language. Society is both the creator and the container of language.. 2. And various theories are proposed to account for or speculate about its origin, such as the bow-wow theory, the pooh-pooh theory, and the yo-he-ho theory, etc.The functions of language 1. Phatic( ) By phatic we mean that language can be used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas. Greetings, farewells, and comments on weather serve this function. 2. Informative( ): Language severs an informative function when it is used to tell what the speaker believes, to give information about facts or to reason things out. Informative function is met through declarative sentences. Such informative statements are either true or false. 3. Expressive( ) : Language severs an expressive function when it is used to reveal the feelings and attitudes of the speaker. Ejaculations like: "Good heavens!"寒暄信息表达The functions of language 4. Directive ( ): Language serves a directive function when it is used to get the hearer do something. Most imperative sentences have this function. "Get out!" "Close the window, please.", "Walk slowly" are a few examples.指令5. Interrogative(疑问) :Language severs an informative function when it is used to get information from32006学年秋季《普通语言学教程》讲义 ―― 第以章本章共 5 页others. All questions that expect answers have this function, such as: "When will the meeting begin?" 6. Evocative( ) :The evocative function is the use of language to arouse certain feelings in the hearer. Its aim is to amuse, startle, anger, soothe, worry or please. 7. Performative ( ): Language is used to do things or to perform acts. Some Major Concepts in Linguistics Descriptive and prescriptive grammars Synchronic and diachronic linguistics Langue and parole Competence and performance Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relation Functionalism and formalism情感施为9 Some Major Concepts in Linguistics 1. Most modern linguistics is descriptive. It attempts to describe what people actually say. As traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Descriptive grammars attempt to tell what is in the language, while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language. The functions of language 2. When we study language at one particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics. SL focuses on the state of language at any point in history while DL focuses on the differences in two or more than 2 states of language over decades or centuries.3LangueParoleThe functions of language42006学年秋季《普通语言学教程》讲义 ―― 第以章本章共 5 页4. Competence and performance American linguist Noam Chomsky distinguishes competence and performance so as to idealize language data and to define the scope of linguistic study. Competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have of their language as a system of abstract formal relations. Performance refers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is ,the actual use of this knowledge.The functions of language 5. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations Saussure has put forward another pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. Syntagmatic relations refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements,which form linear sequences. Paradigmatic relations means the vertical relationship between forms,which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.→6. Functionalism and formalism Generally speaking, schools of linguistics can be divided into 2 major camps: functionalism and formalism. Functionalism or functional linguistics refers to the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in communication. Formalism or formal linguistics is the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.5。
英语语言学概论Metafunctions of Language3
• 语言对人们在现实世 • 语言对两个或两个以
界包括内心世界中的 上的意义单位之间逻
各种经历的表达。
辑关系的表达。
Interpersonal function 人际功能
• The interpersonal function refers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations.
• 用各种语言手段将语篇中的各个句子连接 成一篇连贯的文章的功能
• 先有大脑的思考和思想
• 然后是把自己大脑中的思考和思想拿出来 与人交流
• 并在与人交流的过程中还要把各种思想按 照一定的事理逻辑组合成一个衔接和连贯 的整体，以达到自己说话的目的
Thank you
Metafunctions of Language
Halliday's Model
12英语2班 王晓珏 仇丹妮 潘冬菊 袁承敏 吴爱婷 尹苗苗
Metafunction 纯理功能
Ideational function 概念功能
InterperBiblioteka onal function 人际功能
Textual function 语篇功能
Ideational function
概念功能
• The ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience. It includes the experiential function （经 验功能）and the logical function（逻辑 功能）.
语言学导论第一章ppt课件.ppt
What would happen if human language had only one system of structure?
Does the traffic light system have duality, why?
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
2. design features of human language ▪ arbitrariness(任意性):
There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. e.g.书(汉)----book(英)
▪ duality of structure(结构的二重性):
Human language is a system consisting of two sets of structures or two levels.
the higher level: a structure of meaningful units (morphemes or words)
quack-quack bang roar cuckoo
crash
ding dong ka cha pu tong
*compounds:
rainbow bittersweet
pickpocket
* pictograph (象形文字) /hieroglyph(象形符号)
休
从
北
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7 specific functions:
1.emotive (expressive) function: releases feelings. Swear words, obscenities, exclamation , involuntary verbal reactions.
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Four phases of English 1 old English 2 Middle English 3 Early Modern English 4 Present-day English
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A historical study of language is a __ study of language.
ie, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make
them the subjects of study of linguistics.
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Langue /parole
1 what is social from what is individual. 2 what is essential from what is
When we speak or write, we usually don’t confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences; we string them together to form a text. There are expressions that refer backwards and forwards, or substitute for others, or link phrases or sentences. They play the role of bringing units of language into unity.
the lion ate the unicorn
IDEATIONAL
INTERPERSONAL
TEXUAL functions.
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Ideational function constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations. When we use language to identify things ,to think ,or to record information, we use language as a symbolic code to represent the world around us.
preoccupation with description
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a) who did you speak to ?
b) whom did you speak to? You should say B instead of A . a) I haven’t done anything. b) I haven’t done nothing.
1.5 functions of language
I’ve got a knife. Do you have a knife? How are you?
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Malinowski(1923) regards language not as a self-contained system ,but as entirely dependent on the society in which it is used.
(3) The phatic function: language as a means to help establish and maintain social relations.
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specific functions ------ the particular individual use of language while
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5 Reasoning function: speaking and writing are forms of thought.
6 communication function: referential /propositional function.
7 Pleasure function: nonsensical lyrics the repetitive rhythms the melody of certain combinations of sounds.
B is wrong because 2 negatives make a positive.
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2 synchronic vs diachronic
Synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.
[A] synchronic
[B] diachronic
[C] prescriptive
[D] comparative.
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Middle English was deeply influenced by [A] Norman French in vocabulary and grammar. [B] Greek and Latin because of the European
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Interpersonal function enacts social relationships, and it is concerned with the relationship between the speaker and other people or things.
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Prescriptive:
the grammarians tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language &set the disputes over usage once and f Nhomakorabear all.
(black/white;right/wrong.)
Language serves as a medium that links a person with the world. The ideational function is, then, the function language plays in human cognition, in our conceptualization of the world. This function brings the world into our mind.
(eg “A grammar of modern Greek” “ The structure of Shakespeare’s English.”)
Diachronic linguistics is the study of language through the course of history. (Darwinists)
renaissance movement. [C] Danish languages because Denmark placed,
king on the throne of England. [D] the Celtic people who were the first inhabitants
of England.
2 phatic function: Good morning. How are you
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3 Recording function
4 Identifying function:
Language marks our identity, physically in terms of age, sex, and voiceprints; psychologically in terms of language and personality, intelligence; geographically in terms of accents, dialects; ethnically and socially in terms of social stratification, class ,status, role, solidarity and distance. (David Crystal,1992)
This function of language binds individuals together, glues all members of a speech community.
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Textual function creates relevance to context.
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metafunctions of language
eg. The phoneme /b/ is a -voiced bilabial stop is in ~.
Meta-language used to analyze or describe a language.( self-reflective) Eg the lion ate the unicorn all around the town----All around the town