非限定分句和无动词分句
非限定分句无动词分句结构
+
realized by a noun phrase
+
II. 详表
1： 不定式分句
infinitive clause (不定式分句)
with expressed subject带主语
introduced by
without subject
for
with
I king that mistake.
You / Your falling into the pond was the climax of the whole trip.
The last bus having gone, they had to walk home. absolute construction独立结构
You should not drink very cold water, while hot from work.
subordinator + prep. phrase
Her salary was good, if not up to her expectation.
subordinator + adv. phrase
Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room.
Tired, he went home.
3. 无动词分句表
类别
表现形式
例句
with expressed subject带主语
noun phrase + noun phrase
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
独立结构讲解练习及翻译
1．独立结构的实质和类型所谓“独立结构”（Absolute Construction）实质就是带有自己主语的非限定分句和无动词分句。
如前所述，非限定分句和无动词分句通常是以主语的一定成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主语。
但也有一些非限定分句和无动词分句带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，因此叫“独立结构”。
其实，所谓“独立结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属分词。
“独立结构”按其结构形式，分为不定式“独立结构”，-ing分词“独立结构”，-ed分词“独立结构”和无动词“独立结构”，通常在句中起状语分句的作用。
例如：（1） A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle, and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后，有的拎着皇帝的衣袍，有的则给他整腰带等。
（some to hold…和others to adjust…为不定式独立结构）（2） There being nothing else to do, we left.由于没有其它事情可做，我们离开了。
（There being…为-ing分词独立结构）（3） She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。
（her hands clasped…为-ed分词独立结构）（4）He went off, gun in hand. ?他手里拿着枪离开了。
（gun in hand为无动词独立结构）（5） The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside. 由于地板又湿又滑，我们呆在屋外。
（The floor wet…为无动词“独立结构”） 2．“独立结构”的用法和意义由上述诸例可以看出，“独立结构”与主语之间通常用逗号隔开，但也有用破折号的。
非限定性分句无动词独立结构
B
He wrote a lot of novels, and many of ____ were translated into foreign languages. A. it B. them C. which D. that
B There I met several people, two of _____ were foreigners. A. which B. whom C. who D. that B There I met several people, and two of ___ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that B There I met several people, two of __ being foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that
主语+副词
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
主语+介词短语
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
• 作让步状语 Knowing all this , they still insisted on my paying for the damage. • 作结果状语 It rained heavily, causing severe flooding in that area.
非限定性分句
从属连词+形容词词组 从属连词 形容词词组 Although always helpful, he was not much liked by the people. 从属连词+介词词组 从属连词 介词词组 Whether by accident or by design, he arrived too late to help us. 从属连词+副词词组 从属连词 副词词组 He spoke ungraciously, if not rudely.
独立主格结构可装换成with复合结构：
由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词 with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语 由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、 介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在 分词，也可以是过去分词： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； with或without-名词/代词+副词； with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； with或without-名词/代词 +分词。
• 作条件状语 United, we stand; divided, we fall. • 表示伴随状况 He went to Beijing that winter, disguised as merchant.
• 作让步状语 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandhi （甘地）invented the principle of 甘地） nonviolent resistance.(非暴力抵抗主义 非暴力抵抗主义) 非暴力抵抗主义
新英语语法简介
新英语语法简介语法书，大家有用过新英语语法吗?下面是店铺给大家整理的新英语语法，供大家参阅!新英语语法《新英语语法》(第二版)是按当代英语语法的观点、理论和术语编写的一部语法书。
它涉及问题深广，理论性较强，是通俗语法的继续和深化。
疑难问题一般采用英英释义或结构对比的方法处理，一目了然。
全书共24章，各章所论述的问题基本以专题的方式编写，以突出重点和难点。
书后备有英汉索引和参考书目。
《新英语语法》可作英语语法课教材，供大学生、研究生使用，也可作参考书，供大、中学英语教师或考级、考研者使用。
新英语语法出版社高等教育出版社成立于1954年5月，是新中国最早设立的专业教育出版机构之一。
在教育部的直接领导下，经过50多年的奋斗，高等教育出版社已经发展成为以出版高等教育、职业教育、成人及社会教育等教育类、专业类、科技类出版物为主的综合性大型出版社。
1983年，邓小平同志为高等教育出版社题写社名。
2010年12月，中国教育出版传媒集团有限公司成立，高等教育出版社成为其核心成员单位之一。
高等教育出版社在出版规模、市场占有率、产品数字化、国际化以及综合实力等方面都处于中国出版行业领先地位。
2010年出版各类出版物近万种，销售码洋近27亿元，图书销售册数逾1亿册;高等教育类图书市场占有率达到1/4，中等职业教育类图书市场占有率达到1/3;产品形态涉及图书、音像制品、电子出版物、网络出版物及期刊等;16个语种版本的多种国际型产品行销世界50多个国家和地区，2010年输出版权82项，成为中国版权输出领先的企业之一;连续多年在中国单体出版社竞争力排名中位列第一，并成为唯一入围全球50强的中国出版机构。
新英语语法目录第1章语法、结构和意义1.1 传统语法和当代语法对比.1.2 同义结构、释义结构、歧义结构和语义混合结构第2章名词2.1 名词的数2.2 既有不具数用法又有具数用法的抽象名词和物质名词2.3 复数合成名词和复数称呼形式2。
英语语法-无动词分句
无动词分句（VERSLES S CLAUSE）是一种省略了主语和谓语动词的分句结构。
这种结构通常出现在句首，也可出现在其他位置。
它的被省略的主语通常也就是主句的主语；被省略的动词通常是连系动词be，因此无动词分句就其深层结构来说大多属于SVC句型。
例如：Close to the urban areas，this f arm mainlydoes marketgardening．由于靠近市区，这个农场主要生产商品蔬菜。
A science reporte r，Jim has a wide range of knowled ge．吉姆是一位科学新闻记者，所以知识面广。
在这里，Close to the urban areas=As it is close to the urban areas；A science report er=As he is a science reporte r，都是一种省略结构。
一、无动词分句的类型无动词分句，就其结构形式来说，分为以下三类：1．不带从属连词的无动词分句这类无动词分句通常只由形容词词组或名词词组构成。
例如：Speechless，Henry noddedand sat on a f olding seat．亨利一言不发，点点头，坐在折椅上。
Anxious f or a quick decisio n，the chairma n calledf or a v ote．主席急于迅速作出决定，便提交表决。
Ture or not，the reportprov ide d new ammunit ion f or his enemies．不管是真是假，这个报告都为他的敌人们提供了新的炮弹。
An excelle nt speaker，he was nev er at a loss for a word．作为一位卓越的演讲家，他从来不会无话可说。
非限定分句、无动词分句和独立分句的句法功能研究
非限定分句、无动词分句和独立分句的句法功能研究陈金薇【摘要】非限定分句、无动词分句和独立分句在句中的位置十分灵活,可作状语或者补足语.要准确判断其句法功能,必须结合该分句在句中的位置以及该分句与主句主语、主句谓语、主句宾语的逻辑语义关系.【期刊名称】《洛阳理工学院学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2016(031)006【总页数】5页(P19-23)【关键词】非限定分句;无动词分句;独立分句;句法功能;位置关系;逻辑语义关系【作者】陈金薇【作者单位】湛江师范学院基础教育学院,广东湛江 524037【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H314.3英语句子中，非限定分句、无动词分句和独立分句的结构不同，句法功能也不尽相同，但它们位置灵活，均可置于句中主语前、主语后、谓语后或者宾语后。
以基本句型SVO为例，这3种分句可以构成以下句型结构：① 非限定分句/无动词分句/独立分句，主语+谓语+宾语；② 主语，非限定分句/无动词分句/独立分句，+谓语+宾语；③ 主语+谓语，非限定分句/无动词分句/独立分句，+宾语；④ 主语+谓语+宾语，非限定分句/无动词分句/独立分句。
然而，传统的语法论著对这3种分句在以上句型结构的用法并无进行详细系统的论述，不同的学者对此也有不同的看法。
张道真把这种结构定义为“说明性定语”，认为“在作用上，它们起一个包含be的从句的作用，表示伴随的情况”，指出“它们也‘修饰’主语，但给它以‘额外’的意义”[1]。
刘应德认为，这种结构是对主语或宾语进行进一步的补充说明，因而是主语补足语或宾语补足语，具体地将此类结构定义为“任选主语补语(Optional Subject Complements)”和“任选宾语补语(Optional Object Complements)”[2]。
王德杰则认为这类结构起到的作用是说明主语行为、性质和状态，是主语补足语[3]。
那么，以上3种分句在句子中的句法功能是什么？是用作补足语、状语，还是其他句子成分？在大量相关例句中，笔者发现其句法功能实际上很难一概而论，必须根据该分句与主语、谓语或宾语的逻辑关系，结合其在句子中的位置进行判断。
语法术语
词 word词素 morpheme自由词素 free morpheme粘附词素 bound morpheme简单词 simple word ， morpheme word（单词素词）词根 root派生词 derivative屈折词缀 inflectional affix派生词缀 derivational affix前缀 prefix后缀 suffix 粘附词根 bound root词素变体 allomorph原始派生词 primitive derivative复合词 compound word compounding form新古典复合词 neo-classical compound复合连词 compound conjunction封闭词类 closed class开放词类 open class功能词 function word实义词 content word调核 nucleus（语调核心，是一个调组中显示音调抑扬变化(降、升、降升ˇ或升降＾)的强重读音节。
与调组中其它音节相对而言,调核的音调最高,音幅最阔,动态变化最大,因而是语流中听觉效果最显著的音段。
一个调组可以没有调冠、调头或调尾,但不能没有调核。
分析性语言 analytic language强调词 emphasizer并列连词 coordinator近似并列连词 quasi-coordinator从属连词 subordinator简单从属连词 simple subordinator即单词从属连词 one-word subordinator复杂从属连词 complex subordinator 关联从属连词 correlative subordinator 边际从属连词 marginal subordinator关系词 relative word副词性指代词 coreference pro-form句子成分 members of sentences主语 subject实义主语 notional subject真主语 real subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object 间接宾语 indirect object 复合宾语 complex object 同源宾语 cognate object 补语 complement主补 subject complement 宾补 object complement 表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial补足成分 complementation （如宾语，补语，状语等）并列谓语 compound predicate双重谓语 double predicate操作词 operator述谓成分 predication动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb连系动词 linking verb助动词 auxiliary verb基本助动词 primary auxiliary 情态助动词 modal auxiliary 半助动词 semi- auxiliary情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb 使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 dynamic verb静态动词 stative verb感叹词 exclamation单宾语及物动词 monotransitive verb双宾语及物动词 ditransitive verb复杂宾语及物动词 complex transitive verb 实义动词 notional verb单词动词 single-word verb词组动词 phrasal verb复合动词 compound verb一致 agreement ，concord主谓一致 subject-predicate（verb） agreement （concord）语法一致 grammatical agreement（concord）概念一致 notional agreement（concord）就近原则 principle of proximity名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun 可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun 抽象名词 abstract noun具体名词 concret moun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun 简单名词 simple noun复合名词 compound noun派生名词 derivative noun连词 conjunction单位词 partitive 又叫单位名词（unit noun）通性名词 noun of common gender等级名词 gradable noun词组phrase名词词组 noun phrase动词词组 verb phrase形容词词组 adjective phrase副词词组 adverb phrase介词词组 prepositional phrase简单动词词组 simple verb phrase复杂动词词组 complex verb phrase限定动词词组 finite verb phrase非限定动词词组 non-finite verb phrase分句 clause名词性分句 nominal clause关系分句 relative clause 即定语从句 attributive clause先行项 antecedent分裂句 cleft sentence分裂句中心成分 focus element ，focal element存在句 existential sentence并列结构 coordinate construction并列成分 coordinate element独立分句 independent clause从属分句 dependent/subordinate clause 简单分句 simple clause复杂分句 complex clause限定分句 finite clause非限定分句 non-finite clause无动词分句 verbless clause主句 main clause从句 subordinate clause分句成分 clause element限定从属分句 finite subordinate clause限制性关系分句 restrictive relative clause非限制性关系分句 non- restrictive relative clause双重关系分句 double relative clause嵌入式关系分句 embedded relative clause数 number单数 singular number复数 plural number规则复数 regular plural不规则复数 irregular plural确定数量 definite quantity非确定数量 indefinite quantity 格 case普通格（通格） common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case属格 genitive case 独立属格 independent genitive双重属格 double genitive句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence ，又叫statement 疑问句 interrogative sentence 又叫question 一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentence否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence ，又叫 command 省略句 elliptical sentence 感叹句 exclamatory sentence 又叫 exclamation 是非问句 yes-no queationWh- 问句 wh-question附加问句 question tag基本句型 basic sentence patern完全句 full sentence不完全句 minor sentence主动句 active sentence被动句 passive sentence条件句 conditional含蓄条件句 implied conditional真实条件句 real conditional非真实条件句 unreal conditional 拖沓句 trailing sentence排比结构 parallel construction 深层结构 deep structure比较结构 comparative construction 独立结构 absolute construction 从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause 名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition 句法关系 syntactic relationship并列 coordinate 从属 subordination修饰 modification前置修饰 pre-modification后置修饰 post-modification限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction非限制 non-restriction限定词 determiner物主限定词 possessive determiner指示限定词 demonstrative determiner关系限定词 relative determiner疑问限定词 interrogative determiner 不定限定词 indefinite determiner中位限定词 central determiner前位限定词 predeterminer后位限定词 postdeterminer冠词 article定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article数词 numeral 基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral零冠词 zero article倍数词 multiplicative numeral量词 quantifier类指 generic reference特指 specific reference所指意义 referential meaning代词照应 pronoun reference确定特指 definite specific reference照应特指 anaphoric specific reference 前照应特指 cataphoric specific reference 语境特指（照应） situational reference 后照应 anaphoric reference人称照应 personal reference指示照应 demonstrative reference比较照应 comparative reference代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possessive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun名词性属格代词 nominal genitive pronoun 在本书中仍叫物主代词限定性属格代词 determinative genitive pronoun 形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possessive pronoun 复合代词 compound pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter人称 person第一人称 first person 第二人称 second person第三人称 third person形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form 原形 base form反身形式 reflexive form缩略形式 contracted form综合形式 synthetic form分析形式 analytic form第二种条件句句式：1,、基本形式 basic form 2、变体形式 variant form 3、替换形式 alternative form用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring褒义 commendatory贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic 挖苦 ironic强调性用法 emphatic use非强调性用法 unemphatic use假设意义 hypothetical meaning非事实意义 non-factual meaning推测性 epistemic非推测性 non-epistemic时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense 现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense历史性现在时 historic present语法形式 grammatical form时 tense现在时 present tense过去时 past tense体 aspect进行体 progressive aspect完成体 perfective aspect态 voice主动态 active voice被动态 passive voice不定式被动态 passive infinitive 式 mood陈述式 indicative mood祈使式 imperative mood虚拟式 subjunctive moodBe-型虚拟式 be-subjuctiveWere-型虚拟式 were-subjuctive 不定式 infinitive带to 不定式 to-infinitive不带to 不定式 bare infinitive-Ing分词 -ing participle现在分词 present participle动名词 gerund-ed 分词 -ed participle过去分词 past participle悬垂分词 dangling participle 又叫无依着分词（unattached participle）依着法则 attachment rule形容词 adjective单词形容词 one-word adjective复合形容词 compound adjective中心形容词 central adjective外围形容词 peripheral adjective动态形容词 dynamic adjective静态形容词 stative adjective等级形容词 gradable adjective非等级形容词 non-gradable adjective 原级 positive/absolute degree 比较级 comparative degree 最高级 superlative degree 可等级的 gradable副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunctive adverb疑问副词Interrogative adverb 关系副词 relative adverb简单副词 simple adverb派生副词 derivative频度副词 adverb of frequency 解说副词 explanatory adverb 复合副词 compound adverb状语adverbial地点状语 locative adverbial 时间状语 temporal adverbial 修饰性状语 adjunct评注性状语 disjunct连接性状语 conjunct同时性 same time先时性 earlier time后时性 later time介词 preposition复合介词 compound preposition 简单介词 simple preposition复杂介词 complex preposition双词介词 two-word preposition 三词介词 three-word preposition 四词介词 four-word preposition 否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation双重否定 double negation直接引语 direct speech 间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech引述动词 reporting verb修饰 modification前置修饰语 premodifier后置修饰语 postmodifier限制性修饰语 restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语 non- restrictive modifier 偏斜修饰语 squinting modifier对比含义 contrastive meaning分隔修饰 discontinuous modification同位语 appositive限制性同位语 restrictive appositive非限制性同位语 non- restrictive appositive替代 substitution替代词 substitute名词性替代 nominal substitution动词性替代 verbal substitution分句性替代 clausal substitution 名词替代词 nominal substitute 动词替代词verbal substitute分句替代词 clausal substitute 省略 ellipsis情境省略 situational ellipsis 语序 order词序 normal order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion后置 postponement句尾焦点 end focus句尾重心 end weight传递信息单位 information unit旧信息 old information已知信息 given / known information 新信息 new information ，the storm 信息焦点 information focus前置 fronting句子和语篇语篇 text粘着性 cohesion连贯性 coherence统一性 unity交际功能 communicative function正确性 correctness适合性 appropriacy过渡词语 transitional words / phrases 逻辑纽带 logical connectors语法纽带 grammatical connectors词汇纽带 lexical connectors语段 sentence group段落 paragraph单语段语篇 Single-Sentence-Group Text 多语段语篇 Multi- Sentence-Group Text 辅助句 supporting sentence辅助语段 supporting sentence group层进法 climax意译 paraphrase。
语法术语
词word词素morpheme自由词素free morpheme粘附词素bound morpheme简单词simple word ，morpheme word（单词素词）词根root派生词derivative屈折词缀inflectional affix派生词缀derivational affix前缀prefix后缀suffix粘附词根bound root词素变体allomorph原始派生词primitive derivative复合词compound word compounding form新古典复合词neo-classical compound复合连词compound conjunction封闭词类closed class开放词类open class功能词function word实义词content word调核nucleus（语调核心，是一个调组中显示音调抑扬变化(降、升、降升ˇ或升降＾)的强重读音节。
与调组中其它音节相对而言,调核的音调最高,音幅最阔,动态变化最大,因而是语流中听觉效果最显著的音段。
一个调组可以没有调冠、调头或调尾,但不能没有调核。
分析性语言analytic language强调词emphasizer并列连词coordinator近似并列连词quasi-coordinator从属连词subordinator简单从属连词simple subordinator即单词从属连词one-word subordinator 复杂从属连词complex subordinator 关联从属连词correlative subordinator 边际从属连词marginal subordinator 关系词relative word副词性指代词coreference pro-form句子成分members of sentences主语subject实义主语notional subject真主语real subject谓语predicate宾语object双宾语dual object直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object复合宾语complex object同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative定语attribute同位语appositive状语adverbial补足成分complementation （如宾语，补语，状语等）并列谓语compound predicate双重谓语double predicate操作词operator述谓成分predication动词verb主动词main verb及物动词transitive verb不及物动词intransitive verb连系动词linking verb助动词auxiliary verb基本助动词primary auxiliary 情态助动词modal auxiliary 半助动词semi- auxiliary情态动词modal verb规则动词regular verb不规则动词irregular verb短语动词phrasal verb限定动词finite verb非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb感官动词verb of senses动态动词dynamic verb静态动词stative verb感叹词exclamation单宾语及物动词monotransitive verb双宾语及物动词ditransitive verb复杂宾语及物动词complex transitive verb实义动词notional verb单词动词single-word verb词组动词phrasal verb复合动词compound verb一致agreement ，concord主谓一致subject-predicate（verb）agreement（concord）语法一致grammatical agreement（concord）概念一致notional agreement（concord）就近原则principle of proximity名词noun专有名词proper noun普通名词common noun可数名词countable noun不可数名词uncountable noun抽象名词abstract noun具体名词concret moun物质名词material noun集体名词collective noun个体名词individual noun简单名词simple noun 复合名词compound noun派生名词derivative noun连词conjunction单位词partitive 又叫单位名词（unit noun）通性名词noun of common gender等级名词gradable noun词组phrase名词词组noun phrase动词词组verb phrase形容词词组adjective phrase副词词组adverb phrase介词词组prepositional phrase简单动词词组simple verb phrase复杂动词词组complex verb phrase限定动词词组finite verb phrase非限定动词词组non-finite verb phrase分句clause名词性分句nominal clause关系分句relative clause 即定语从句attributive clause 先行项antecedent分裂句cleft sentence分裂句中心成分focus element ，focal element存在句existential sentence并列结构coordinate construction并列成分coordinate element独立分句independent clause从属分句dependent/subordinate clause简单分句simple clause复杂分句complex clause限定分句finite clause非限定分句non-finite clause无动词分句verbless clause主句main clause从句subordinate clause分句成分clause element限定从属分句finite subordinate clause限制性关系分句restrictive relative clause非限制性关系分句non- restrictive relative clause 双重关系分句double relative clause嵌入式关系分句embedded relative clause数number单数singular number复数plural number规则复数regular plural不规则复数irregular plural确定数量definite quantity非确定数量indefinite quantity格case普通格（通格）common case 所有格possessive case主格nominative case宾格objective case属格genitive case独立属格independent genitive 双重属格double genitive 句子sentence简单句simple sentence并列句compound sentence复合句complex sentence并列复合句compound complex sentence陈述句declarative sentence ，又叫statement 疑问句interrogative sentence 又叫question 一般疑问句general question特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question附加疑问句tag question反义疑问句disjunctive question修辞疑问句rhetorical question感叹疑问句exclamatory question存在句existential sentence肯定句positive sentence否定句negative sentence祈使句imperative sentence ，又叫command 省略句elliptical sentence感叹句exclamatory sentence 又叫exclamation 是非问句yes-no queationWh- 问句wh-question附加问句question tag基本句型basic sentence patern完全句full sentence不完全句minor sentence主动句active sentence被动句passive sentence条件句conditional 含蓄条件句implied conditional 真实条件句real conditional非真实条件句unreal conditional 拖沓句trailing sentence排比结构parallel construction深层结构deep structure比较结构comparative construction 独立结构absolute construction从句clause从属句subordinate clause并列句coordinate clause名词从句nominal clause定语从句attributive clause状语从句adverbial clause宾语从句object clause主语从句subject clause同位语从句appositive clause时间状语从句adverbial clause of time地点状语从句adverbial clause of place方式状语从句adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句adverbial clause of result目的状语从句adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real condition 非真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of unreal condition含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition句法关系syntactic relationship并列coordinate从属subordination修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification后置修饰post-modification限制restriction双重限制double-restriction非限制non-restriction限定词determiner物主限定词possessive determiner指示限定词demonstrative determiner关系限定词relative determiner疑问限定词interrogative determiner 不定限定词indefinite determiner中位限定词central determiner前位限定词predeterminer后位限定词postdeterminer冠词article定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral零冠词zero article 倍数词multiplicative numeral量词quantifier类指generic reference特指specific reference所指意义referential meaning代词照应pronoun reference确定特指definite specific reference照应特指anaphoric specific reference前照应特指cataphoric specific reference 语境特指（照应）situational reference 后照应anaphoric reference人称照应personal reference指示照应demonstrative reference比较照应comparative reference代词pronoun人称代词personal pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun反身代词reflexive pronoun相互代词reciprocal pronoun指示代词demonstrative pronoun疑问代词interrogative pronoun关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun名词性属格代词nominal genitive pronoun 在本书中仍叫物主代词限定性属格代词determinative genitive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun 复合代词compound pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun性gender阳性masculine阴性feminine通性common中性neuter人称person第一人称first person第二人称second person第三人称third person形式form单数形式singular form复数形式plural form限定动词finite verb form非限定动词non-finite verb form原形base form反身形式reflexive form缩略形式contracted form综合形式synthetic form分析形式analytic form第二种条件句句式：1,、基本形式basic form 2、变体形式variant form 3、替换形式alternative form用法usage感情色彩emotional coloring褒义commendatory 贬义derogatory幽默humorous讽刺sarcastic挖苦ironic强调性用法emphatic use非强调性用法unemphatic use假设意义hypothetical meaning非事实意义non-factual meaning推测性epistemic非推测性non-epistemic时态tense过去将来时past future tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense 过去将来完成时past future perfect tense一般现在时present simple tense一般过去时past simple tense一般将来时future simple tense现在完成时past perfect tense过去完成时present perfect tense将来完成时future perfect tense现在进行时present continuous tense过去进行时past continuous tense将来进行时future continuous tense过去将来进行时past future continuous tense现在完成进行时present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时past perfect continuous tense 历史性现在时historic present语法形式grammatical form时tense 现在时present tense过去时past tense体aspect进行体progressive aspect完成体perfective aspect态voice主动态active voice被动态passive voice不定式被动态passive infinitive 式mood陈述式indicative mood祈使式imperative mood虚拟式subjunctive moodBe-型虚拟式be-subjuctive Were-型虚拟式were-subjuctive不定式infinitive带to 不定式to-infinitive不带to 不定式bare infinitive-Ing分词-ing participle现在分词present participle动名词gerund-ed 分词-ed participle过去分词past participle悬垂分词dangling participle 又叫无依着分词（unattached participle）依着法则attachment rule形容词adjective 单词形容词one-word adjective复合形容词compound adjective中心形容词central adjective外围形容词peripheral adjective动态形容词dynamic adjective静态形容词stative adjective等级形容词gradable adjective非等级形容词non-gradable adjective 原级positive/absolute degree比较级comparative degree最高级superlative degree可等级的gradable副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner程度副词adverb of degree时间副词adverb of time地点副词adverb of place修饰性副词adjunct连接性副词conjunctive adverb 疑问副词Interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb简单副词simple adverb派生副词derivative频度副词adverb of frequency 解说副词explanatory adverb 复合副词compound adverb状语adverbial地点状语locative adverbial 时间状语temporal adverbial修饰性状语adjunct评注性状语disjunct连接性状语conjunct同时性same time先时性earlier time后时性later time介词preposition复合介词compound preposition 简单介词simple preposition复杂介词complex preposition双词介词two-word preposition三词介词three-word preposition 四词介词four-word preposition否定negation否定范围scope of negation全部否定full negation局部否定partial negation转移否定shift of negation双重否定double negation直接引语direct speech间接引语indirect speech自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirect speech 引述动词reporting verb修饰modification前置修饰语premodifier 后置修饰语postmodifier限制性修饰语restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语non- restrictive modifier 偏斜修饰语squinting modifier对比含义contrastive meaning分隔修饰discontinuous modification同位语appositive限制性同位语restrictive appositive非限制性同位语non- restrictive appositive替代substitution替代词substitute名词性替代nominal substitution动词性替代verbal substitution分句性替代clausal substitution名词替代词nominal substitute 动词替代词verbal substitute分句替代词clausal substitute省略ellipsis情境省略situational ellipsis语序order词序normal order自然语序natural order倒装语序inversion全部倒装full inversion部分倒装partial inversion后置postponement句尾焦点end focus 句尾重心end weight传递信息单位information unit旧信息old information已知信息given / known information 新信息new information ，the storm 信息焦点information focus前置fronting句子和语篇语篇text粘着性cohesion连贯性coherence统一性unity交际功能communicative function正确性correctness适合性appropriacy过渡词语transitional words / phrases逻辑纽带logical connectors语法纽带grammatical connectors词汇纽带lexical connectors语段sentence group段落paragraph单语段语篇Single-Sentence-Group Text 多语段语篇Multi- Sentence-Group Text 辅助句supporting sentence辅助语段supporting sentence group层进法climax意译paraphrase。
英语语法层次
Chapter two Introduction-Grammatical Hierarchy语言（Language）是社会交际的工具，是音义结合的词汇和语法的体系。
语法（Grammar）是语言的组织规律Grammar is the structural system of a language.，它赋予语言以结构系统，而词汇（vocabulary）则是语言的建筑材料，它通过语法而赋予语言以意义内容。
The grammar of English is organized into five ranks:1.the sentence（句子）, the clause（分句）, the phrase（词组）, the word（词）and the morpheme（词素）.英语的语法结构具有层次性，分为五个不同的层次。
2. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower unit.每一层由一个或一个以上的低层次的语法结构组成。
3.A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes.句子能够一层一层地切分到它的最小组成单位----词素。
●词素MorphemeThe morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech.词素是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。
Morphemes fall into two categories: free morphemes (自由词素) and bound morphemes (粘附词素).1、Free morphemes(自由词素): a free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simpleword.自由词素指本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词”而单独使用的词素。
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2.无动词分句
with subordinator 带从属连词 subordinator + noun phrase subordinator + adj. phrase subordinator + prep. phrase subordinator + adv. phrase without subordinator realized by an adj. phrase realized by a noun phrase When still a boy of six, Bob was sent away from home. You should not drink very cold water, while hot from work. Her salary was good, if not up to her expectation. He spoke ungraciously, if not rudely. Anxious for a quick decision, the chairman called for a vote. An talented writer, he was never at a loss for a word.
subordinator I hope to be able He opened his lips as if to come. He has to say three something. papers to write.
2： -ing分词分句
with (introduced by) expressed subject带主语
-ing participle claur带 从属连词 Whether waking or sleeping, the subject is always in his mind. When sleeping, he never heard a thing.
without expressed subject or subordinator He denied having been there. He has a friend living in London. Judging from what you say, he has done his best.
IV.无动词分句 1.无动词分句
类别 表现形式 例句 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. Bill looked at his parents, his eyes full of doubt. He looked up, annoyance on his face. Dinner over, he took a walk downstairs. with noun phrase + noun expressed phrase subject带主 语 noun phrase + adj. phrase noun phrase + prep. phrase noun phrase + adv. phrase
III. 非限定分句详表 1： 不定式分句
with expressed subject带主语 infinitive clause for (不定式 分句) The best thing would be for you to phone him. with He knew that with him to help, she could and would succeed. rather than Rather than you do the job, I prefer to finish it myself. (rather than后 面的不定式必 须为不带to不 定式，即动词 原形) introduced by whword I don’t know where to go. without subject
1.2：-ing分词分句和-ed分词分句
with (introduced by) with expressed subject带 subordina tor带从 主语 属连词 -ing participle clause （-ing分词分句） -ed participle clause （-ed分词分句） + + + + without expressed subject or subordinator + +
I am surprised at his /him making that mistake. You / Your falling into the pond was the climax of the whole trip. The last bus having gone, they had to walk home. absolute construction独立结构 With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. (此种独立结构 有时可由“with”引导)
3. -ed分词分句 -ed participle clause （-ed分 词分句） The job finished, we went home straight away. With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. (此种 独立结构有时可 由“with”引导) If left alone on a desert island, what would you do first? You may take a rest when tired. Covered with confusion, she hurriedly left the room. Tired, he went home.
I.非限定分句简表 非限定分句简表 1.1：不定式分句（ + 有 ; － 无 ）
with expressed introduced by without infinitive subject 带主语 subject clause (不定式 for with rather subordinator wh-word + 分句) than + + + + +
II．无动词分句简表 ．
类别 with expressed subject带主语 表现形式 noun phrase + noun phrase noun phrase + adj. phrase noun phrase + prep. phrase noun phrase + adv. phrase with subordinator带 从属连词 subordinator + noun phrase subordinator + adj. phrase subordinator + prep. phrase subordinator + adv. phrase without subordinator realized by an adj. phrase realized by a noun phrase （+有; － 无 ） + + + + + + + + + +