西方文化概论课后答案完整版、填空题、名词解释、论述题
西方文化概论试卷及答案(五)

西方文化概论试卷及答案(五)试卷一、名词解释克利特文化孟德斯鸠新古典主义二、论述题1、古典主义艺术的特点是什么2、分析近代初期科学革命产生在欧洲的原因答案试卷五一、名词解释克利特文化:爱琴岛在公元前的3500—前3000年逐渐由新石器文化转入早期青铜文化,公元前2000年,克里特岛建立了以克诺索斯为中心的统一政权,产生了米诺斯文明,其文化明快、平等、温情,是爱琴文化的重要组成部分。
孟德斯鸠:18世纪法国法国伟大的启蒙思想家、法学家,最重要的也是影响最大的著作《论法的精神》发表。
这是一部综合性的政治学著作。
孟德斯鸠反对神学,提倡科学,在洛克分权思想的基础上明确提出了“三权分立”学说;他特别强调法的功能。
新古典主义艺术:18世纪中期,法国兴起了新古典主义艺术流派。
这个流派从表面上看是恢复、保存古代希腊、罗马精神,实际上是追求一种理想主义。
他们模仿古代的典范,许多作品选择古代的题目和主题,以希腊罗马市民英雄主义为作高典范和榜样来塑造人的形象,提倡重大庄严的题材,表现静穆纯洁的内容。
二、论述题1、古典主义艺术的特点是什么拥护王权,颂扬君主,具有鲜明的政治倾向性,强调国家的整体利益而不是个人的利益,主张自我克制而不是个性之上——与人文主义的区别。
拥护王权实际就是坚持国家和民族的统一,王权在当时代表着形成中的民族,具有进步性。
在这个意义上古典主义也是国家主义的同义语崇尚理性和自然,把人性看作是优美的、崇高的的天性,认为它是永恒的的,推崇理性、抑制情感构成了古典主义和人文主义的又一区别。
表现了资产阶级利益和愿望,是对王权的支持与肯定,对蒙昧主义的否定。
但是过分地强调事物的普遍性与规律性,必然回回师事物的个别性和特殊性,导致文学作品的程式化、概念化,使之缺乏情感因素与个性特征。
古典主义把古希腊、罗马文艺理论和创作实践作为效法的楷模,从唯理主义出发,认为文学应该表现出高尚性,永恒性,并把时间当成检验文学价值的标准,强调仿效而不是文学重新,缺乏批判精神的眼光和创造精神。
西方文化概论填空

填空1、西方文化最初的发源地是爱琴海南端的克里特岛(摇篮的摇篮)2、将逐渐黯淡的克里特、迈锡尼神话传说传给希腊人的主要是赫西俄德的《神谱》和荷马的两部史诗(伊利亚特/奥德赛、伊利昂纪/奥德修纪)。
3、智慧女神雅典娜、文艺女神缪斯、酒神狄奥尼索斯、天后和婚姻女神赫拉、雷电之神宙斯,美神阿佛洛狄特,罗马称之为维纳斯。
爱神厄罗斯,罗马成为丘比特。
P11神谱4、首届奥林匹亚竞技会于公元前776年举行。
(崇敬宙斯)5、希腊著名的三大悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇德斯6、悲剧是古希腊最美艺术形式,希腊悲剧基本取材于神话与传说,以古代的英雄故事作为主要内容。
俄狄浦斯杀父娶母是希腊命运悲剧的典型7、标志罗马帝国兴起的战争是三次布匿战争。
(针对劲敌迦太基)8、前三头同盟是克苏拉、庞培、恺撒。
骑士阶层对元老院的反抗后三头同盟屋大维、安东尼、雷必达9、公元前450年颁布的《十二铜表法》是罗马的第一个成文法。
10、476年,精气耗尽的罗马帝国终于在日耳曼蛮族的冲击之下土崩瓦解。
11、犹太教的核心是法律(内在)和祭祀;基督教的核心则是信仰(外在)和道德。
12、从末世论到救赎书的发展是基督教最终摆脱犹太教而成为一种独立的世界性宗教的重大标志。
13、如果说犹太教为基督教提供了圣教历史的肉身,那么希腊唯心主义哲学为基督教提供了唯灵主义的精神。
14、313年,君士坦丁在米兰与东罗马帝国的皇帝利西尼乌斯共同颁布了就一个敕令,即著名的《米兰敕令》又称《宽容敕令》。
米兰敕令标志着基督教在经受了250年迫害后终于在罗马帝国获得了合法地位。
15、西欧封建社会经济生活的基本单元是“小而全”的庄园16、中世纪西欧的封建制是一种名副其实的封建制,它由“宗主”或“领主”或“封臣”之间的层层分封的金字塔形结构所组成。
17、到了10世纪,修道院已经发展成西欧的最大庄园主,修道院经济基本上控制了整个西欧的经济命脉。
18、1305年腓力推选出法国波尔多大主教继任教皇,即克雷芒五世,随后把教廷从罗马迁至法国飞的阿维农,置于法王的控制之下,自此开始了长达70年之久的“阿维农之囚”。
(完整word版)西方文化概论

西方文化概论克里特文明1【单选题】克里特文明开始突然衰落是从公元前(C)以后。
A、14世纪B、16世纪C、15世纪D、13世纪2【单选题】根据考古发掘,西方文明是起始于(A)左右以前。
A、4500年B、3000年C、4000年D、5000年3【单选题】以下哪一项是西方文明最早的源头?(A)A、克里特岛B、埃及C、罗马D、以上都对4【判断题】爱琴文明不是最早的希腊文明.(×)5【判断题】西方文明的摇篮是希腊文明.(√)迈锡尼文明1【单选题】被称为“英雄时代”,是希腊文明中的(D)。
A、克里特文明时代B、希腊文明时代C、迈锡尼文明时代D、黑暗时代2【单选题】以下关于迈锡尼文明时期,北方入侵的三支浪潮的说法正确的是哪一项?(B)A、第一、二支是暴力入侵B、第一支浪潮是和平渗透C、第一、二支是和平渗透D、第一、三支是暴力入侵3【单选题】按照早到晚顺序将几个希腊文明的阶段进行排序,正确的是(A).A、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、黑暗时代、希腊文明B、克里特文明、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代C、迈锡尼文明、克里特文明、希腊文明、黑暗时代D、克里特文明、黑暗时代、迈锡尼文明、希腊文明4【判断题】迈锡尼文明有对克里特文明的借鉴,也有北方粗狂的特点。
(√)5【判断题】希腊土居最早建立了迈锡尼文明。
(×)爱琴神话1【单选题】以下哪一位是最早编撰古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人?(D)A、亚里士多德B、荷马C、柏拉图D、赫西俄德2【单选题】集中在(A)的两个半岛的是希腊最主要的文明。
A、南方B、北方C、东方D、西方3【单选题】最早时期,奥运会是一种(A)。
A、祭祀活动B、体育比赛C、筛选官兵的方式D、娱乐活动4【判断题】神兽同形同性是希腊神话中一个显著的特点。
(×)5【判断题】克里特神话包括“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”.(√)赫西俄德与荷马1【单选题】古希腊神话中,大地之神该亚在未经交配的情况下就生下了(D).A、大海之神和动物之神B、天宇之神和星月之神C、动物之神和山河之神D、大海之神和天宇之神2【单选题】荷马和赫西俄德生活在下面哪一时期?(C)A、城邦文明时期B、克里特文明时期C、黑暗时代将尽D、以上都不对3【单选题】认为(A)有血缘关系是希腊神话的特点之一.A、英雄和神B、老百姓和神C、统治者和神D、士兵和神4【判断题】让人关注故事和英雄背后的命运是希腊悲剧的深刻性所在。
尔雅《西方文化概论》部分课后题答案

尔雅《西方文化概论》部分课后题答案本页仅作为文档封面,使用时可以删除This document is for reference only-rar21year.March1.根据考古发掘,西方文明起始于(……)左右以前。
4000年2.克里特文明从公元前()以后就开始突然衰落了。
15世纪3西方文明最早的源头是克里克岛5以下几个希腊文明的阶段,由早到晚顺序正确的是()。
克,迈,黑,希9最早编撰古希腊神话的神谱的游吟诗人是()。
赫西俄德10希腊最主要的文明集中在()的两个半岛。
南方14希腊神话的特点是认为()有血缘关系。
英雄和神17公元前9世纪,()字母传入希腊文明。
腓尼基18希腊城邦文明最鼎盛时期持续的时间是()。
7,8前半叶19被誉为希腊哲学之父的是()。
泰勒斯21下列关于斯巴达和雅典的说法中,正确的是()。
它们都是希腊城邦文化的代表,斯巴达尚武,雅典崇文,斯巴达是寡头政治,雅典是民主制度。
全对22伯里克利当时著名的“丧葬演讲”是为悼念。
伯罗奔尼撒战争23斯巴达最初的法律包括哪三个方面()不是政治,军事,经济25下列关于酒神精神和日神精神的说法中,不正确的是()。
日神是狄奥尼索斯,酒神是阿波罗26古希腊戏剧的诞生与()有关。
酒神29希腊城邦时代,古希腊人受教育的方式主要是()。
观看戏剧30古希腊戏剧的主要内容是()。
古代的神话传说33下列戏剧作品是由索福克勒斯创作的是()。
《俄狄浦斯王》34古希腊戏剧“普罗米修斯三部曲”是()。
《盗火的普罗米修斯》《被缚的普罗米修斯》《解放的普罗米修斯.36亚里士多德认为古希腊的悲剧能调动我们的()情感。
怜悯和敬畏37被誉为古希腊喜剧之父的是()。
阿里斯多芬39在古希腊,米利都学派的创始人,被誉为自然哲学之父的是()苏格拉底40泰勒斯的哲学观点认为()。
万物都是从水中产生,万物又复归于水42西方哲个大数学家也是一个神秘主义倾向的是()。
毕达哥拉斯43恩培多克勒提出的“四根说”认为,任何事物都是()按照不同比例排列组合而成的。
尔雅下半年西方文化概论期末考试答案分

我的答案:C2希腊城邦文明最鼎盛时期持续的时间是()。
(1.0分)我的答案:C7犹太教历史上着名的《出埃及记》讲述的是()率领犹太人逃出了埃及。
(1.0分)我的答案:C12公元1054年,()使希腊和罗马之间的沟壑更加深刻。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:A13()最后导致欧洲中世纪的宗教改革。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:C19下列教堂不属于哥特式的是()。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:B20希腊最主要的文明集中在()的两个半岛。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:D26最早提出上帝头脑中有个罗格斯的人是()。
(1.0分)我的答案:A 33我的答案:C38文艺复兴时期的人文主义特点是()。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:B39最早提出地心说观点的是()。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:D我的答案:B我的答案:D二、判断题(题数:50,共?50.0?分)1再洗礼派盛行于德国、瑞士、荷兰等国的上流阶层。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?×2中世纪封建社会时期,老百姓只认领主不清楚自己属于哪个国家。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√3基督教在罗马的传播最初是以上层人民为主。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?×4尽管薄伽丘是人文主义者,但他写的《十日谈》却开创了一种民间文学。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√5法国的启蒙运动传到德国后变成了思想的大革命。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√6“阿德涅之线”和“代达罗斯的故事”都属于克里特神话。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√7欧洲文艺复兴运动时期的人文主义者并不反基督教,并使基督教变得更加符合人性。
(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√8希腊人在被罗马人征服的前后都始终瞧不起罗马人,认为他们是一批非常凶悍的乡巴佬。
()(1.0分)1.0?分我的答案:?√9古希腊的悲剧往往产生于好人和坏人之间的冲突,是善恶相争的结果。
西方文化概论详细提纲

一、列举题(本大题共5小题,每题3分,共15分)1.列举古希腊的英雄6位左右。
赫拉克勒斯、阿喀琉斯、俄狄浦斯、忒修斯、奥德修斯、阿伽门农2.列举古希腊的主要城邦及城邦的主要特点。
雅典、斯巴达小国寡民、各邦独立自治3.列举罗马成为超级帝国的原因。
1、以战争征服邻国,尚武的民族性格、视死如归的荣誉意识,顽强的意志,追逐功利、遵守纪律2、以奴隶制发展经济3、以较为合理的政治制度做出正确决策4.列举文艺复兴著名的文学作品6部。
但丁的《神曲》、薄伽丘的《十日谈》、彼特拉克的《歌集》、塞凡提斯的《唐吉诃德》、拉伯雷《巨人传》、莎士比亚《哈姆雷特》5.列举启蒙运动著名人物。
卢梭、孟德斯鸠、狄德罗,伏尔泰,培根6.列举古罗马的皇帝6位左右。
奥古斯都、提比里乌斯、盖乌斯、克劳狄乌斯、尼禄、加尔巴、奥索、维特里乌斯7.列举古希腊的主要哲学家6位。
泰勒士、赫拉克利特、毕达哥拉斯、苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德8.列举西欧封建社会的主要特点。
经济方面:实行自己自足的庄园制经济形式,庄园主拥有行政司法税收等权力。
政治方面:基督教神学有很大的权力,通过思想.政治.税收等手段控制人们,神权同俗权相结合,一方面:神权和教权相互支持;另一方面:神权和教权相互斗争,争夺权利,都试图控制对方以谋求自己的利益.思想和文化方面:人们的思想受到封建神学的深刻影响,被神学所控制,文学作品大多以神学为体裁,科学技术的发展受到阻碍,约翰·威克里夫、扬·胡斯、马丁路德、约翰加尔文二.名词解释(本大题共5小题,每题5分,共25分)自然神论自然神论者推崇理性原则,把上帝解释为非人格的始因的宗教哲学理论。
又称理神论。
自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义,否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”;认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”;上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”,它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务,而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去;主张用“理性宗教”或“自然宗教”代替“天启宗教”。
西方文化导论课件1-6课后题答案

(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship” and “courage”.Plato established the Academy -the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic” which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity.Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.(1) Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstratedin religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. However, the Romans showed the eclectic aspect in their culture,i.e. Romans did not take in all that they collected from other cultures but modified and developed it according to their own need. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields.Before Christianity appeared in Roma, ancient Romans were polytheists. They adopted many cults from other religions, fusing them into their own religion. According to Greek culture and others’ culture, they created their own gods and myth, such as Jupiter, Juno, and Venus, which become subject matter for the artist, writers, and architects in their creative production.In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements, producing numerous distinguished poets and poems. The poet Virgil’s Aeneid is considered as a model epic in the European literary tradition. He is so famous in poetry that he was modeled for many pastoral writers. For example, Italian poetDante called him his teacher in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy. Horace was not only famous for his poems but his critic. In his Epistles, he advanced many influential principles for creative writing, exerting great influences on later generations. In the 17th century his work was translated into English. Another important poet was Ovid, whose Metamorphosis was translated into English and quoted frequently by many famous writers, such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Shirley and T.S. Eliot.A number of important historians came forth in the ancient Roman period. Polybius created his tremendous works consisting of 40 books, History, which spanned about 500 years. Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His works has always been cited by later statesmen, writers and scholars such as Niccolo Machiavelli and Shakespeare.The architecture of ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind. They were more utilitarian and showed an interest in grandeur and scale. They constructed many public edifices which still existed today and became the famous key point of interest for the world. Romans used the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered how to make concrete.The Roman culture introduced the Roman realism and realistic style in Western culture in painting and sculpture through modern times. Roman culture nourished emerging Western culture, and even the world culture. Such a splendid culture has greatly enriched cultural heritage of human kind.(2) In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.It is universally acknowledged that Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture. This could be seen in what Roman culture adopted from Greek culture as is demonstrated in religion, philosophy and literature.In religion, we know most of the gods in Roman myths came from Greek legends in terms of function and contribution to their myths. Nevertheless, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The parallel arrangement of gods provides accurate evidence to show the similarity of the two religions and Roman wisdom in borrowing fine elements from an external culture is obvious.The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples to demonstrate Greekinfluence on their Roman counterpart. The best example is perhaps Stoicism and Epicureanism, both of which originated from Greece and were further developed and modified in Rome.In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a great deal from Greek culture. For example, one could find lots of traces of Greek tragedy in Roman drama. Even in Virgil’s b est known epic Aeneid, we could read of similar story of the hero in his voyage from Troy to Rome, compared to Odysseus, who overcomes many difficulties on his way home though they are certainly set against different backgrounds.All in all, the two cultures are closely linked partly because Greek culture is so illustrious that no one could leave it out without picking up something from it. The Roman people were sufficiently intelligent that they could not refuse to take such an opportunity to learn something when the opportunity was available.(1)How was the Jewish Civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish Civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality, which supports its unsubmissive and persistent advance by putting up its three spiritual and physical pillars as one of the scholars suggests: “the national identity based on the Jewish cultural tradition, the common belief and values enshrined in Judaism, and the community network centered on the synagogue”.Much of the Jewish culture was safeguarded and well preserved by exiled Jews. Under the guidance of rabbis, they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures. They collected and systematically recomposed the scattered legends and manuscripts into the Torah and the Mishna before they compiled finally the Talmud.The Jewish Civilization had thus progressed with each passing day until the Haskalah Movement came forward in the 18th century,which brought about spiritual awakening and a drastic change of their cultural and social conditions.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, which enabled them to secure a position for themselves as a race by keeping pace with the advanced levels of social, economic and cultural developments. Most of the Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position whatever it was though they had not yet established or recovered their own land. Thus they have prepared personnel of various kinds for the revival of their civilization and once that country was founded, they could quickly turn it into a well-developed nation in spite of its small size and small population just as what has happened in Israel in recent decades.(2) Say something about Judaism and the Old Testament?Judaism is one of the earliest monotheistic religions practised today. In the beginning,Judaism was composed of a series of beliefs and practices originating in the Tanakh. It was later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other Judaist scripts. Judaism presents itself as the covenantal relationship between the Children of Israel (later, the Jewish nation) and God. The principles and ethics of Judaism had influenced Christianity and Islam, as well as some non-Abrahamic religions. Many of its texts and traditions are central to other Abrahamic religions and provided the foundation for Western Christianity. Its influence is seen in both secular and ecclesiastical affairs in the Western society, just as the frequent occurrences of classical and Christian cultures via conversations or discussions on different occasions, either public or private, formal or informal.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible which was a complete document and collection of ancient Hebrew adopted by Christianity as part of the Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch,Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After the Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars,many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value in terms of both subject matter and thematic concerns for the writers to refer to or draw on.(1) Why could Christianity be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?a. For the common people in the empire who were fed up with wars and social turmoil, they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role to pacify and comfort them with love and care more effectively than other organizations or religions.b. It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance to control ideologically and intellectually the ordinary people, which was thus welcomed by the kings, emperors or aristocrats.c. The name and influence of Christianity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification, which would help the majority of people to accept the reign of a newly emerging ruler and his followers.d. Christianity is also a kind of culture, which to many people suggests social stability and recovery of an old life style they are accustomed to. Though conservative as well, it could be tolerated because their life and property could thus be secured in the changed circumstances. (2) What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions both derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First are the different images of God. For Judaism, its God Jehovah was representation of Nature as an almighty, omnipotent and omniscient supernatural being. He is expected to provide protection for the Jews who suffered so much in history and help the Jews recover their homeland. In contrast, the Christian God Jesus is both human and divine with the origin of humanity and hence shares with humans various kinds of suffering.Second are the different views of God. Jehovah is viewed with a sort of fear and solemnity since He is like fire or wind which would bring force and harm to the human race while the Christian God is kinder and more helpful, since He personally suffers as a human.Third is the different position each religion holds and hence different contribution each makes. For the early period of Judaism, Jehovah enjoyed every respect and worship from the Jews since Israel was a country of integrity and built up the grand temple for its God. But with the fall of the country, all were destroyed including the temple. They could do nothing about worship but keep their respect secretly in mind for their God. Comparatively Christian worship of Jesus was not allowed in the early days since the religion was illegal and only with the improvement of the situation could the Christian disciples openly demonstrate their worship of Jesus in public. Fourth is that Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affected them in spirit occasionally while Christianity became an inseparable part of the secular life of the Westerners. Pope and churches became so powerful that they even tried to seize more political power from the emperors or kings who had to depend sometimes on the Christian church for both spiritual and political support since Christianity could easily exert its influence on the church people and non-church people.(1) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化概论答案

西⽅⽂化概论答案1、在克⾥特岛中央的克诺索斯地区因传说中的⽶诺斯(Minos)国王以及他的那座扑朔迷离⽽得名的⽶诺斯⽂明出现于:2、最初的希腊⼈是在公元前三千年从安纳托利亚的东部和叙利亚的北部迁徙⽽来的蛮族⼈T3、公元前12世纪末的民族⼤迁徙使得来⾃北⽅的印欧语系游牧⼊侵者多利亚⼈进⼊希腊半岛,使爱琴海地区进⼊长达三个多世纪的“⿊暗时代”,也称“英雄时代”。
T4、、“⿊暗时代”末期游吟诗⼈的作品中所反映的故事主要发⽣在:希腊神话主要是地中海神话与北⽅印欧语神话相融合的结果。
T赫西俄德的《神谱》蕴涵者⼀种以“命运”为“看不见的⼿”来实现神系更迭的⾃然进化思想。
T伯罗奔尼撒战争中获胜的是:公元前594年通过法律形式废除债务奴⾪制、设置四百⼈会议和公民陪审法庭的是:德尔菲之所以著名,是因为它有⼀个神庙,这个神庙是拜:城邦这种政治经济⽂化统⼀体最重要的特征是分离主义的政治态度和⾃由主义的⽣活信念。
T雅典的陪审法庭是由多少⼈组成的:6000伯⾥克利担任⼗将军委员会主席达30年之久。
T被称为希腊“悲剧之⽗”的是、“悲剧”(tragdy)⼀词即“⼭⽺歌”,⽽⼭⽺则是酒神狄奥尼索斯的象征和奉献给他的最常见的祭品。
T著名史诗《艾涅阿斯纪》将罗马的起源与荷马史诗中的英雄特洛伊联系在⼀起,它的作者是:罗马的扩张开始的年代是:罗马草创之初,聚集了⼀群奴⾪、逃犯和亡命之徒,李维因此⽽称罗马起源于⼀种“垃圾堆状态”。
T公元前287年通过的《⼗⼆铜表法》,规定特布⾥斯会议(平民会议)的决议⽆须通过元⽼院的批准具有法律效⼒。
F公元前60年,罗马第⼀次出现了由三个掌握军队的⼈缔结的“前三头同盟”,他们是:克拉苏、汉尼拔和凯撒。
F、⾰拉古兄弟改⾰的⼀个重要后果是使新兴的骑⼠阶层在政治上的地位提⾼。
公元前50年,⼀位名叫马克·布鲁图斯的青年与元⽼们共同密谋刺杀了凯撒。
F1、毁灭亚历⼭⼤帝国的最后⼀个孑遗托勒密王国,将埃及并⼊罗马版图的是:2、公元193年,罗马历史上喜爱⾓⽃但被他所豢养的⼀个⾓⽃⼠暗杀⽽死的皇帝是:1、⼩伽图为例捍卫共和国的原则,多次公开揭露了()的野⼼,并为此进⾏了不屈不挠的⽃争:、罗马民族⽂化和民族精神的基本特点是功利主义。
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第一章古希腊罗马文化第一节1、如何认识古希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围?(1)、地域范围:古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念,包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区,甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
(2)、时间跨度:古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段:A、克里特-迈锡尼时代的文化(公元前26-前12世纪)黑暗时代(公元前12-前8世纪)B、希腊城邦时代的文化(公元前8-前4世纪)C、希腊化时代的文化(公元前4-前2世纪)2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义?从文化学角度来看,赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义:第一,它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观;第二,它蕴含着一种自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
从第一方面来看,希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史,同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观,神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景,构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
从第二方面来看,以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维持神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想,而在背后决定着诸神的兴衰泰否的就是那个不出场的“命运”。
这种通过“命运”的“看不见之手”来实现神系更迭和自然进化的思想,构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想,同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
第二节1、希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神?第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视,这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神,希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神.第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征.自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜,感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱.第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉。
A:神人同形——希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义,崇尚完美的形体。
B:神人同性——神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐,像人一样会犯错,经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。
在希腊宗教和希腊文化中,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征。
肉体与精神的原始和谐,使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。
以人为神的形象,以人的精神承认为神,这是古希腊有别于其它民族发端文化中心的一个不可忽视的特点。
随着希腊神话的形成,形成了最初的希腊人本主义观念它成为整个希腊文明和灵魂,乃至整个西方文明的精神。
2.希腊悲剧中的命运意象首先,希腊悲剧不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志,而是自由意志与潜藏在它背后的决定论;不是一个人对另一个人的否定,而是自己对自己的否定。
其次,“命运”作为感性的现象世界背后的一种抽象的本质或规律,作为一种普遍性的东西,是建立在形象思维基础之上的希腊神话和悲剧所无法真正把握的,因而对于希腊人来说是一种不可理解也无法改变的宿命。
其次,希腊悲剧表现了一种庄严而神圣的“命运”主题,他的基调是悲壮的、崇高的,因而“命运”是不可亵渎的神圣的。
但这种对“命运”的敬畏被日益兴起的怀疑主义思想所冲淡。
怀疑主义渐渐使悲剧的根源被归结为人性的弱点,而不再是神秘而不可知的“命运”。
主要就是俄狄浦斯王,索福克勒斯所写。
古希腊索福克勒斯的戏剧代表作之一。
它取材于希腊神话传说中关于俄狄浦斯杀父娶母的故事,展示了富有典型意义的希腊悲剧冲突——人跟命运的冲突。
剧作家无法摆脱当时浓重的命运观念,使俄狄浦斯逃脱不了体现命运的太阳神“神示”的罗网。
但他对命运抱有强烈的不满情绪,认为俄狄浦斯并不是有意杀父娶母,本人非但没有罪,反而是一个为民除害的英雄、受人爱戴的君王。
俄狄浦斯智慧超群,热爱邦国,大公无私。
在命运面前,他不是俯首帖耳或苦苦哀求,而是奋起抗争,设法逃离“神示”的预言。
继而,他猜破女妖的谜语,为民除了害。
最后,为了解救人民的瘟疫灾难,他不顾一切地追查杀害前王的凶手,一旦真相大白,又勇于承担责任,主动请求将他放逐。
对于这样一个为人民、为国家做了无数好事的英雄所遭受的厄运,剧作家深感愤慨,发出了对神的正义性的怀疑,控诉命运的不公和残酷,赞扬主人公在跟命运斗争中所表现出来的坚强意志和英雄行为。
3.希腊神话的三个基本文化特征①希腊神话具有神人同形同性的特点。
古希腊中的神是高度人格化的,他们具有人类的思想感情,他们的性格也十分鲜明。
与人的区别:长生不死,无比的法术和智慧,超人的神力。
他们不仅是自然力量的象征,而且也是社会力量的表现。
“神的故事”实际基于人的体验、感受,可以说是“人话”。
②希腊神话体现出浓郁的人本主义色彩。
充满了追求光明,酷爱现实生活,以人为本,肯定人的力量的思想。
希腊神话“神人合一”神所经历的生活,实际就是人的社会化的生活。
对神的肯定与赞扬,实际也是对人的。
他们的冥界也充满光明、人间气息,不存在“末日审判”的恐怖与神秘。
③地位和影响无可比拟,思想性和艺术性都达到相当的高度。
4, 希腊的自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的?产生:希腊最初的自然哲学是从广为流传的的奥林匹斯多神教中发展出来的,而形而上学的思想渊源则可以上溯到奥尔弗斯神秘祭。
希腊自然哲学关于万物“本原”问题哲学思考源于希腊神普所反映的自然演化观,而形而上学关于世界本质(或“形式”)问题的思考则源于希腊神话中诡异的“命运”意象。
发展:(1),希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯第一次以哲学的方式表述本源的思想,他认为万物都是从水中产生(2),米利都学派第一次用哲学语言代替神话语言来说明万物的本原,并用本原自身的内在矛盾代替神系的生殖原则来解释事物的生灭变化。
这样,神话所形成的超自然的鬼神就真的被消灭了。
(3),希腊第一个具有形而上学倾向的哲学家毕达哥拉斯用“数”来解释世界本原,万事万物都必须遵从“数”的规律、法则和必然。
(4),巴门尼德提出的“存在“和赫拉克利特的”逻各斯“一脉相承,二者都是抽象思维的产物,巴门尼德被称为形而上学的真正奠基人。
(5),苏格拉底和柏拉图是希腊最重要的思想家,其哲学思想中已经明显地表现出一种与希腊的感性直观宗教截然相反的形而上学特点,并且把奥尔夫斯宗教中的唯灵主义倾向和灵肉对立思想推向了极端,从而成为希腊多神教向基督教转化的重要理论中介。
第三节1、如何理解希腊化时期东西方之间的文化交流?(1)从表面上看,希腊化时代是希腊文化在地域上的推广与扩展,但从实际上看,希腊化时代却是希腊文化精神的衰颓和没落。
希腊文化的雄浑壮丽、动人魂魄的悲剧时代结束了,接踵而至的是一个低吟浅唱、醉生梦死的平庸时代。
(2)思想上,希腊化时代产生了犬儒主义、怀疑主义、伊壁鸠鲁主义和斯多噶主义等各种哲学派别,各自主张不同甚至对立,但却有一个共同点,就是对现实世界漠不关心。
(3)希腊化时期的一个闲着特点在于,希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕,精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破了,从而产生了明显的自我分裂和二元对立。
其结果,一方面是疯狂放纵的物欲,另一方面悲观弃世的神秘,肉体与精神双方都陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中,于是不得不转向东方文化的巨大阴影中去寻求解脱。
2、如何评价希腊化时期的文化精神?(1)希腊化时期的一个重着特点在于,希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕,精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破了,从而产生了明显的自我分裂和二元对立。
其结果,一方面是疯狂放纵的物欲,另一方面悲观弃世的神秘,肉体与精神双方都陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中,于是不得不转向东方文化的巨大阴影中去寻求解脱。
(2)随着希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕,精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破,希腊人的灵魂世界空虚无聊,慵怠乏力,已经丧失了任何自我振兴和自我更新的潜能。
从表面上看,希腊化时代是希腊文化在地域上的推广与扩展,但是从实质上看,希腊化时代却是希腊文化精神的衰颓和没落。
希腊文化的雄浑壮丽、动人魂魄的悲剧时代结束了,接踵而至的是一个低吟浅唱、醉生梦死的平庸时代。
在希腊化时代,希腊的政治向着东方专制主义、官僚主义和腐化堕落的方向发展,亚历山大帝国分裂而成的三个王国——希腊的马其顿王国、埃及的托密勒王国、西亚的塞琉西王国——陷入了无休无止和徒劳无聊的冲突龌龊之中;希腊的文化则向着繁缛华丽和虚浮无聊的方向发展,越来越多地融入了东方文化骄奢淫逸的成分。
在经济生活方面,希腊化世界的中心冲希腊半岛移至西亚的安提阿和埃及的亚历山大里亚。
在思想方面,希腊化时代产生了犬儒主义、怀疑主义、伊壁鸠鲁主义和斯多葛主义等各种哲学派别,它们各自的主张虽不尽相同,有的(如伊壁鸠鲁派与斯多葛派)甚至直接对立,但是却具有一个共同的特点,那就是对现实世界的漠不关心。
哲学不再把它的目光投向宇宙的本原(如希腊的自然哲学)、形而上学的本质(如柏拉图的理念论)或者现实的国家(如亚里士多德的政治哲学),而是将其局限在个人自我完善的狭小圈子里,一味沉潜于个人的幸福和解脱,追求“肉体的无痛苦和灵魂的无纷扰”。
希腊化时期的一个显著特点就在于,希腊城邦文化所独具的那种和谐之美出现了裂痕,精神与肉体之间的原始同一被打破了,从而产生了明显的自我分裂和二元对立。
其结果,一方面是疯狂放纵的物欲,另一方面则是悲观弃世的神秘,肉体与精神双方都陷入到一种无可奈何的绝望之中,于是不得不转向东方文化的巨大阴影中去寻求解脱。
3、希波战争对希腊城邦社会产生了怎样的影响?希腊人在战争中的胜利首先归因于战争对他们而言所具有的正义性,从而激发起他们的巨大爱国热情,促使各邦内部和各邦之间紧密团结;同时也由于希腊重装步兵和军舰技术上的优势以及将领的正确指挥。
希腊人维护了国家的独立,并为经济、政治、社会和文化的进一步发展创造了条件。
战争进程和结局对雅典城邦制度的发展和雅典的对外扩张影响尤深,促进了雅典民主政治制度和奴隶制的发展。
希波战争所造成的希腊政治格局,对于后来希腊历史的发展有重大影响。
◆西方历史中心希腊在波希战争里取胜,使得西方世界的历史中心由两河流域向地中海地区推移,希腊文明得以保存并发扬光大,成为日后西方文明的基础。
◆希腊而且希腊战胜亦确保了希腊诸城邦的独立及安全,使得希腊继续称霸东地中海数百年。
◆波斯波斯在这场战争里战败,使其对外扩张的气焰受挫,并逐渐走向衰落,最后被马其顿的亚历山大大帝所灭。
第四节1、“前三头同盟”与“后三头同盟”对于罗马政治制度有什么影响?“前三头同盟”对罗马政治制度主要的影响有三点。
第一,公开地表达了实际掌握政权的骑士阶层对徒有虚名的元老院权利的蔑视。