蓝牙技术外文翻译文献
蓝牙翻译英文
蓝牙翻译英文Bluetooth TranslationBluetooth is a wireless technology that enables the transfer of data and information between devices over short distances. It has become increasingly popular in recent years and is now found in a wide range of devices, including mobile phones, computers, and even cars.There are several benefits to using Bluetooth technology for translation purposes. Firstly, it eliminates the need for physical cables or cords, making it much more convenient and user-friendly. Users can simply connect their devices via Bluetooth and start translating without any hassle.Another advantage of Bluetooth translation is its compatibilitywith multiple devices. Bluetooth-enabled devices can communicate with each other, regardless of their brand or operating system. This means that a translation device with Bluetooth capabilities can be used with a variety of smartphones or tablets, making it accessible to a wider range of users.Bluetooth translation also offers a level of privacy and security. Unlike other wireless technologies, Bluetooth connections are typically more secure and less prone to hacking or eavesdropping. This is especially important when dealing with sensitive or personal information during translation.In addition to its ease of use and security features, Bluetooth translation devices also offer high-quality translation services.They are equipped with advanced language processing algorithms and artificial intelligence technologies, allowing for accurate and reliable translations. Some devices even offer real-time translation, where spoken words are instantly translated into the desired language, making it ideal for conversations or business meetings.Bluetooth translation devices are also designed with portability in mind. They are usually compact and lightweight, making them easy to carry around. This means that users can bring them on their travels or use them in various settings, such as in classrooms, offices, or public spaces.Despite its many advantages, Bluetooth translation does have some limitations. One major limitation is the limited range of Bluetooth connections, typically up to 100 meters. This means that devices must be within close proximity to establish a connection. However, this is usually not an issue for most translation purposes, as users can simply bring their devices closer to each other.Another limitation is the dependency on battery power. Bluetooth devices require power to function, so users need to ensure that their devices are adequately charged before using them for translation. However, with advancements in technology, Bluetooth devices now come with longer battery life, allowing for extended use.In conclusion, Bluetooth translation offers numerous benefits for users in need of translation services. Its convenience, compatibility, security, and high-quality translations make it a desirable choicefor many. With the continuous advancements in Bluetoothtechnology, we can expect even more innovative and efficient translation devices in the future.。
中英文文献翻译—蓝牙设备怎样工作
How Bluetooth WorksChatschik BisdikianThere are lots of different ways that electronic devices can connect to one another. For example:Many desktop computer systems have a CPU unit connected to a mouse, a keyboard, a printer and so on.. A personal digital assistant (PDA) will normally connect to the computer with a cable and a docking cradle. A TV will normally connect to a VCR and a cable box, with a remote control for all there components. A cordless phone connects to its base unit radio waves and it may have a headset that connects to the phone with a wire. In a stereo system, a CD player and other audio devices connect to the receiver, which connects to the speakers. When you use computers, entertainment systems or telephones, the various pieces and parts of the systems make up a community of electronic devices. These devices communicate with each other using a variety of wires, cables, radio signals and infrared light beams, and an even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.The art of connecting things is becoming more and more complex every day. We sometimes feel as if we need a Ph.D. in electrical engineering just to set up the electronics in our homes! In this article, we will look at a completely different way to form the connections, called Bluetooth. Bluetooth is wireless and automatic, and has a number of interesting features that can simplify our daily lives.The ProblemsWhen any two devices need to talk to each other, they have to agree on a number of points before the conversation can begin. The first point of agreement is physical: Will they talk over wires, or through some form of wireless signals? If they use wires, how many are required – one, two, eight, 25? Once the physical attributes are decided, several more questions arise:Information can be sent 1 bit at a time in a scheme called parallel communications, or in groups of bits (usually 8 or 16 at a time) in a scheme called parallel communications. . A desktop computer uses both serial and parallel communications to talk to different devices: Modems, mice and keyboards tend to talk through serial links, while printers tend to use parallel links.All of the parties in an electronic discussion need to know what the bits mean and whether the message they receive is the same message that was sent. In most cases, this means developing a language of commands and responses know as a protocol. Some types of products have a standard protocol used by virtually all companies so that the commands for one product will tend to have the same effect on another. Modems fall into this category. Other product types each speak their own language, which means that commands intended for one specific product will seem gibberish if received by another. Printers are like this, with multiple standards like PCL and PostScript.Companies that manufacture computers, entertainment systems and other electronic devices have realized that the incredible array of cables and connectors involved in their products makes it difficult for even expert technicians to correctly set up a complete system on the first try. Setting up computer and home entertainmentsystem becomes terrifically complicated when the person buying the equipment has to learn and remember all the details to connect all the parts. In order to make home electronic more user friendly, we need a better way for all the electronic part of our modern life to talk to each other. That’s where Bluetooth comes in.Bluetooth BasicsBluetooth is a standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers that allows any sort of electronic equipment –from computer and cell phones to keyboards and headphones –to make its own connections, without wires, cables or any direct action from a user. Bluetooth is intended to be a standard that works at two levels: It provides agreement at the physical level –Bluetooth is a radio-frequency standard . It also provides agreement at the next level up , where products have to agree on when bits are sent, how many will be sent at a time and how the parties in conversation can be sure that the message received is same as the message sent.The companies belonging to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, and there are more than 1,000 of them, want to let Bluetooth’s radio communications take the place of wires for connecting peripherals, telephones and computers.Other Wireless ConnectionsThere are already a couple of ways to get around using wires. One is to carry information between computers via beams of light in the infrared spectrum. Infrared refers to light waves of a lower frequency than human eyes can receive and interpret.. Infrared is used in most television remote control systems, and with a standard called IrDA (Infrared Data Association) it`s used to connect some computers with peripheral devices. For most of these computer and entertainment purposes, infrared is used in a digital mode – the signal is pulsed on and off very quickly to send data from one point to another.Infrared communications are fairly reliable and don`t cost very much to build into a device, but there are a couple of drawbacks. First, infrared is a ―line of sight‖technology. For example, you have to point the remote control at the television or DVD player to make things happen. The second drawback is that infrared is almost always a ―one to one‖ technology. You can send data between your desktop computer and your laptop computer, but not your laptop computer and your PDA at the time.These two qualities of infrared are actually advantageous in some regards. Because infrared transmitters and receivers have to be lined up with each other, interference between devices is uncommon. The one-to-one nature of infrared communications is useful in that you can make sure a message goes only to the intended recipient, even in a room full infrared receivers.The Bluetooth SolutionBluetooth is intended to get around the problems that come with both infrared and cable synchronizing systems. The hardware vendors, which include Siemens, Intel, Toshiba, Motorola and Ericsson, have developed a specification for a very small radio module to be built into computer, telephone and entertainment equipment. From the user`s point of view, there are three important features to Bluetooth: It`s wireless. When you travel, you don`t have to worry about keeping track of a briefcase full of cables to attach all of your components, and you can design youroffice without wondering where all the wires will go.It`s inexpensive.You don`t have to think about it. Bluetooth doesm`t require you to do anything special to make it work. The devices find one another and strike up a conversation without any user input at all.Bluetooth FrequencyBluetooth communicates on a frequency of 2.45 gigahertz, which has been set aside by international agreement for the use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM).A number of devices that you may already use take advantage of this same radio-frequency band. Baby monitors, garage-door openers and the newest generation of cordless phones all make use of frequencies in the ISM band. Making sure that Bluetooth and these other devices don`t interfere with one another has been a crucial part of the design process.Avoiding Interference: Low PowerOne of the ways Bluetooth devices avoid interfering with other system is by sending out very weak signals of 1 milliwatt. By computer, the most powerful cell phones can transmit a signal of 3 watts. The low power limits the range of a Bluetooth device to about 10 meters, cutting the chances of interference between your computer system and your portable telephone or television. Even with the low power, the walls in your house won`t stop a Bluetooth signal, making the standard useful for controlling several devices in different rooms.With many different Bluetooth devices in a room, you might think they`d interfere with one another, but it`s unlikely. On the next page, we`ll see why.Avoiding Interference: HoppingIt is unlikely that several devices will be on the same frequency at the same time, because Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum frequency hopping. In this technique, a device will use 79 individual, randomly chosen frequencies within a designated range, changing from one to another on a regular basis. In the casa of Bluetooth, the transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times every second, meaning that more devices can make full use of a limited slice of radio spectrum. Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses spread-spectrum transmitting automatically, it unlikely that two transmitters will be on the same frequency at the same time. This same technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt Bluetooth devices, since any interference on a particular frequency will last only a tiny fraction of a second.When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an electronic conversation takes place to determine whether they have data to share or whether one needs to control the other. The user doesn`t have to press a button or give a command –the electronic conversation happens automatically. Once the conversation has occurred, the devices – whether they`re part of a computer system or a stereo – form a network. Bluetooth systems create a personal-area network (PAN), or piconet, that may fill a room or may encompass no more distance than that between the cell phone on a belt-clip and the headset on your head. Once a piconet isestablished, the members randomly hop frequencies in unison so they stay in touch with one another and avoid other piconets that mat be operating in the same room. Example: NetworksLet`s take a look at how the Bluetooth frequency hopping and personal-area network keep system from becoming confused. Let`s say you`re got a typical modern living room with the typical modern stuff inside. There`s an entertainment system with a stereo, a DVD player, a satellite TV receiver and a television; there`s cordless telephone and a personal computer. Each of these systems uses Bluetooth, and each forms its own piconet to talk between main unit and peripheral.The cordless telephone has one Bluetooth transmitter in the base and another in the handset. The manufacturer has programmed each unit with an address that falls into a range of addresses it has established for a particular type of device. When the base is first turned on, it sends radio signals asking for a response from any units with an address in a particular range. Since the handset has an address in the range, it responds, and a tiny network is formed. Now, even if one of these devices should receive a signal from another system, it will ignore it since it`s not from within the network. The computer and entertainment system go through similar routines, establishing networks among address in ranges established by manufacturers. Once the networks are established, the systems begin talking among themselves. Each piconet hops randomly through the available frequencies, so all of the piconets are completely separated from one another.Now the living room has three separate network established , each one made up of devices that know the address of transmitters it should listen to and the address of receivers it should talk to.Since each network is changing the frequency of its operation thousand of times a second, it’s unlikely that any two network will be on the same frequency at the same time. If it turns out that they are, then the resulting confusion will only cover a tiny fraction of a second, and software designed to correct for such errors weeds out the confusing information and gets on with network’s businessExample:Half/Full DuplexMost of the time,a network or communications method either works in one direction at a time, called half-duplex communication, or in both direction simultaneously, called full-duplex communication. A speakerphone that lets you either listen or talk, but not both ,is an example of half-duplex communication, while a regular telephone handset is a full-duplex device.Beacause Bluetooth is designed to work in a number of different circumstances, it can be either half-duplex or full-duplex.The cordless telephone is an example of a use that will call for a full-duplex (two-way) link, and Buletooth can send data at more than 64,000 bits per second in a full-duplex link—a rate high enough to support several human voice conversation. If a particular use calls for a half-duplex link—connecting to a computer printer, for example—Bluetooth can transmit up to 721 kilobits per second(Kbps) in one direction,with 57.6 Kps in the other. If the use calls for the same speed in both directions, a link with 432.6-Kbps capacity in each direction can be made.Bluetooth SpaceHere are some specification details from the Bluetooth Web siteThe devices in a piconet share a common communication data channel. The channel has a total capacity of 1 megabit per second (Mbps). Headers and handshaking information consume about 20 percent of this capacity.In the United States and Europe, the frequency range is 2,400 to 2,483.5 MHz, with 79 1-MHz radio frequency (RF) channels. In practice, the range is 2,402 MHz to 2,480 MHz. In Japan, the frequency range is 2,497 MHz with 23 1-MHz rf channels.A data channel hops randomly 1,600 times per second between the 79 (or 23) RF channels.Each channel is divided into time slots 625 microseconds long.A piconet has a master and up to seven slzves.Packets can be up to five time slots wide.Data in a packet can be up to 2,745 bits in length.There are currently two types of data transfer between devices: SCO ( synchronous connection oriented) and ACL (asynchronous connectionless).In a piconet, there can be up to three SCO links of 64,000 bits per second each. To avoid timing and collision problems, the SCO links use reserved slots set up by the master.Masters can support up to three SCO links with one, two or three slaves.One master and slave can have a single ACL link.ACL is either point-to-point (master to one slave) or broadcast to all the slaves.ACL slaves can only transmit when requested by the master.The heart of the Bluetooth specification is the Bluetooth protocol stack. By providing well-defined layers of functionality, the Bluetooth specification ensures interoperability of Bluetooth devices and encourages adoption of Bluetooth technology.As you can see in figure 1-1, these layers range from the low-level radio link to the profiles.Figure 1-1：The Bluetooth protocol stackLower LayersAt the base of the Bluetooth protocol stack is the radio layer. The radio module in a Bluetooth device is responsible for the modulation and demodulation of data into RF signals for transmission in the air. The radio layer describes the physical characteristics a Bluetooth device`s receiver-transmitter component must have. These include modulation characteristics, radio frequency tolerance, and sensitivity level. Above the radio layer is the baseband and link controller layer. The Bluetooth specification doesn`t establish a clear distinction between the responsibilities of the baseband and those of the link controller. The best way to think about it is that the baseband portion of the layer is responsible for properly formatting data for transmission to and from the radio layer. In addition, it handles the synchronization of links. The link controller portion of this layer is responsible for carrying out the link manager`s commands and establishing and maintaining the link stipulated by link manager.The link manager itself translates the host controller interface (HCI) commands it receives into baseband-level operations. It is responsible for establishing and configuring links and managing power-change requests, among other tasks.You`ve noticed links mentioned numerous time in the preceding paragraphs. The Bluetooth specification defines two types of links between Bluetooth devices: Synchronous, Connection-Oriented (SCO), for isochronous and voice communication using, for example, headsetsAsynchronous, Connectionless (ACL), for data communication, such as the exchange of vCards.Each link type is associated with a specific packet. A SCO link provides reserved channel bandwidth for communication between a master and a slave, and supports regular, periodic exchange of data with no retransmission of SCO packets.An ACL link exists between a master and a slave the moment a connection is established. The data packets Bluetooth uses for ACL links all have 142 bits of encoding information in addition to a payload that can be as large as 2712 bits. The extra amount of data encoding heightens transmission security. It also helps to maintain a robust communication link in an environment fill with other devices and common noise.The HCI (host controller interface) layer acts as a boundary between the lower layers of the Bluetooth protocol stack and upper layers The Bluetooth specification defines a standard HCI to support Bluetooth systems that are implemented across two separate processors, For example, a Bluetooth system on computer might use a Bluetooth module`s processor to implement the lower layers of the stack (radio, baseband, link controller, and link manager). It might then use its own processor to implement the upper layers (L2CAP, RFCOMM, OBEX, and selected profiles). In this scheme, the lower portion is known as the Bluetooth module and the upper portion as the Bluetooth host.Of course, it`s not required to partition the Bluetooth stack in this way. Bluetooth headsets, for example, combine the module and the host portions of stack on one processor because they need to be small and self-contained. In such devices, the HCI may not be implemented at all unless at all unless device testing is required.Because the Bluetooth HCI is well defined, you can write drivers that handle different Bluetooth modules from different manufacturers. Apple provides an HCI controller object that supports a USB implementation of the HCI layer. .ReferencesBN. Sklavos et al., "Random Number Generator Architecture and VLSI Implementation,"Proc. IEEE Int'1 Symp. Circuits &Systems (ISCAS 02), IEEE Circuits and Systems So Bluetooth security white paper;Bluetooth SIG security expert group.c. Press, Piscataway, N.J., 2002, pp.854-857.M. Abramovici, M.A. Breuer, and A.D. Friedman, Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design, IEEE Press, Piscataway, N.J., 1990.P. Chandrakasan, S. Sheng, and R. W.Brodersen, "Low Power CMOS Digital Design," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vo1.27, no. 4, Apr. 1992, pp. 473-X84.J.L. Massey, G.H. Khachatrian, and M.K.Kuregian, "Nomination of SAFER+ as Candidate Algorithm for the Advance Encryption Standard," Proc. 1 st AdvancedEncryption Standard Candidate Conf., 1998;/}rblee/safer+.Bluetooth SIG, Specification of the Bluetooth system, Core, Part B;'Baseband specification'; Version 1 .1, 22 February 2001, at血S.Sengodan,T.Luo,R.Bansal,H.Herlin; "End-to-end Security Issues Wireless-IP Networks,‖IASTED Applied Informatics,Austria,February in 15-17,2000M.Bellare,R.Canetti,H.Krawczykz, "Keying Hash Functions for Message Authentication,"Advances in Crypto 96 Proceedings ,Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences V o1.1109,N.Koblitz ed.,Springer-Verlag,1996蓝牙设备怎样工作在电气设备中存在很多种连接方式。
外文文献翻译蓝牙技术中英文
蓝牙技术外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：K Nieberl. Telemedicine ECG-telemetry with Bluetooth technology[J] Computers in Cardiology IEEE, 2016,5(3):58-69.英文原文Bluetooth TechnologyKarl NieberlIntroductionBluetooth is a forever, limited radio connect that resides on a microchip. It was originally expanded through Swedish mobile phone creator Ericsson in 1994 as a method to let laptop computers make calls above a mobile phone. As then, numerous organizations have signed on to create Bluetooth the low-power thoughtless wireless average for a broad variety of devices (LeVitus, 216-220). Industry spectators anticipate Bluetooth to be fitted in billions of devices through 2005.DiscussionDeveloped by engineers at Ericsson in the late 1990s, Bluetooth is more and more special technology that facilitates thoughtless wireless communication among a diversity of electronic devices. Its mainly important aspect is that it permits devices to “talk” (relocate and orchestrate data) wirelessly with each other, terminating the requirement for the outwardly continuous tangle of cables, cords, and adaptersimportant for numerous today’s expertise.The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed in 1998 to manage the expansion and prologue of Bluetooth knowledge (LeVitus, 216-220). IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia connected with Ericsson as the beginning associates of the SIG, and in excess of 8,000 organizations have contracted since. So as to trade products with the Bluetooth requirement and logo, manufacturers should be associates of the SIG and the devices should meet well-outlined credentials. These procedures make sure that Bluetooth wireless devices international may converse with each other, apart from company or nation of derivation.Speed and RangeRange is application specific and although a minimum range is mandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:∙Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet∙Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feet∙Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feetThat creates Bluetooth technology appropriate for transporting lesser files for example cell phone contracts and text documents, also as lower-quality pictures and audio (Kumkum, 160-162). At these relocate speeds; Bluetooth may not actually deal streaming video or high-quality pictures and audio at this end, except this possibly will alter in the future when fresh Bluetooth standards are initiated.Simple and Competent to UtilizeCreating and configuring Bluetooth allowed devices is moderately uncomplicated, with little extra commotion than acquire the two devices close to one another and twist them on. There is no requirement to mount drivers or further software to complex an ad-hoc, personal wireless network (Kumkum, 160-162). It has a uniform organization, meaning that some two wireless products attributing Bluetooth technology, despite of product or nation of origin, have the ability to converse faultlessly with each other.Common ApplicationsOne of the mainly ordinary applications of Bluetooth is hands-free cell phone procedure. About each cell phone fashioned in our day has constructed Bluetooth (Meier, 15-20). Only pair phone with a Bluetooth headset, and he may talk whereas his phone is in his purse or pocket. Several of today’s car stereos as w ell have fitted Bluetooth for hands-free calling in his vehicle. And if his vehicle has a plant stereo or grown-upaftermarket one that he merely doesn’t wish to restore, he may yet like hands-free identifying with a Bluetooth car kit.BluetoothBluetooth is the fresh Bluetooth wireless typical adopted through the Bluetooth SIG on April 21, 2020. The fresh standard supports elevated data remove speeds and constructs ahead the preceding standards (Meier, 15-20). With its superior speed, the technology has the probable to transfigure the consumer electronics industry.PROTOCOLThe Bluetooth technology standard is set to make different applications can “communicate” with each other. Remote devices in communication use the same protocol stacks, while different applications need different protocol stacks. But, every application needs the data link layer and physical layer of the Bluetooth technology. The whole Bluetooth protocol stacks is shown as blow. Not any application should use all of the protocols, but one or some lists of these. The chart below shows the relationship between protocols, but the relationship may change in some applications.The completely protocol stacks include Bluetooth special protocols (like LMP and L2CAP) and not special ones (such as OBEX and UDP). The basic principle for designing protocol and protocol stacks is that use existing high level protocol as possible, ensure the combination ofprotocols and Bluetooth technology, and take the best advantage of the software and hardware which adapt to the Bluetooth technology standards. The open Bluetooth technology makes device manufacturers can choose protocols freely as they like or used to.The protocols in Bluetooth protocol systemThere are four layers in Bluetooth protocol system according to the SIG∙Core protocols∙Cable replacement protocols∙Telephony control protocols∙Adopted protocolsExcept the protocol layers above, the standard also defines Host/Controller Interface (HCI),which provides command interface for baseband controller, connection manager, hardware state and control register.Bluetooth core protocols consist of the special protocols made by SIG. Most Bluetooth devices need core protocols, while other protocols are used depend on needs of the application. After all, cable replacement protocols, technology control protocols and adopted protocols based on the core protocols constitute the object-oriented protocols.∙Core protocols∙LMP (Link Management Protocol)Used for control of the radio link between two devices. Implemented on the controllers. It identifies and encrypts through launching, exchanging and checking the connection, and decides the size of baseband data packets through conference. It also controls the power mode and work cycle of wireless equipment, and connection status of unit equipment in piconet.∙L2CAP (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol)This protocol is used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices using different higher level protocols, and provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets.In Basic mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64kB, supported MTU.In Retransmission & Flow Control modes, L2CAP can be configured for reliable or isochronous data per channel by performing retransmissions and CRC checks. Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original Retransmission and Flow Control modes:∙Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM): This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel.∙Streaming Mode (SM): This is a very simple mode, with noretransmission or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio will flush packets). In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer.Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links.∙SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) allows a device to discover services supported by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used for determining which multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them. Each service is identified profiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128)/vichitra∙Cable replacement protocols(RFCOMM)Radio frequency communications (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used to create a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and layer.RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrierfor AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.∙Telephony control protocols (TCP).Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, "TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices."TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract implementers. As such it is only of historical interest.∙Adopted protocolsAdopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooth’s protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to create protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:∙Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point link.∙TCP/IP/UDP: For communicating with the device connected to Internet. ∙Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX): Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation. It uses the client-server mode.∙Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application Protocol(W AE/W AP):W AE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and W AP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.SPECTRUM AND INTERFERENCEBluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at to GHz, using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/sec. The GHz ISM band is available and unlicensed in most countries.SIM frequency band is open to all radio system, So the use of a certain frequency band will meet unpredictable interference sources. Therefore, Bluetooth designs special fast acknowledge and frequency hopping technique to ensure the stability of link. Frequency hopping technique to divide the band into many frequency hopping channels, in a connection, radio transceiver “jump” from a channel to another constantly according to certain code sequence. Only sender and receiver communicate according to this law, and the rest of interference may not press the same rule. The instantaneous bandwidth of Frequency hopping is very narrow, but through the spread spectrum technology it can make the narrow bandwidth one hundred times expanded into wideband, making the influence of interference may become very small. Comparing to other systems that work in the same frequency band, frequency hopping of Bluetooth works faster, data packet of Bluetooth is shorter,which make it more stable than the other.ERROR CORRECTIONBluetooth supports circuit switching and packet switching two techniques, and defines two types of link connection, namely connection-oriented synchronous link (SCO) and connectionless-oriented asynchronous link (ACL)Bluetooth use three error correction models: 1/3 Forward Error Correction (FEC), 2/3forward Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). Purpose to the error correction is to reduce the possibility of retransmission, while at the same time increase the extra expenses, but in a reasonable errorless environment, redundant bids will reduce output. So the packet definition itself also keeps flexible ways. Hence the software can be defined whether to adopt FEC. In general, when the channel noise is large, Bluetooth system will uses FEC, in order to ensure the quality of communication: as to SCO link, 1/3 FEC is used; 2/3 FEC is used in ACL link. In unnumbered ARQ, the data send in a time slot must receive a confirmation of receipt in the next time slot. Only when the data is checked to be without mistake after header error detection and CRC at receiver will the confirmation sent to sender, or an error message will be sent back.RANGERange is application specific and although a minimum range ismandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:∙Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet∙Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feet∙Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feetPOWERIn order to make a Bluetooth equipment can also be in connection even in a very low power state, Bluetooth stipulates three energy saving state: Park state, Hold state and Sniff state. The energy saving efficiency of these states declines one by one.The most commonly used radio is Class 2 and users of power. Bluetooth technology is designed to have very low power consumption. This is reinforced in the specification by allowing radios to be powered down when inactive.The Generic Alternate MAC/PHY in Version HS enables the discovery of remote AMPs for high speed devices and tums on the radio only when needed for data transfer giving a power optimization benefit aswell as aiding in the security of the radios.Bluetooth low energy technology, optimized for devices requiring maximum battery life instead of a high data transfer rate, consumers between 1/2 and 1/100 the power of classic Bluetooth technology.SECURITYMobility and open of Bluetooth system makes safety problems extremely important. Although the frequency modulation technique used by Bluetooth system has already provided a certain security, but Bluetooth system still need safety management to link layer and application layer. In link layer, Bluetooth system provides authentication, encryption and key management, and other functions. Each user has a Personal Identification Number (PIN), which will be translated into 128 bit link key for one-way or both-way certification. Once the authentication finished, link will use encryphon key to encrypt. The link layer security mechanism provides a great deal of certification schemes and a flexible encryption scheme (means allow the consultation of the length of password). This mechanism is very important when the equipments in communication are from different countries, because some countries will specify maximum password length. Bluetooth system will select the smallest maximum allowable password length of all equipments in the piconet.Bluetooth system also supports the high level of protocol stack indifferent applications of special security mechanisms. Bluetooth security mechanism builds trust relationship between devices relying on pins. Once this relationship established, these pins can be stored in the equipment, in order to connection more quickly the next time.中文译文蓝牙技术卡尔·尼伯尔引言蓝牙是永久性的，有限的无线电连接，驻留在微芯片上。
科技英语翻译蓝牙bluetooth
BluetoothHello everyone, Our new product is the Bluetooth earphone. What is the Bluetooth? It is very important. Okay, now I want to introduce the Bluetooth technology first.Cables have become a headache in many offices and homes. Bluetooth is wireless a cable-replacement technology based on short-range radio used to connect digital device.A Bluetooth chip is designed to replace cables by taking the information normally carried by the cable, and transmitting it to a receiver Bluetooth chip, which then gives the information received to the computer, phone, or other device.To establish a connection, two Bluetooth-equipped devices must be within a 10 meter range. Because Bluetooth utilizes a radio-based link, line-of-sight connection is not required.Interference from other signals is avoided by hopping to a new frequency after transmitting or receiving a packet.1. Your laptop could send information to a printer in the next room.2. You could use your mobile phone to control your home alarm system.3. Your mobile phone headset could communicate with a mobile phone in your pocket, or even in another room.4. You can surf the Web or write emails on your laptop while your mobile phone is in your bag and no wires in between.电缆已经让很多家庭和公司都感到头疼。
本科毕业设计--基于蓝牙技术智能灯光控制设计外文翻译
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译毕业设计（论文）题目基于蓝牙技术智能灯光控制设计安卓软件设计翻译题目蓝牙技术系通信工程专业通信工程姓名班级学号指导教师International Journal of Computer Tools & Manufacture 45 (2005) 115–124The origin and development of BluetoothC.K. Au*School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Ave, 639798SingaporeReceived 15 March 2004; received in revised form 7 June 2004; accepted 15 June 2004国际期刊计算机与制造45 (2005) 115-124蓝牙的起源与发展C.K. Au南洋理工大学机械生产工程学院，新加坡南阳路50号，639798标准版本2004年3月15;修订版本2004年6月7;正常版本2004年6月15号摘要本文论述蓝牙技术的起源与发展。
重点介绍蓝牙技术的基本原理以及蓝牙技术在当今时间的作用。
论述了蓝牙技术的优点与缺陷以及未来的发展趋势关键字：协议、技术、应用、发展介绍蓝牙是一个永远的，有限的无线电连接驻留在一个芯片。
它最初是在1994年扩大，作为一种方法，让笔记本电脑作出上述呼吁手机通过瑞典手机爱立信的创造者。
然后，许多组织已经签署了创建蓝牙低功耗平均各种各样的设备（LeVitus，216-220）的无线轻率。
业内观众预期蓝牙在安装设备的十亿美元，到2005年。
讨论蓝牙是由爱立信工程师在20世纪90年代末开发，越来越多的特殊的技术，有利于无线通信电子设备的多样性之间的轻率。
蓝牙技术的英文介绍
Origin
Bluetooth is the founder of Sweden's Ericsson, Ericsson has been R & D in 1994. In 1997, Ericsson and other equipment, contact the manufacturer and to stimulate their interest in this technology.ln February 1998, five multinational companies, including Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel formed a special interest group (SIG), their common goal is to establish a global short-range wireless communications technology, which is now Bluetooth.
Whafs the presently newest technical standard for shortrange radio?
@ Bluetooth
Bluetooth devices communicate without wires, using built-in radio transceivers that operate on a globally available radio frequency to ensure worldwide compatibility.
Entertainment
Bluetooth wireless technology is the only truly wireless entertainment technology.
Bluetooth(专业英语论文)
BluetoothAbstract:Bluetooth has been the most advanced technology in our world. But not all of us know what exactly Bluetooth is, how dose Bluetooth work and what advantage Bluetooth has? Today or in the future, Bluetooth will bring us a great many riches, so all of us should know something about Bluetooth now. In my academic discourse, you will know more about Bluetooth: why we need Bluetooth? How dose Bluetooth come out? How dose Bluetooth work? In what aspect can Bluetooth be used? How will Bluetooth develop? With all of these questions, let us read this discourse and go into the Bluetooth World.Keyword:Bluetooth 蓝牙cable 电缆, 海底电报, 缆,索frequency 频率, 周率, 发生次数mobile phones 可移动电话，手机microchip 微芯片synchronous 同步的，同时的IEEE 电气和电子工程师协会Broadband 宽带Wireless 无线的SNAP Smart Network Access Points（智能网络接入点）Polyphony Server 复音服务器Constellation Partners 星级伙伴Virtual Private Networks 虚拟专用网Ethernet 以太网Look around you at the moment, you have your keyboard connected to the computer, as well as a printer, mouse, monitor and so on. What joins all of these together? Of course, they are connected by cables. Cables have become the bane of many offices, homes etc. Most of us have experienced the 'joys' of trying to figure out what cable goes where, and getting tangled up in the details. Today, you will not be worried about this, Bluetooth essentially aims to fix this，it is a cable-replacement technology .But what exactly is Bluetooth? Well it isn't some strange form of tooth decay as you might initially imagine. Bluetooth is the name of a new technology, set to commercially come out in bulk around 2002. It promises to change significantly the way we use machines.Bluetooth Technology, which was conceived initially by Ericsson, has gained the support of Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel and many other manufacturers today. Before being adopted by these companies, Bluetooth is a standard for a small, cheap radio chip to be plugged into computers, printers, mobile phones, etc. A Bluetooth chip is designed to replace cables by taking the information normally carried by the cable, and transmitting it at a special frequency to a receiver Bluetooth chip, which will then give the information received to the computer, phonewhatever. That was the original idea, but the originators of the original idea soon realized that a lot more was possible. They thought, if you can transmit information between a computer and a printer, why not transmit data from a mobile phone to a printer, or even a printer to a printer? The projected low cost of a Bluetooth chip, and its low power consumption, means you could literally place one anywhere.How does Bluetooth works? Bluetooth uses a short-range radio link built into a 9 mm x 9 mm microchip. The protocol enables the exchange of information between many devices, including mobile telephones, PDAs, notebook PCs, handheld PCs, associated peripherals, and home hubs, which may include Home RF. The radio will operate on the globally available 2.45 GHz ISM "free band," meaning there will be no hindrance for international travelers using Bluetooth-enabled equipment. Bluetooth does not require line of sight for connection, provided they are within operational range of other Bluetooth-enabled devices. The Bluetooth base band protocol is a combination of circuit- and packet-switching, making it suitable for both voice and data. Each voice channel supports a 64 Kbit/s synchronous link, and the asynchronous channel can support an asymmetric link of up to 721 Kbit/s in either direction, while permitting 57.6 Kbit/s in the return direction. All in all, this is fast enough to cope with the vast majority of proposed data rates over cellular systems. The nominal link range is 10 cm to 10 m, but links can be extended to morethan 100 m by increasing the transmit power. The software framework in the proposed specification would require Bluetooth-compliant devices to support a basic level of interoperability. The level of compliance will vary depending on the device application.Now we can say that Bluetooth has a lot of advantage.1>Fast frequency hopping avoids interference.2>Adaptive output power minimizes interference.3>Short data packets maximize capacity during interference.4>Fast acknowledge allows low coding overhead for links.5>CVSD(Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation) voice coding enables operation at high bit-error rates.6>Flexible packet types supports wide application range.7>Air interface tailored to minimize current consumption. Basic Technical Information-Based upon a small, high performance integrated radio transceiver, each of which is allocated a unique 48-bit address derived form the IEEE 802.standard. 8>Operate in the unrestricted 2.45GHz ISM free band, Which is available globally although slight variation of location and width of band apply.9>Range set at 10m to optimize for target market of mobile and businessuser.10>Gross data rate 1Mbit/s with second generation plans to increase to 1Mbit/s.11>One-to-one connections allow maximum data transfer rate of 721kbit/s (3 voice channels). 12>Uses packet switching protocol based on frequency hop scheme with 1600hops/s enable high performance in noisy radio environments. The entire available frequencyspectrum id used with 79 hops of 1Mhz bandwidth, analogous to the IEEE 802.11 standard.13>Low power consumption longevity for battery powered devices. During data transfer the maximum current drain is30mA.However during pauses or at lower data rates will be lover.Because of all the things we have inferred above, a lot of people become interested in Bluetooth. With this viewpoint interest in Bluetooth is soaring, lots of ideas are constantly emerging, some practical and feasible e.g.: Bluetooth chips in freight containers to identify cargo when a lorry drives into a storage depot, or a headset that communicates with a mobile phone in your pocket, or even in the other room, other ideas not so feasible: Refrigerator communicating with your Bluetooth-enabled computer, informing it that food supply is low, and to inform the retailer over the internet. If we want to know more about Bluetooth, we should know some new Bluetooth Products. There are some new Bluetooth Products here, we can see the big advantage it has.1. The Racewood Technology Co., Ltd. Bluetooth headset RBTHS001. It can be used with any application requesting personal audio through a lightweight, easy- to-use and easy-to-wear device, offering enhanced mobility through the use of true wireless technology. The RBTHS001 allows for the host headset to be worn and used freely up to a distance of10 meters from the connecting device. The headset can be operated and linked to the audio gateway at most 3 seconds after being turned on.2. The Racewood Technology Co., Ltd. Universal Class 1 and Class 2 Bluetooth™ USB Dongle RBTPU001. It is compact and qualified module that provide a complete 2.4GHz Bluetooth™ system for wireless data and voice communications. The RBTPU001 includes an integrated antenna and a USB connector interface, offering a simple Bluetooth solution for electronic devices with a USB interface.3. The Racewood Technology Co, Ltd Universal Class 2 BluetoothCompact Flash card RBTCF001. It is Bluetooth v1.1 compliant that will be used with Personal Digital Assistant products to allow you to wirelessly connect with other Bluetooth-enabled devices. The Bluetooth Compact Flash card can plug into PDA, handheld PC through a Type 1 Compact Card slot, features a class 2 radio, an integral antenna and operation range of 10m.The Bluetooth Compact Flash card can be plug_and_play under Windows CE and Pocket PC 2000/2002 operating systems.Use Bluetooth Compact Flash card in your PDA, pocket or handheld PC to wirelessly synchronize data with your Bluetooth PC or other Bluetooth device. Also, this single wireless product can be used for many purposes,whether connecting to the Internet via an access point or sending files to others.Now let us talk about the hotel and Bluetooth. The rapid adoption of Bluetooth technology by the hotel industry would appear to provide early evidence of its potential. However, there are many questions as to the real viability of wireless systems in this business environment. The hotel industry is not one that you would normally associate with leading edge, high technology. However, in this age of the international business park, the demands of the business travelers are changing the face of hotel services. Hotels catering for business travelers have flourished and to keep its increasingly essential business clientele, the hotel industry is embracing new technologies to help deliver increased services to guests. The idea is a relatively simple one. There is a sort of service war going on and some hotels, particularly the larger chains, have grown hungry for new technologies. This hunger is manifesting itself in the take-up of wireless technologies and in particular, Bluetooth.The main reasoning behind this is to offer guests services such as email, internet access, greater in-hotel control of facilities, and access to local attraction information, remote checking in or out, use of hotel printing facilities and so on. While anyone can see that additional services in hotels could be extremely beneficial to the business travelersin particular, given that Bluetooth is still a new technology there remains an air of uncertainty around the validity of such services. And one question that is always thrown about when a new technology comes along is whether or not it is technology for technology's sake. There are enough worthy applications around to suggest this is not the case, although this is still something to be wary of. It is important to decipher whether hotels are embarking on a technology game or if there is something of real value to hotel guests here.One company that is about to embark on a trial of a Bluetooth-based hotel network is Bluetooth software developer, Classwave Wireless. The trial, to take place in June this year, follows a partnership deal with the Starwood Hotel chain. The potential of the application is full of optimism. We could say that "working with a partner like Classwave will enable Starwood to deliver a new level of information and service to its guests and employees." Classwave CEO, Tom Sweeney, claimed that its Polyphony Server "will enable Starwood to easily create new revenue streams and business models by delivering mobile personal networks for the dynamic delivery of content within their properties worldwide." Starwood, which boasts 725 properties in 80 countries including the Sheraton, St Regis and Westin brands, will install Classwave's Polyphony server in one of its New York hotels. This, it claims, will offer guests access to the internet and email, mobile registration and personalizedinformation via mobile devices, electronic concierge and in-hotelm-commerce. Classwave, a specialist in what it terms Bluetooth Network Infrastructure solutions, will initially set up a system that will deal with guest reservation and registration information. Business travelers will be able to check-in and check-out where they want and when they want, according to the company.But it doesn't stop there. According to Classwave, there are greater benefits in terms of both functionality and cost. As well as offering guests wireless services, the system will enable a number of other functions for the hotel back office including mobile management systems, employee service logistics, employee chat services, instant messaging and access to corporate data.The hotel could also have its own mobile portal extending localized content to guests, voice services and access to Starwood's 'Constellation Partners' for m-commerce and convention services. "The wireless server platform enables companies like Starwood to easily create new revenue streams and business models by delivering mobile portals for the dynamic delivery of content," says a Classwave spokeswoman. "We are finding three primary reasons for deploying Polyphony Server in hotels: to generate revenue; reduce registration staff; and reduce call centre staff." The revenue generation comes from an increase in fee-based services such as high-speed internet usage, email and fax, while the reduction in traditional staff isundoubtedly a long-term cost saver. A reduction in registration staff by providing automated check-in and a reduction in call centre staff through extension of website reservation system to wireless devices will be attractive propositions to the budget sensitive hotelier. It will also have the added benefit of reducing waiting times for check-in and reservation changes.The system works by deploying a number of SNAPs around the hotels to allow for transfer of information from kiosks to customer mobile devices. It is controlled by Classwave's Polyphony Server, which provides the backbone 'intelligence' for the Bluetooth network by managing the devices media format and content delivery through the SNAPs and other wireless channels including cellular networks. While the network is based on the Bluetooth standard, Classwave's application itself is not dependent on Bluetooth. Classwave also supports 802.11 but claims, "due to the form factor of PDAs and phones expected to embrace Bluetooth, we are using it in the hotel trials," adds the spokeswoman. The main reasoning given is the "lower power usage", "reasonable speed" and "the support for both data and voice".Let us have a look at the Five-star treatment. The Holiday Inn Wall Street is another hotel striving to offer its clientele leading edge technology services. It has teamed up with Registry Magic to deliver what it claims is "the world's first full service Bluetooth-enabled hotel," a statement that may raise a few eyebrows at Starwood. Registry Magic'sinvolvement with The Holiday Inn is to initially provide itsBluetooth-based Consumer Payment Network and Bluetooth cell phones and mobile devices to enable guests to access a host of wireless services. These services include check-in and check-out, making payments atin-house restaurants, secure access to rooms, internet access and picking up phone messages.Like Classwave and Starwood, Registry Magic and The Holiday Inn are quick to dismiss any suggestion of gimmick. John Falcone, Registry Magic's senior vice president of technology and business development believes that the hotel application is one of the "true commercial Bluetooth applications" and therefore a valid investment for the hotel industry.Of course, if you don't spend your time frequenting hotels then this application is highly unlikely to impact your everyday life, but we kind of see the point. For so long Bluetooth has just been a technology with visions attached to it and now here is an application with a willing commercial audience in the hotel trade.In fact, for the past 18 months, hotel chains have been, or are now starting to install technology as a means to offer greater services to guests in what is fast becoming a services war in the industry. Hyatt Hotels and Resorts last yearteamed-up with I-Quest to install a broadband plug_and_play internet connection in its rooms using Worldroom Connect's Virtual Private Networks (VPNs). Although the system is based on a standard Ethernetcable network, it demonstrates that the demand for internet access in hotel rooms is sufficient enough to warrant the investment from the hotel groups.While it could be argued that guests only really work and want to access the internet in their rooms, it may be because that is the only option that is open to them. The trouble here is that we are dabbling in a yet-to-be-proven use of mobile devices where words such as 'potential' and 'if' are regularly applied. So could this drive towards wireless infrastructures be misplaced? The answer is not. A Bluetooth-based network service should just provide guests with greater flexibility. If they want to use their mobile devices and notebook PCs in their rooms they can still use the system but it just provides greater flexibility of movement. If a guest wants to peruse the web while sitting in the bar sipping his favourite cocktails, why shouldn't he?Of greater concern are the still inherent problems encountered with Bluetooth. Interoperability is still causing some problems especially as the technology and subsequent Bluetooth-enabled devices are still in their infancy. Could Classwave risk interoperability problems in the trials? It seems not, as the company admits it is sourcing devices from a single vendor in an attempt to mitigate the risks.For Bluetooth to also take-off in the hotel trade it will have to be very reliable. It is one thing saying that a Bluetooth application will reduce check-in times and ease the registration process but it is another thing to actually deliver it, especially at the cost of front desk staff. It is almost possible to imagine the scene where the system breaks down and the hotel lobby is full of suited guests queuing to speak to one or two receptionists while staring blankly into their Bluetooth devices.The optimism in the hotel industry is indicative of the hype that has surrounded Bluetooth since its inception. A fundamentally excellent invention, simple idea but complicated execution has meant that it was always going to struggle to meet early expectation. The hotel applications provide the technology with an intriguing test bed that will pit a number of Bluetooth features and devices together in one potentially busy environment.The remaining question for hoteliers is an emotional one. Hotels traditionally cater for a wide variety of people and not all business travelers may demand wireless services. Standardizing certain hotel functions through technology may be dangerous. Not everyone, even business travelers, like too much technology and gadgetry. Getting the mix of traditional and technology-based services right will be down to the skill of the hoteliers themselves. When that mix is decided upon, Bluetooth will no doubt play its part. Although still in its honeymoon period, Bluetooth appears to have found a home in hotels.I think now you have known Bluetooth comprehensively. By the way if, you're wondering where the Bluetooth name originally came from, it's named after a Danish Viking and King, Harald Bl?tand (Bluetooth in English), who lived in the latter part of the 10th century. Harald Bl?tand united and controlled Denmark and Norway (hence the inspiration on the name : uniting devices through Bluetooth). Old Harald had an inclination towards eating Blueberries, so much so his teeth became stained with the colour, leaving Harald with a rather unique set of molars.In my opinion, nothing can be more important than advanced technology in our new life. It is to say Bluetooth has its own station in our world. In the nearly future, there are no cable around us, everything will become easy.Reference:///yunfu/mobile_tech/bluetooth.htm。
蓝牙技术的英文介绍
The Bluetooth logo design of this: it's name from Harald Bluetooth "H" and "B" two Letters, with the Runic alphabet to represent, these two together, it became a Bluetooth logo.
Origin
Bluetooth is the founder of Sweden's Ericsson, Ericsson has been R & D in 1994. In 1997, Ericsson and other equipment, contact the manufacturer and to stimulate their interest in this technology.In February 1998, five multinational companies, including Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel formed a special interest group (SIG), their common goal is to establish a global short-range wireless communications technology, which is now Bluetooth.
kitchen
Work
Through Bluetooth wireless technology , the office no longer see the clutter of wires , the whole office is like a machine , like an orderly and efficient operation.
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蓝牙技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)蓝牙的起源与发展摘要本文论述蓝牙技术的起源与发展。
重点介绍蓝牙技术的基本原理以及蓝牙技术在当今时间的作用。
论述了蓝牙技术的优点与缺陷以及未来的发展趋势关键字：协议、技术、应用、发展介绍蓝牙是一个永远的，有限的无线电连接驻留在一个芯片。
它最初是在1994年扩大，作为一种方法，让笔记本电脑作出上述呼吁手机通过瑞典手机爱立信的创造者。
然后，许多组织已经签署了创建蓝牙低功耗平均各种各样的设备（LeVitus，216-220）的无线轻率。
业内观众预期蓝牙在安装设备的十亿美元，到2005年。
讨论蓝牙是由爱立信工程师在20世纪90年代末开发，越来越多的特殊的技术，有利于无线通信电子设备的多样性之间的轻率。
其主要的一个重要方面是，它允许设备“对话”（搬迁和协调数据）无线对方，终止向外不断纠结，电线，电缆和适配器许多今天的专长重要的要求。
蓝牙特别兴趣小组（SIG）成立于1998年，管理蓝牙知识的扩展和序幕（LeVitus，216-220）。
IBM，英特尔，东芝，诺基亚与爱立信的SIG开始联营，超过8000组织承包以来。
因此，贸易与蓝牙的要求和标志的产品，制造商应该是联营公司的SIG和设备应符合轮廓的凭据。
这些程序确保蓝牙无线设备的国际可与对方交谈，除了派生公司或国家。
速度和范围范围是特定应用和核心规范的规定，虽然最小的范围内是不是有限制，制造商可以调整其实施，以支持使用的情况下，他们正在使。
范围可能有所不同取决于在执行用无线电类：3级收音机 - 有一个范围可达1米或3英尺2类无线电 - 移动设备中最常用的发现，有一个10米或33英尺的范围1类无线电 - 主要用于工业用途的案件中，有一个100米或300英尺的范围创建适合运送较小的文件，例如手机合同和文本文件的蓝牙技术，也为低质量的图像和音频（Kumkum，160-162）。
在这些搬迁速度;蓝牙可能无法实际处理视频流或高品质的图片和音频，为此，除这可能会在未来改变时，新鲜的蓝牙标准发起。
利用简单和主管创建和配置蓝牙允许的设备是适度的简单，一点额外的骚动，比获得两个彼此接近的设备和扭曲他们。
有没有要求安装驱动程序或其他软件复杂的特设，个人无线网络（Kumkum，160-162）。
它有一个统一的组织，这意味着有两个无线归因于蓝牙技术的产品，尽管产品或民族的起源，有能力完美地与对方交谈。
常见的应用蓝牙技术主要是普通的应用之一是免提手机程序。
关于在我们的日常生活中塑造每个手机已建成蓝牙迈尔（15-20）。
只对蓝牙耳机的手机，他可以谈，而他的手机是在他的钱包或口袋。
今天的汽车音响以及几个有装在他的汽车免提通话的蓝牙。
如果他的车辆有一个厂的立体声或成年的售后，他只是不希望恢复的话，他可能还喜欢免提蓝牙汽车套件的识别。
蓝牙3.0蓝牙3.0是典型的通过蓝牙SIG于2009年4月21日，通过新鲜的蓝牙无线。
新鲜的标准支持提升数据删除速度和结构，前面的标准迈尔（15-20）。
凭借其出众的速度，有可能transfigure消费电子行业的技术。
技术协议蓝牙技术标准的设置，使不同的应用程序可以相互“沟通”。
在远程通信设备使用相同的协议栈，而不同的应用需要不同的协议栈。
但是，每一个应用程序需要的数据链路层和物理层的蓝牙技术。
整个蓝牙协议栈所示的打击。
任何应用程序不应该使用的所有协议，但其中一个或一些名单。
下面的图表显示了协议之间的关系，但在某些应用中的关系可能会改变。
完全的协议栈包括蓝牙特殊协议（LMP和L2CAP），而不是特殊的（如OBEX和UDP）。
设计协议和协议栈的基本原则是，尽可能利用现有的高层协议，确保协议和蓝牙技术相结合，采取适应的蓝牙技术标准的软件和硬件的最佳优势。
开放的蓝牙技术，使得设备制造商可以自由选择的协议，因为他们喜欢或使用。
蓝牙协议体系中的协议据SIG的有4层蓝牙协议体系核心协议电缆替代协议电话控制协议通过协议除上述协议层，该标准还定义了主机/控制器接口（HCI），它提供基带控制器，连接管理器，硬件状态和控制寄存器的命令接口。
蓝牙核心协议包括由SIG提出的特殊协议。
大多数蓝牙设备需要核心协议，而其他协议取决于应用的需要。
毕竟，电缆替代协议，技术控制协议，通过协议和基于核心协议，构成了面向对象的协议。
核心协议LMP（链路管理协议）用于两个设备之间的无线链路控制。
控制器上实现。
通过开展交流和检查连接的识别和加密，并决定基带数据包通过会议的规模。
它还控制无线设备的电源模式和工作周期，并在微微网单元设备的连接状态。
的L2CAP（逻辑链路控制与适配协议）该协议用于复用多个逻辑连接两个使用不同的高层协议的设备之间，提供分割和重组的空气包。
L2CAP的基本模式，提供与有效载荷配置多达64KB的数据包，为672个字节的默认MTU，48个字节的最低强制性支持的MTU。
L2CAP的转播及流量控制模式，可以被配置为每个通道的可靠或同步数据进行转播和CRC检查。
蓝牙核心规范附录1增加了两个额外的L2CAP模式的核心规范。
这些模式有效地贬低原重发和流量控制模式：增强重传模式（ERTM）的：这种模式是一种原始的转播模式的改进版本。
这种模式提供了可靠的L2CAP信道。
流模式（SM）：这是一个非常简单的模式，没有转播或流量控制。
这种模式提供了一个可靠的L2CAP信道。
在这些模式中的任何可靠性，选择性和/或另外下层BDR的/ EDR的蓝牙空气通过配置重传和的冲洗超时（时间之后，无线电将刷新包）接口保证。
保证下层顺序排序。
ERTM或SM只有配置的L2CAP通道可运行超过AMP的逻辑联系。
SDP（服务发现协议）服务发现协议（SDP）允许设备发现其他设备，其相关参数的支持服务。
例如，当手机连接到蓝牙耳机，社民党将用于确定哪些支持蓝牙配置文件耳机（耳机模式，免提配置文件，高级音频分配模式（A2DP）等）和协议复用器设置需要连接到他们每个人。
每个服务标识通用唯一标识符（UUID）分配一个短形式的UUID（16位），而不是完整的128 / vichitra官方服务（蓝牙模式），电缆替代协议（RFCOMM协议）无线电频率通信（RFCOMM协议）是一种电缆替代协议，用于创建一个虚拟的串行数据流。
RFCOMM协议提供二进制数据传输和模拟的EIA-232（RS-232）在蓝牙基带层的控制信号。
RFCOMM协议提供给用户一个简单可靠的数据流，类似于TCP。
它被用于许多与电话相关的配置文件直接作为AT 命令的载体，以及通过蓝牙OBEX传输层。
电话控制协议（TCP）。
电话控制协议二进制（塔塔咨询服务公司的BIN）是面向比特的协议，它定义了呼叫控制蓝牙设备之间的语音和数据呼叫建立信令。
此外，“塔塔咨询服务公司的BIN定义用于处理蓝牙TCS的设备组的流动性管理程序。
”TCS - BIN仅用于无绳电话的个人资料，未能吸引实施者。
因此，它是历史的兴趣。
通过协议通过协议定义其他组织的标准制定，并纳入蓝牙协议栈，允许蓝牙协议只在必要时。
所采用的协议包括：点的点对点协议（PPP）：互联网点至点链接的IP数据报传输的标准协议。
的TCP / IP / UDP的连接到互联网的设备进行通信。
对象交换协议（OBEX）：会话层协议的交换对象，提供了一个模型对象和操作表示。
它采用客户 - 服务器模式。
无线应用环境/无线应用协议（WAE / WAP）：WAE指定用于无线设备和WAP是一个开放的标准，向移动用户提供电话和信息服务的访问的应用程序框架。
技术谱和干扰经营无牌工业，科学和医疗（ISM）在2.4到2.485 GHz的带蓝牙技术，使用扩频，跳频，名义利率在1600跳/秒的全双工信号。
2.4 GHz ISM频段在大多数国家和无牌。
SIM频段是开放给所有的无线电系统，所以一定频段的使用将满足不可预测的干扰源。
因此，蓝牙设计特殊的快速确认和跳频技术，以确保链路稳定。
跳频技术分为许多频率波段跳频信道，在一个连接，无线电收发器“跳”到另一个从一个通道按一定的码序列不断。
只有发送方和接收沟通，依照本法和其他干扰可能无法按相同的规则。
的频率跳频的瞬时带宽是很窄，但通过扩频技术，它可以使狭窄的带宽扩展到宽带的一百倍，使干扰的影响可能会变得非常小。
工作在同一频段的其他系统相比，蓝牙跳频频率运作更快，蓝牙技术的数据包是短，这使得它比其他稳定纠错蓝牙支持电路交换和分组交换两种技术，并定义了两种类型的链路连接，即面向连接的同步链路（SCO）和面向无连接的异步链路（ACL）蓝牙使用误差修正模型：1/3前向错误校正（FEC），2/3forward前向纠错和自动重复请求（ARQ）。
纠错的目的是减少重发的可能性，而在同一时间增加额外的费用，但在合理无误环境，多余的投标会减少输出。
因此，包定义本身也保持灵活的方式。
因此，该软件可以定义是否采用FEC。
在一般情况下，信道噪声较大时，蓝牙系统将采用前向纠错，以确保通信质量：SCO链路，使用1/3 FEC是2/3 FEC是使用ACL链路。
在一间没有门牌的ARQ，在一个时隙发送数据，必须在接下来的时段确认收到的收据。
只有当数据检查没有错误后，头错误检测和接收端的CRC将确认发送给发件人，或错误消息将被送回。
范围范围是特定应用和核心规范的规定，虽然最小的范围内是不是有限制，制造商可以调整其实施，以支持使用的情况下，他们正在使。
范围可能有所不同取决于在执行用无线电类：3级收音机 - 有一个范围可达1米或3英尺2类无线电 - 移动设备中最常用的发现，有一个10米或33英尺的范围1类无线电 - 主要用于工业用途的案件中，有一个100米或300英尺的范围电力为了使蓝牙设备也可以连接，即使是在一个非常低的功率状态，蓝牙规定了三种节能状态：国家公园，保持状态和，嗅嗅状态。
这些国家的节能效率下降一个接一个。
电台最常用的是2级和用户的功率2.5MW。
蓝牙技术设计，具有非常低的功耗。
这是加强规范，让收音机断电时无效。
通用替代的MAC / PHY 3.0版HS能够发现远程省级高速只有当提供电源优化效益的数据传输以及协助无线电安全需要的无线电设备和吃药。
蓝牙低功耗技术，为需要最长的电池寿命，而不是一个很高的数据传输速率，消费者的经典蓝牙技术的力量之间的1/2和1/100的设备进行了优化。
保密性蓝牙系统的流动性和开放，使安全问题非常重要。
虽然蓝牙系统所使用的频率调制技术已经提供了一定的保障，但是蓝牙系统仍然需要链路层和应用层安全管理。
在链路层中，蓝牙系统提供认证，加密和密钥管理，和其他功能。
每个用户都有一个个人识别号码（PIN）为单向或双向认证，这将翻译成128位的链路密钥。
一旦认证完毕，链路将使用encryphon的密钥来加密。
链路层安全机制提供了大量的认证方案和一个灵活的加密方案（指允许密码长度的咨询）。