英国文学选读考试重点
英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要
英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要第一篇：英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements(此处可能会有填空,选择等小题2.Romance(名词解释3.“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story4.Ballad(名词解释5.Character of Robin Hood6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet7.Heroic couplet(名词解释8.Renaissance(名词解释9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10.Sonnet(名词解释 11.Blank verse(名词解释12.Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13.Francis Bacon “essays” esp.“Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读14.William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet 这是肯定的。
英美文学选读知识点整理
会意义、语言风格和艺术手法 6. 西奥多·德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作的主题结构、艺术手法和人
1. 美国现代时期文学特征 2. 庞德的主要作品及其内容 3. 罗伯特·弗洛斯特的代表作及其主题结构和艺术特色 4. 菲兹杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》的主题意义及其象征手法 5. 海明威的主要作品及其内容：《老人与海》、《永别了武
第二章 现代主义时期
The Modern Period
1. 美国浪漫主义时期的文学特点 2. 华盛顿·欧文的文学作品 3. 霍桑代表作《小伙子布朗》中的寓言与象征 4. 惠特曼的创作思想及其代表作的主题结构、人物刻画和社会意义——《白鲸》
1. 现实主义和自然主义的概念 2. 文学特点及现实主义者的倾向 3. 马克·吐温的《哈克贝利费恩历险记》创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作的社会意义、语言风
3. 华兹华斯的主要作品及内容 4. 拜伦《致希腊》的主题并用英语
解释其中句子
1. 华兹华斯的诗歌特点 2. 英文解释华兹华斯《我如行云独自游》中的句子
5. 雪莱《西风颂》的主题并用英语 解释其中句子
6.
1. 维多利亚时期的文学特点 2. 狄更斯的主要作品及内容——critical realist
3. 哈代的代表作及写作特点 4. 夏洛特·布朗特的《简·爱》中简·爱的人物分析
器》、《丧钟为谁而鸣》等 6. 福克纳的主要作品及其内容
第一章:古代与中世纪英国文学
1．<<贝尔武夫>>简介及在英国文学史上的意义。 Beowulf《贝奥武夫》：第一部最古老、最长的较完整的文学作品 2．乔叟及其代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》对英国文学做出的贡献。 The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》小说集，描写了各行各业中的人物形象
英国文学选读一复习重点
1.George Meredith●an English novelist and poet.●One of the forerunners of the contemporary novels.●His writing was characterized by a fascination with imagery and indirect references●Modern Love《现代爱情》one of the first psychological poems.●Essay on Comedy《喜剧的观念及其精神的效用》a keen understanding of comedy●Diana of the Crossways 克劳斯威的黛安娜●The Ordeal of Richard Feverel《理查·弗维莱尔的苦难》The Egoist《利己主义者》●tragicomical novel realist novel●the novel presents an ironic subversion of texts（文本的颠覆）that had shaped the pattern ofVictorian femininity(柔弱性）●the difficulty Of being a woman in Victorian era●the turning point in George Meredith‘s careerThe Victorian eraThe Victorian era of the United Kingdom refers to Queen Victoria's rule which began in June 1837 and concluded in January 1901. Under the rule of Queen Victoria, the British people enjoyed a long period of prosperity. Profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop.SatireSatire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; In satire, human or individual vices, follies(罪恶）, abuses（陋习）, or shortcomings are gathered together by means of ridicule, derision(嘲弄）, irony, or other methods, ideally with the intent to bring about improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be funny, the purpose of satire is not primarily humor in itself so much as an attack on something of which the author strongly disapproves, using the weapon of wit. A common, almost defining feature of satire is its strong vein of irony （反语）or sarcasm（挖苦，讽刺）.Tragicomical novelTragicomical novel is fictional work that blend aspects of the genres of tragedy and comedy. In English literature, from Shakespeare's time to the nineteenth century, tragicomedy refers to a serious play with a happy ending).RealismRealism is an aesthetic mode which broke with the classical demands of art to show life as it should be in order to show life “as it is.” The work of realist art tends to avoid the elevated （崇高的）subject matter of tragedy in favour of the ordinary, the average, the commonplace, the middle classes and their daily struggles with the mean verities(一般的事实）of everyday existence——these are the typical subject matters of realism.（平常人的平常生活）。
英国文学选读笔记重点
英国文学选读笔记重点一、引言英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，其丰富的历史背景、独特的文化传统和卓越的文学成就使其在世界文学史上占有重要地位。
在英国文学选读中，我们不仅可以欣赏到众多杰出的文学作品，还可以深入了解英国的历史、文化和社会背景。
二、重点作家及其作品莎士比亚莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的作家之一，他的作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。
莎士比亚的作品具有深刻的思想内涵和卓越的艺术表现力，是英国文学的经典之作。
简·奥斯汀简·奥斯汀是英国19世纪著名的女性作家，她的作品如《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等，以细腻的人物描写和精湛的心理分析而著称。
她的作品反映了当时英国社会的风俗习惯和道德观念，具有很高的社会价值。
狄更斯狄更斯是19世纪英国最著名的现实主义作家之一，他的作品如《双城记》、《雾都孤儿》等，以对社会问题的深刻揭示和对人性的深刻剖析而著称。
他的作品反映了当时英国社会的贫困、不公和阶级斗争，具有很高的社会意义。
三、重点主题爱情与婚姻爱情与婚姻是英国文学中的重要主题之一。
在许多作品中，作者通过描写爱情与婚姻的关系，探讨了人性的复杂性和生活的真谛。
例如，在简·奥斯汀的作品中，她通过对婚姻的思考，揭示了当时英国社会对婚姻的看法和期望。
社会问题社会问题是英国文学中的另一个重要主题。
许多作家通过描写社会问题，揭示了当时社会的矛盾和冲突。
例如，在狄更斯的作品中，他通过对贫困、不公和阶级斗争的描写，揭示了当时英国社会的种种问题。
人性与命运人性与命运是英国文学中的永恒主题。
许多作家通过描写人性的复杂性和命运的无常，探讨了人生的意义和价值。
例如，在莎士比亚的作品中，他通过对人性的深刻剖析和对命运的无奈揭示了人生的无常和无奈。
四、结语英国文学选读是了解英国文化和历史的重要途径之一。
通过对英国文学的学习和研究，我们可以更好地理解英国的历史、文化和社会背景，同时也可以提高我们的审美能力和文化素养。
英国文学选读复习资料
英国文学选读复习资料英国文学选读复习资料英国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，涵盖了众多经典作品和文学流派。
对于学习英国文学的学生来说，复习资料的准备是至关重要的。
本文将为大家提供一些关于英国文学选读的复习资料，帮助大家更好地准备考试。
1. 莎士比亚戏剧莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家之一，他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
在复习莎士比亚戏剧时，可以重点关注他的四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《麦克白》、《奥赛罗》和《李尔王》。
这些作品涉及到人性、权力、背叛等主题，是莎士比亚戏剧的代表作。
2. 简·奥斯汀的小说简·奥斯汀是英国文学史上最著名的女作家之一，她的小说以描写社会风俗和爱情婚姻为主题，作品充满了幽默和讽刺。
复习时可以选择她的代表作《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》等，了解奥斯汀小说中的女性形象和社会风尚。
3. 罗伯特·勃朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁的诗歌罗伯特·勃朗宁和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁是19世纪英国浪漫主义诗歌的代表人物。
他们的诗歌作品充满了情感和想象力，涉及到爱情、宗教、社会等多个领域。
复习时可以选择他们的代表作品，如罗伯特·勃朗宁的《我的最后的那一首诗》和伊丽莎白·勃朗宁的《葡萄牙之歌》。
4. 查尔斯·狄更斯的小说查尔斯·狄更斯是19世纪英国最重要的小说家之一，他的作品揭示了当时社会的阶级分化和人性的复杂性。
复习时可以选择他的代表作《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》等，了解狄更斯小说中的社会批判和人道主义思想。
5. 威廉·莎士比亚的诗歌除了戏剧作品，莎士比亚还有许多优秀的诗歌作品。
他的诗歌涉及到爱情、自然、时间等主题，语言优美、意境深远。
复习时可以选择他的一些著名sonnet，如《十四行诗集》中的第18首和第130首，了解莎士比亚诗歌的特点和主题。
6. 珍·奥斯汀的小说珍·奥斯汀是19世纪英国最重要的女作家之一，她的小说以描写女性生活和婚姻为主题，作品充满了幽默和洞察力。
英美文学选读自考重点
英美文学选读自考重点英美文学选读是自考中一门重要且富有魅力的课程，它涵盖了英国和美国文学发展历程中的众多经典作品和重要作家。
对于自考生来说，掌握重点内容是顺利通过考试的关键。
以下将为您详细介绍英美文学选读自考的重点。
一、英国文学部分1、古英语时期与中世纪文学这一时期的重点是了解英国文学的起源和早期发展。
比如，《贝奥武甫》是英国文学史上第一部重要的史诗，要理解其主题、结构和语言特点。
另外，乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》也是重点，需掌握其对人物的刻画、叙事技巧以及反映的社会现实。
2、文艺复兴时期文学文艺复兴时期的英国文学成就斐然。
威廉·莎士比亚是重中之重，他的戏剧作品如《哈姆雷特》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《麦克白》等，要深入研究其人物塑造、情节设置、主题思想以及对人性、命运、爱情等问题的探讨。
同时，还需了解这一时期其他重要作家如托马斯·莫尔的《乌托邦》。
3、 17 世纪文学这一时期的玄学派诗歌和清教徒文学是重点。
约翰·多恩的玄学派诗歌以奇特的比喻和复杂的思维著称，要理解其诗歌的独特风格和思想内涵。
而弥尔顿的《失乐园》《复乐园》等作品，则要把握其宗教主题和史诗般的气魄。
4、 18 世纪文学启蒙运动时期的英国文学注重现实和理性。
丹尼尔·笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》是必读作品，要分析主人公的形象和作品所反映的殖民主义、个人奋斗等主题。
此外，乔纳森·斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》也是重点，理解其讽刺手法和对社会现象的批判。
5、 19 世纪浪漫主义文学浪漫主义时期的诗人如威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治、拜伦、雪莱和济慈的作品都需要认真研读。
了解他们各自的诗歌风格、主题以及对自然、爱情、自由等的追求。
同时，简·奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》也是常考内容，要分析其细腻的人物描写和婚姻爱情观。
6、 19 世纪现实主义文学查尔斯·狄更斯的作品在这一时期占据重要地位，如《雾都孤儿》《大卫·科波菲尔》《双城记》等，要理解其对社会现实的批判和对人性的关怀。
英国文学选读期末考试复习知识点
考点一：The Canterbury Tales参考A: 1~3: spring rain 4: spring flower 5: spring wind 6~7: spring grass 8~9: spring sun 10~~18: the celebration of spring (10~13: birds’ singing; 14~18: people’s pilgrimages)参考B: Structure beauty: The 18 lines form a coherent whole which is a sentence that composes of two adverbial clauses of time (line 1~11) and a main clause (12~18), expressing the essential idea of the whole work.考点二：Why is spring compared to a king? (4’)1.As the first season of a year, spring is as powerful as the king because it gives life toeverything.2.The use of the “king” can rime with “spring” and “sing”.考点三：What’s the effect of repeating “come live with me and be my love”?1.For the speaker’s part, he can strengthen his passion to his love, he sounds moreconfident than ever and the plea becomes more persuasive with each repetition.2.For the listener’s part, we can understand speaker’intention much more clearly. Thelistener will feel that shepherd’s love is strong and sincerely.3.It makes the ending match up with the beginning so as to make the poem a completewhole.考点四：What’s the effect of repeating the calls of the birds in each stanza?1. A good poem is usually like a beautiful song, the calls of the birds are pleasing to the ear.The repeated songs can give people pleasure and make this poem have a beautifulrhyme.2.The repetition of this line make three stanzas from a united whole.3.The sweat songs of the birds describe their happiness in spring and express their love ofspring. Their songs can also create a happy and peaceful atmosphere for people to enjoyspring.4.To emphasize the coming of spring.考点五：Compare these two poem: （讲义第7和第8面）1.On one hand, they share the same structure, meter, rhyme pattern and subject matters. Theywere written in iambic pentameter with six quatrains, each rhyming aabb. Both poems are about love and nature.2.On the other hand, they have obvious differences. Marlowe was young, he idealized natureand love. So his poem was romantic and imaginative. But Raleigh was old, and his attitude was jaded. He shows the reality of life and presents and opposite and negative view towards love and nature described in Marlowe’s poem.考点六：（可能会考选择题）Script(剧本): the written work from which a drama is produced; contains stage directions and dialogue.Stage directions（舞台说明）: notes provided by the playwright to describe how something should be performed on stage. Stage directions often describe elements of the spectacle: lighting, music, sound effects, costumes, properties, and set designs.Soliloquy（独白）: a long speech given by a character while alone on stage to reveal his or her private thoughts or intentions.Aside（旁白）: a statement intended to be heard by the audience or by a single other character butnot by all the other characters on stage.Act(幕): a major division of a drama.Scene(场景)：a division of an act; it begins with the entrance of one or more characters and ends with the exit of one or more characters.考点七：Why Juliet is a sun not a beautiful flower?1.There is only one sun in the world and Juliet is the only woman Romeo loves.2.Juliet is more beautiful and warm than the moon and the stars, so Juliet is the sun.考点八：What we can learn from Romeo and Juliet?1.We should believe true love.2.be brave to pursuer true love and happiness.3.be firm to your love.4.the more I give to you, the more I have.考点九：Problems troubling Hamlet:Hamlet’s endurance has reached the breaking point.1.His father has been murdered by his uncle.2.His mother, who he loves dearly, is married to his uncle right after his father’s death.3.Then his former friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dispatched by claudius to spy onhim.4.Moreover, his sweetheart, Ophelia, is sent as a tool to find out whether or not he is really mad.This is some thing he can no longer endure.5.One incident after another seems to reveal to him that the time is “out of joint”, and man is notso good as he had imagined.6.Now, he’s all alone. The world that he knew is shattered. His black mood of despair isdeepened by his inability to act ---to do something to change the situation. Now he ponders whether to continue living or to take his own life.考点十：对to be, or not to be: that is the question的理解。
英国文学选读要点(修改)
《英国文学选读》要点（2）-- 诗人及其作品解读1. Introduction of William ShakespeareSignificance1. the greatest English poet and dramatist2. certainly the most important playwright of the English Renaissance3．Likely the most influential writer in all of English literatureTheme of Sonnet 18His sonnet 18 expresses that beautiful things can rely on the force of literature to reach eternity.Analysis of the poemThe first two quatrains focus on the fair lord's beauty: the poet attempts to compare it to a summer's day, but shows that there can be no such comparison, since the fair lord's timeless beauty far surpasses that of the fleeting, inconstant season.Summer -- "summer" as a metaphor for youth, or perhaps beauty, or perhaps the beauty of youth.What does ―eternal lines‖ mean in the last but one stanza?What’s the rhyme of Shakespearean Sonnet?Questions 1 in page 14：The speaker opens the poem with a question addressed to the beloved: "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" The next eleven lines are devoted to such a comparison.In line 2, the speaker stipulates what mainly differentiates the young man from the summer's day: he is "more lovely and more temperate."The poet describes summer as a season of extremes and disappointments. Summer's days tend toward extremes: they are shaken by "rough winds"; In them, thesun ("the eye of heaven") often shines "too hot," or too dim. And summer is fleeting: its date is too short, and it leads to the withering of autumn, as "every fair from fair sometime declines."The final quatrain of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in that respect: his beauty will last forever ("Thy eternal summer shall not fade...") and never die.In the couplet, the speaker explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this feat, and not perish because it is preserved in the poem, which will last forever; it will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see."2. Geoffrey Chaucer （1340 -- 1400）Significance1. ―the father of English poetry‖ (by John Dryden)2．the founder of modern English3．the founder of English realistic literature: the greatest literate before Shakespeare 4. He was the first to be buried in Westminster Abby, for his great contribution to the making of English and literature.Chaucer’s writing style1. His poetry is full of vigor and swiftness.2. He enriched the poetic forms for the English poetry.3. He is the first people who made the London vernacular the language of his work thus make it the foundation for modern speech and establishing English as the literary language of the country.General Introduction to The Canterbury TalesSignificance1. It was the last of Geoffrey Chaucer's works2. The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s Masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.3. It is one of the landmarks of English literature, perhaps the greatest work produced in Middle English4. It gives us a true to life picture of his time. The work stands as a historical and sociological introduction to the life and times of the late Middle Ages3. Introduction of John Donne（1572 - 1631）Significance1. Founder of Metaphysical School2. Donne was the leading exponent of a style of poetry called "metaphysical poetry," which flourished in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.3. The most striking feature of Donne’s Poetry is his frequent use of conceit.The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death and religion.Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare,Themes of Holy Sonnet 10（上p.151）His Holy Sonnet 10 reveals his belief in life after death. Death is momentarily while happiness after death is eternal.l One short sleep past, we wake eternally,And death shall be no more; Death, thou shalt die.1. What does sleep mean? Death.2. How do you understand we live eternally?Life and death are two periods. Death is the expansion of life. Shortly after our death, our soul will enter heaven and live happily forever.4. Introduction of Robert Burns（1759-1796）Significance1. Scottish poet and writer of traditional Scottish folk songs2. He is the national poet of Scotland. Robert Burns is representative of Scotland. He has become almost a national symbol of all things Scottish.3. the greatest poet Scotland in the late 18th century has ever produced;4. a remarkable lyricist on the theme of love and friendship;5. a patriotic poet calling for national independence, liberty, equality and fraternity for all the people in the world ;6. a peasant poet sharing his people’s feelings and drawing material form the folk legends and songs;7. He was the people’s poet. He came from the people and wrote for the people.―A Red, Red Rose‖ is written as a ballad with four stanzas of four lines, or quatrains each§Themes of A Red, Red RoseTheme - this is a poem of love and reassurance. Burns is leaving his love and intends to reassure her of his fidelity and love for her in his absence.5. Introduction of William Wordsworth(1770-1850)Significance1. He is the third greatest poet and the greatest lyric poet in English literature.2. He is the leading figure of the English Romantic poetry, and he is regareded as a―worshipper of nature‖.3. He was one of ―lake poets‖4. He is a poet in memory of the past and was called "prophets of nature"I Wandered Lonely as a CloudFormThe four six-line stanzas of this poem follow a quatrain-couplet rhyme scheme: ABABCC.Each line is metered in iambic tetrameter.Characteristics– The poem is a master piece on natureSignificanceThis poem typically depicts the serene beauty of nature and shows the poet’s respect for nature as well.Exercises"For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dance with the daffodils.(1) What is the "bliss of the solitude"? The Daffodils the poem saw.(2) Interpret the passage.It is a bliss/happiness to recollect the beauty of nature in his mind when he is solitude/lonely.(3) Why did the poet write the poem, what did he want to express?The poem depicts/deals with the flowers that he came across along waterside, by which he expresses the quiet, sympathy, loving feeling to nature just like his words "poetry is from "emotion recollected in tranquility".5. Introduction of Percy Bysshe Shelley（1792～1822）Ode to the West WindGenre of the PoemThe ode is a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung.Form of the poemEach of the seven parts of "Ode to the West Wind" contains five stanzas--fourthree-line stanzas and a two-line couplet, all metered in iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme in each part follows a pattern known as terza rima三行诗节押韵法, Thus each of the seven parts of "Ode to the West Wind" follows this scheme: ABA BCB CDC DED EE.SummaryOde to the West Wind" is one of Shelley's best known lyrics. The poet describes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea, and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind, and his wish to be free like the wind and to scatter his words among mankind.ExercisesO wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being,Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing, …alliteration personificationQuestions:What kind of wind does west wind refer to?Autumn wind.What do these lines describe?The destructive power of the west wind that drives away all the old and rotten things."Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!―(1)What does the "wild spirit "refer to?"wild spirit" refers to west wind/autumn wind.(2)Why called it "Destroyer and Preserver" at the same time?Because west wind buries the dead leaves, the symbol of old rotten society, and also the things, thoughts, or ideas that are dead or obsolete. Meanwhile it prepares for a new spring, and preserves new life or seeds that will come to life in the spring, the symbol of a new world.(3)Identify the poet and the poem."Ode to the west wind" of Percy Shelley. (terza rima)"As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.Oh! Lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowedOne too like thee: tameless, and swift and proud.―A heavy weight of hoursIt refers to burdens and pressures of lifemoral and cultural conventions picked up by individuals in lifelessons learned from life experiencesufferings and misfortunes in life.(1)Explain "I fall upon the thorns of life, I bleed―The sentence call Shelley’s desire that he couldn’t best being fettered to/limited by the humdrum/too ordinary reality of everyday!(2)Can you comprehend the deep emotion contained in the poem? What’s that?In the poem, the west wind has become the poet himself, he wants to be free, proud and uncontrollable like the wild west wind, to destruct and construct with the strong power like the west wind.(3)The poet was called the "the heart of all hearts", he trumpeted the radical prophecy of hope and rebirth. Please write out his classic words.If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?"If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?This is of course a rhetorical question because spring does come after winter.The question has a deeper meaning and does not only mean the change of seasons, but is a reference to death and rebirth as well.It illustrates Shelley’s critical atti tude to the ugly society and can best express Shelley’s optimistic belief in the bright future of mankind in face of the cold winter, that is the cold society, and the harsh social reality.It may mean that after the struggles and problems in life, there would always be a solution.6. Introduction of John Keats (1795-1821)Significance1. The most talented of the English romantic poets2. He wrote best odes in English literature3. The last of the great Romantics4. The most attractive Romantic figure because of his personal life and his poetry5. A poet of great beauty6. A close friend of Shelley’sOde on a Grecian UrnType of poem: lyric poem Type of lyric poem: odeExercise 1:"Thou still unravish’d bride of quietness,Thou foster-child of silence and slow time,Sylvan historian, who canst thus expressA flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:"(1)Who is the poet? The name?(2)Explain the sentence.(3)What was the theme of the poem?Answer:(1)This is the "ode on a Grecian Um", which was written by the poet---John Keats.(2)The sentence means: though time has passed, the urn, the works of the art still remains, and it tells a pastoral/lyrical tale to us, and the description of the urn is much more beautiful than the words of any human.(3)The theme is: Human life is transient, but the art is immortal.Exercise 2:"O Attic shape! Fair attitude! With brede …As doth eternity: cold pastoral!"(1)How do you understand "cold pastoral"(2)What device is used in the poem?(3)Explain the implication of the poem. At the end of the poem, the poet gave a famous saying, and it is also the theme of the poem, what is that?Answer:(1)Cold pastoral means the lyrical scene on the Grecian urn lacks life and warmth.(2)Contrast.(3)The poet wanted to show the permanence of the art and the transience of human passion presenting his ambivalence/opposing feelings about time and nature of beauty. The saying is "Beauty is truth, truth beauty"7. Introduction of Alfred TennysonSignificanceHe was the most prolific poet in the 19th-century English literature.He is the most representative Victorian poet.His wonderful works show all the qualities of England’s great poets.Poet LaureateBreak，Break，Break"Break, Break, Break" is a lyric poem that Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) was believed to have completed in 1834. It centers on Tennyson's grief over the death of his best friend, Arthur Hallam, a fellow poet.The fisherman's boy happily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plying the waters of commerce：The poet’s own feelings of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves. ThemesGrief；Preciousness of Youth；Indifference of Nature《英国文学选读》要点（3）-- 散文家/短篇小说家/戏剧家及其作品解读Francis Bacon（1561—1626）Significance1. He is a philosophy, a scientist and the first English essayist.2. He is best known for his Essays that is the first example of that genre in English literature.Of Studies -- The most popular of Bacon’s essays.Language FeaturesForceful and persuasive; compact and precise; and the essays reveals to us Bacon’s nature attitude towards learning.What studies chiefly serve for.The different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.How studies exert influence over human characterThemeDifferent ways of studies may exert different influences over human characters. 10. David Herbert Lawrence，1885～1930Significance1. English novelist, story writer, critic, poet and painter2. one of the greatest figures in 20th-century English literature3. the greatest novelist form a working family4. one of the primary shapers of 20th-century fictionRocking Horse WinnerStyleThe opening paragraphs of ―The Rocking-Horse Winner‖ are written in a style similar to that of a fairy tale. ThemesThe theme of the story is that materialism can lead to spiritual death, and that when we gamble or game for gold, we only are going to win a hollow soul.Evident in "The Rocking-Horse Winner" is Lawrence's distain for conspicuous consumption, crass materialism, and an emotionally distant style of parenting popularly thought to exist in England during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.rocking horse -- by its very frantic motion, back and forth, symbolizes the frantic grasping for wealth.Hester -- Paul’s mother, a cold, unfeeling, wasteful, shallow and materialistic woman who is incapable of loving others.William ShakespeareWorks of Shakespeare and the three major periods of his literary lifeThe first period: 1590 to 1600, In this period he created his best comedies A Midsummer Night‟s Dream, The Merchant of Venice; Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It; and Twelfth Night;The second period began from 1601 to 1609. In this period he produced his four great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth, which represent the climax of his dramatic power.Please give a brief analysis of Hamlet’s “To be or not to be” soliloquy“To be or not to be” is a philosophical exploration of life and death. The soliloquy conveys ‟the sense of world-weariness.Analysis of HamletHamlet is a man of Renaiss ance with humanist‟s ideal.Hamlet is a hero of the Renaissance. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and the17th century.The theme of “ Hamlet”It praises Hamlet‟s st ruggle against his evil uncle.It expresses the sharp contradiction between the rising bourgeoisie and the feudal power through a bloody revenge.It also shows that England was no longer a merry England as it was before. It‟s a country full of disturbances, social evils.《英国文学选读》要点（4）-- 小说家及其作品解读Daniel Defoe(1661-1731) and his Robinson CrusoeSignificance1. a pioneer novelist of England;2. one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel;3. Along with Samuel Richardson, Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel.The themes|man’s struggles against nature|Glorification of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determination to improve his livelihood.|Glorification of laborThe style|Realistic styleSymbol – The great wooden cross|The great wooden cross that Crusoe makes to mark time is a symbol of his journey towards rebirth.|The symbol casts a new, somewhat romantic light on the adventure, for it gives hope and foreshadows success for Robinson CrusoeThe Capital letters on the cross|The large size and capital letters show us how important this cross is to Crusoe as a timekeeping device and thus also as a way of relating himself to the larger social world where dates and calendars still matter.|It’s a memorial to Crusoe himself, underscoring how completely he has become the center of his own life.Character Analysis – Robinson Crusoe|Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels.|Through the characterization of Robinson Crusoe, Defoe depicts him as a hero struggling against nature, and human fate with his indomitable will and hand, and eulogizes creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development.|From an individual laborer to a master and colonizer, Crusoe seems to have gone through various stages of human civilization, creating a visual picture to manifest how man’s history has developed from the primitive to the feudal, and then to the capitalistic one in the eighteenth century.Jane Austen(1775-1817) and her Pride and PrejudiceJane Austen 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817Significance1. a woman novelist of the 18th century2. the only important female author in the 18-19th century3. the first writer who examines women’s position and their problems in the society4. She presented the quiet, day-to-day country life of the middle -upper -class English. How do you understand Pride and Prejudice?|Pride and Prejudice is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novels.|Pride and Prejudice is originally drafted as "First Impressions".|In this novel, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.|In this novel, Darcy stands for Pride and Elizabeth represents Prejudice. In the end, pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.Theme|Marriage is important to individuals and society.Analysis of the NovelIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.|This is the first sentence of Pride and Prejudice and stands as one of the most famous first lines in literature because of its masterful irony, its humorous tone, and its foreshadowing of the entire novel.|It offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot that the pursuit of ―single men in possession of a good fortune‖ by various female characters.|The second half of the sentence, however, reveals that the "universal truth" is nothing more than a social truth, which ironically is not a truth at all, but a misrepresentation of social facts.|In fact, a woman who has no means of outside support in the 19th century is greatly in need of a wealthy husband.Mrs. Bennet|She is a stupid, vulgar, silly, and noisy woman.|She is a single-minded woman with the desire to see her daughters married and seems to care for nothing else in the world.|Austen uses her continually to highlight the necessity of marriage for young women. Elizabeth Bennet|The second daughter in the Bennet family, and the most intelligent and quick-witted, Elizabeth is the protagonist of Pride and Prejudice and one of the most well-known female characters in English literature.|She is lovely, clever, and, in a novel defined by dialogue, she converses as brilliantly as anyone.|Her beauty, honesty, virtue, and lively wit enable her to rise above the nonsense and bad behavior that pervade her class-bound and often spiteful society.|She pursues her true love bravely. She is also courageous, fearless and frank.|On the whole, Elizabeth is a typical image of the good, attractive lady in the 19th century.Charles Dickens and his Great ExpectationsSignificance1. the greatest novelist in English literature.2. the greatest representatives of English critical realism3. one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age4. His works are intended to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy, and corruptness of the 19th-centuray England, particularly London.Key Facts|genres · Bildungsroman (also called initiation stories or coming-of-age stories), social criticism, autobiographical fiction|narrator · Pip|point of view · First personMain Idea of Great Expectations(1861) a novel by Charles Dickens about a young man called Pip who wants to become rich and successful. He is given money by an unknown person, and as a result he becomes a less nice person, but after several difficult experiences, he finally realizes that he must work hard to make enough money to live well, and he becomes a kind, generous man.Meaning of the Title|As a young man, Pip is led into making grave mistakes based on his false expectation of being a gentleman, his false expectation of marrying Estella, and his general false expectation of rising above his past.|Ultimately, he learns that true worth comes from inside a man, and turns away from his once-great expectations.Pip|Because Pip is narrating his story many years after the events of the novel take place, there are really two Pips in Great Expectations: Pip the narrator and Pip the character.|Pip the narrator shows how Pip the character feels about what is happening to him as it actually happens. And it enables us to see and feel the story through his eyes.|As a character, Pip’s two most important traits are his immature, romantic idealism and his innately good conscience. Pip is at heart a very generous and sympathetic young man.Look‟ee here, Pip. I‟m your second father. You‟re my son—more to me nor any son. I‟ve put away money, only for you to spend. When I was a hired-out shepherd in a solitary hut, not seeing no faces but faces of sheep till I half-forgot wot men‟s and women‟s faces wos like, I see yourn. . . . I see you there a many times plain a s ever I see you on them misty marshes. …Lord strike me dead!‟ I says each time—and I goes out in the open air to say it under the open heavens—…but wot, if I gets liberty and money, I‟ll make that boy a gentleman!‟ And I done it. Why, look at you, dear bo y! Look at these here lodgings of yourn, fit for a lord! A lord? Ah! You shall show money with lords for wagers, and beat ‟em!(1) Language FeaturesHis language is colloquial, informal, ungrammatical sentences, sub-standard pronunciation, which shows that he is unwell-educated with low social position from lower class.(2) Who is the speaker? Make a comment on this character.Abel Magwitch|For most of the novel, he is unnamed, referred to simply as "the convict" or "Pip's convict." He appears evil. He is a dangerous and desperate convict who keeps popping up in Pip's life.|When he finally reveals himself to Pip, however, he expresses love and gratitude, admiration and affection.|Magwitch is responsible for the changes in Pip. His money has made Pip into a social "gentleman." But his kindness and loyalty transforms Pip into a responsible adult whoregrets his own bad behavior. In short, because of Magwitch, Pip develops into a man who values integrity over wealth.Thomas Hardy|The last important novelist of the Victorian age.|naturalist also critical realist writer|Hardy started as a poet and ended as a poet|both hardy’ s poems and novels are transition from realism to modernism. naturalism|Darwin’s idea of "survival of the fittest‖|Naturalism is essentially a literary expression of determinism. Associated with bleak, realistic depictions of lower-class life, determinism denies religion as a motivating force in the world and instead perceives the universe as a machine.|Eighteenth-century Enlightenment thinkers had also imagined the world as a machine, but as a perfect one, invented by God and tending toward progress and human betterment. Naturalists imagined society, instead, as a blind machine, godless and out of control.|Man is born with tragic, inevitably bound by his own hereditary traits.Man proves powerless before fate however he tries, he seldom escapes his doomed destinyThe Analysis of TessLiterary Views|Thomas Hardy believes that man’s fate is predeterminedly tragic, driven by a c ombined force of ―nature‖, both inside and outside.|Most of his novels have a tragic ending. And the characters’ tragedies result from some mysterious force in nature in the form of fate and chance. This shows Hardy’s pessimism and sympathy for human miseries.Writing Features|The tragic sense is the keynote of Hardy’s novels, and he is a nostalgic author.|Hardy’s novels always set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude region, which is threatened by the invading capitalism, expressing the conflict between the traditional and the modern, the old and the modern.|In his Wessex novels, he vividly and truthfully described the tragic lives of the tenants in the last decade of the 19th century.|Man’s fate is tragic with born, driven by the force of the nature of outside and inside, and man is bound by his inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for happiness or success, and set him in conflict with the environment, which is influenced greatly by Darwin’s theory ―survival of the fittest‖.|Man proves to be incompetent/impotent before Fate, and he seldom escapes his destiny. The pessimistic view of life predominates most works of Hardy, which earns him the name of a naturalistic writer.|Hardy is noted for he rustic dialect and a poetic flavor, so he is also called local-colorist.|Tess of the D’Urbervilles is one of the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.Symbolic Meanings of the historic site of Stonehenge|a collection of giant stones arranged in a circular form, dating from 2,800 to 1,500 B.C. The purposes for the monuments were to serve as an astrological calendar and a ceremonial place for religious or tribal worship.Angel recognizes that Tess is ―lying on an altar‖—like a sacrifice to the ancient pagans who used to practice there. In a modern sense, Tess is sacrificed to the laws and morals of the nineteenth century.Understanding ―Justice‖ was doneIn this sense, there is great irony in Hardy’s reference to the Greek trag edian Aeschylus.Tess is like Prometheus in that she seems to have been a ―toy‖ of the gods of morality and religion in Victorian England, and she had to be sacrificed for the good of mankind.All of Tess’ life is the result of either an accident, fate, or the intervention of the gods. Fate has intervened in Tess’ world and shaped the course of her life.I n any case, Hardy hints that Tess’s life may have a mythical and tragic importance like that of Prometheus.An analysis of TessTess is able to bear great burdens placed upon her at a young age. She is between the ages of 16 and 23 when we read her tale. This ability to undergo so much at such a young age builds her character so that we see her as a powerful force in the novel.In part, Tess represents the changing role of the agricultural workers in England in the late nineteenth century. There is aristocracy in Tess’s blood, visible in her graceful beauty—yet she is forced to work as a farmhand and milkmaid.She is in between, both socially and culturally. Thus, Tess is a symbol of unclear and unstable notions of class in nineteenth-century Britain, where old family lines retained their earlier glamour, but where cold economic realities made sheer wealth more important than inner nobility.Beyond her social symbolism, Tess represents fallen humanity in a religious sense. Tess represents what is known in Christian theology as original sin, the degraded state。
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西南大学英国文学选读考试重点☆英国文学名家名著《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）是英国盎格鲁·撒克逊时期的一首英雄史诗，古英语文学的最高成就，同时标志着英国文学的开始。
史诗的第一部分讲述瑞典青年王子贝奥武甫来到丹麦，帮助丹麦国王赫罗斯加杀死了12年来常来进行夜袭的巨妖格伦德尔及他的母亲；第二部分简述了贝奥武甫继承王位，平安统治50年。
后来，他的国土被一条喷火巨龙蹂躏，老当益壮的贝奥武甫与火龙交战，杀死火龙，自己也受了致命伤。
杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer ，1340-1400)是英国文学之父亲和前最杰出的作家。
主要作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
作品的主要特点是主题、题材、风格、笔调的多样性及描写人对生活的追求的复杂性。
他的代表作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）不仅描绘了31位朝圣者的各个社会阶层，而且也反映了他们各自叙述故事的不同风格，读者广泛，对后世影响很大。
威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare ，1564-1616)是文艺复兴时期英国著名的剧作家和诗人。
他创作了大量的作品，其中包括喜剧、悲剧和历史剧。
他的剧本至今仍在许多国家上演，并为人们所普遍阅读。
莎上比亚的作品文才横溢，创造的喜、怒、哀、乐场面使人印象深刻，历久难忘。
主要作品有四大悲剧：《奥赛罗》(Othello)、《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）、《麦克白》(Macbeth),《李尔王》(King Lear)；四大喜剧：《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night’s Dream)、《威尼斯商人》(The Merchant of Venice)、《无事生非》(Much Ado about Nothing)和《皆大欢喜》(As You Like It)等。
此外，历史剧《亨利六世》(Henry VI)三部曲，爱情悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）也都很受欢迎。
《哈姆雷特》叙述了丹麦王子哈姆雷特替父报仇，杀死篡夺王位的叔父的故事。
《哈姆雷特》里“to be or not to be, that is the question”的成为经典台词。
《罗密欧与朱丽叶》描写了一对青年男女因家族间的世仇而不能联姻结果自杀的故事，揭露了封建制度的残酷无情，同时，歌颂了青年男女纯洁坚贞的爱情。
济慈（Keats, 1795一1821）是英国浪漫主义诗人。
他出身贫苦，作过医生的学徒，后来才以写诗为业。
他对当时英国社会的现实不满，希望在一个“永恒的美的世界”中寻找安身立命之处。
他的诗歌以文辞声调之美著称，在艺术上对后代的英国诗人影响很大。
主要作品有《伊沙贝拉》(Isabella)、《夜莺颂》(Ode to a Nightingale)和《秋颂》(To Autumn)等。
雪莱（Shelley ，1792一1822）是英国浪漫主义的重要诗人。
他生于贵族家庭。
他既创作了富于政治思想性的诗，也写了很多优美的抒情诗，特别是爱情诗，显示了不羁的想象，瑰丽的色彩和动人的音韵，这些使他成为英国文学史上最有才华的抒情诗人之一。
他的主要作品有《麦布女王》(Queen Mab)、《致英国人民之歌》(Song to the Men of England)、《解放了的普罗米修斯》(Prometheus Unbound)和《西风颂》(Ode to the West Wind)等。
《西风颂》里的名句“冬天来了，春天还会远吗？”（If Winters comes,can spring be far behind）成为妇幼皆知的诗文。
华兹华斯（Wordsworth，1770-1850），18-19世纪之交英国浪漫主义运动最伟大和最有影响的诗人。
他和克勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）、骚塞(Robert Southey)三人组成“湖畔派诗人(the Lake Poets)”其作品的主题是人与大自然的关系。
1813年他接受政府长期津贴，1843年又被封为桂冠诗人。
他的主要作品有《抒情歌谣集》(Lyrical Ballads)、《水仙》(Daffodill)和《序曲》(The Prelude)等。
笛福（Daniel Defoe,1661-1731）是英国小说之父。
59岁时发表的成名小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》（Robinson Crusoe）出版后立即成为家喻户晓的畅销书。
随后，他又写了《辛格顿船长》(Captain Singleton)、《摩尔·弗兰德》(Moll Flanders)、（大疫年日记）(a Journsl of the Plagure Year)等小说。
《鲁滨逊飘流记》是根据苏格兰水手亚历山大·塞尔扣克的航海遇险、流落在荒岛上并独居4年才获救的真实故事，经过艺术加工而成的作品。
主人公鲁滨逊是笛福理想中的英国资产阶级的代表人物。
他富于冒险精神，依靠个人的劳动和智慧力量克服自然界的种种困难。
这对于否定普通人作用的封建社会来说，是有进步意义的。
简·奥斯丁（Jane Austen ，1775一1817）,英国现实主义小说家。
她是乡村牧师的女儿，一生住在乡间。
写过六部小说，多以乡间生活为背景，更以婚姻问题为中心题材。
她的作品情节结构精密紧凑，人物描写深刻生动，戏剧场面精彩，对话巧妙。
主要作品有《理智和情感》(Sense and Sensibility)、《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and Prejudice)、《曼斯非尔德花园》(Mansfield Park)、《爱玛》(Emma)等。
华人导演李安（Ang Lee ，1954—）于1995年导演的外语影片《理智与情感》获当年美国奥斯卡(Oscar)最佳剧本改编及最佳女演员奖。
夏洛蒂、爱米丽和安妮姐妹（Charlotte, Emily and Anne）三人出身贫寒，幼年丧母，不得不在慈善学校度过童年。
夏洛蒂38岁才结婚，次年去世。
两个妹妹终生未嫁。
夏洛蒂的代表作《简爱》(Jane Eyre)是她的自传体小说，小说问世后立即产生了巨大影响。
小说坦率而热情地塑造了同自己的天生欲望和社会地位发生冲突的妇女。
爱米丽的《呼啸的山庄》(Wuthering Heights)被誉为第一部社会革命小说。
安妮的小说具有平静力和现实性，也得到了一些评论者的称赞。
查理·狄更斯（Charles Dickens ，1812 - 1870）, 19世纪英国伟大的小说家。
幼年家贫，曾作徒工，成名后仍接近贫苦人民。
一生创作辛勤，留下了20多部小说，包括《匹克威克外传》(Pickerwick Papers)、《雾都孤儿》(Oliver Twist)、《双城记》(A Tale of Two Cities)、《艰难时世》(Hard Times)和《大卫·科波菲尔》(David Copperfield)等。
狄更斯的小说情节曲折动人，人物形象鲜明生动，写景叙事真切而又富想象，既有尖刻的讽刺，又有幽默的夸张。
沃特·司各特(Sir Walter Scott,1771一1832)是英国19世纪初浪漫主义时期的著名诗人、小说家和戏剧家。
他的主要成就是历史小说。
《艾凡赫》(Ivanhoe)是他的代表作，它以12世纪的英国为背景，描写当时的盎格鲁·撒克逊人和在上一世纪征服了英国的诺曼人之间的民族矛盾，以及统治阶级和穷苦农民之间的阶级矛盾。
它通过各式各样的人物和错综复杂的情节，展开了一幅描绘中世纪社会生活的广阔画面。
斯蒂文森（Robert Stevenson,1850-1894））是英国著名的冒险故事和散文作家。
他的作品种类繁多，构思精巧，其成熟小说富有独创性和力量。
他写了一系列以苏格兰为背景的小说，如《黑箭》、《绑架》、《巴伦特雷的少爷》等。
他的成名作《金银岛》（Treasure Island）是男孩们爱不释手的好书。
约瑟夫·康拉德（Joseph Conrad，1857一1924），英国航海家和小说家。
他出生在俄国的波兰人家庭，康拉德是他的笔名。
他自幼向往海上生活，先后在不同的商船上工作，担任过水手、大副和船长等职务。
他在海上传奇式的经历给他的写作提供了丰富的素材。
他的作品有《黑暗的中心》（The Heart of Darkness）、《吉姆爷》（Lord Jim）等。
《黑暗的中心》写船长马洛指挥一艘汽船沿刚果河深人非洲寻觅文明的故事。
这部书表现了文明与原始的对立，在许多地方对殖民上主义表示不满。
哈代（Thomas Harday,1840-1928）英国维多利亚时代最后一位和最重要的小说家。
一生以英国南部小镇为背景写了很多“威塞克斯系列”（the Wessex novels）的小说，主要有：《德伯家的苔丝》（Tess of the D’Urbervilles，被改编成有影响力的电影）、《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure，被改编成有感染力的电影）、《还乡》(The Return of the Native)等。
小说中充满了悲观主义（pessimistic）的人生观和宿命论的思想。
维吉尼亚·吴尔夫（Virginia Woolf，1882一1941），英国现代女作家。
她对小说的写作形式曾作出独特贡献，也是当时最优秀的评论家之一。
她在伦敦的住地布鲁姆斯伯里成为文学中心，座上客都是当时著名作家和文人。
维吉尼亚的小说着重写人物的内心世界。
主要作品有《到灯塔去》(To the Lighthouse)、《远航》(The V oyage Out)、《奥兰多》(Orlando)和《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dolloway）等。
《黛洛维夫人》是吴尔夫早期的佳作，写黛洛维夫人一天24小时之内的生活。
情节简单，风格特点是抒情、深邃、细致。
用“意识流” (stream of consciousness)这一创作方法深刻细腻地描绘了人物内心深处的思想感情、个性及弱点。
D. H.劳伦斯（D.H. Lawrence，1889-1930）是当代英国文学的一位大师，著名的现代派作军代表之一。
他在创作上摒弃了英国传统的艺术表现形式，语言质朴、句子结构简单，大量使用淳朴的生活语言。
他在作品中揭示了人性中的本能力量，并辛辣地批评了现代工业社会。
他一生写了10部长篇小说，其中最伟大和最有代表性的是《虹》(The Rainbow)和《恋爱中的女人》(women in Love)。
其他作品包括《恰特莱夫人的情人》(Lady Chatterley’s Love)、《迷失的少女》(The Lost Girl)和《儿子与情人》(Songs and Lovers)等。