British_history_2 英语国家概况 英国历史相关
英语国家概况英国的历史起源
英语国家概况英国的历史起源当我们看英国的电影时，会不会对于这个国家的历史起源感兴趣呢?下面是店铺带来英国的历史起源的介绍，欢迎大家阅读!英语国家概况:英国的历史起源(克尔特人的到来和定居)(公元前5000年—1066年)I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克尔特人的到来和定居Celts were practiced famers. The drained much ofmarshlands and built houses of wood.They wreironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celtslanguages, are the basis of the language which is stillused by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德鲁伊教). 克尔特人是有经验的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。
他们还打造铁器。
苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。
1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.约公元前700年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人的来临。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是约公元前400年布列吞人的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是约公元前150年比利其人的到达。
英语国家概况II. British History
The Tower of London
• William sailed his army across the English Channel to conquer England. On October 14, 1066, he met Harold at Hastings and conquered him. On Christmas Day later that year, William the conqueror was crowned King of England.
The Great Charter
The Beginning of the Parliament • Clause 14 states that the common consent of the kingdom was to be sought from a council of the archbishops, bishops, earls and greater Barons. This later became the great council, which led to the first parliament.
Stonehenge
Early Settlers
3. In the 1st millennium BC (公元前 1000 年 ), the Celts (凯尔特人 ) overran the British Isles. Celtic warriors were farmers when they weren’t fighting.
The Great Charter
The Beginning of the Parliament
• 注：Magna Carta (the Great Charter) 英 国大宪章。1215年，英国大封建领主和教 会反对英王约翰的一些政策，迫使他签署 了保障部分公民权和政治权利的文件，限 制国王的权力。大宪章被认为是维护公民 权不受王权侵犯的重要文件。
British_history_2英语国家概况英国历史相关-2022年学习资料
William Ill and Mary-alyogine buege-By SaDEreNFFE6.20 2
The Glorious Revolution of 1688-L7yw1e心s0J-By SaDEreN FE6.2002
The Rise of the British Empire-The industrial revolut on-The chartist movement-The workshop of the world-Th colonial expansion-ogi tuogd-By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
2.1 Religious Reformation-Reasons-2 religious camps:C tholic-and Protestant-Immediate cause:Henry VIII's-di orce-Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII-only supreme head of the church of England"-In essence,the Reformation was a political movement in a-religious guise-alyogi bwog -By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
James l-Lalyogine tuege-By SaDer9NFKE6.2002
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The Divine Right of Kings-●-James I was a firm believ r in the-Divine Right of Kings.He thought of his righ -to rule as God-given,which should not be-challenged y anyone,and he preferred no-Parliament at all.-alyog bwogd-By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
British_history_2 英语国家概况 英国历史相关
Steam Engine
Merchant Fleet
2.4 The Industrial Revolution
• By the middle of 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain
❖ Its influence: Britain changed in many ways
The industrial revolution
• Causes: 1. Favorable geographical location 2. Political stability 3. Fast-growing population 4. Enclosure movement 5. Well-trained engineers and craftsmen
2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
• Restoration: –1661, Charles II: to restore the old social order –1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism
The industrial revolution
• 5. Compton’s mule spinner(1779) also replaced hand labor and required
steam to drive them 6. Cartwright’s
power loom(1784)
2.4 The Industrial Revolution
Parliamentarians (Roundheads [圆颅党人]) ❖ Result: the monarchy was abolished in 1949
英语国家概况(自测中英互译)——英国篇
第一部分英国第一章国土与人民1、地理名称：大不列颠群岛、大不列颠和英格兰2官方名称、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国3、大不列颠群岛是有两个达到和成百上千个小岛组成的。
两个大岛分别是大不列颠岛和北爱尔兰岛4大不列颠岛上有3个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士第二章英国的起源1、有记载的英国历史开始于罗马人的入侵2、罗马人把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠3爱德华国王因其对宗教的虔诚被封为“忏悔者”，并且他对过时的关心苏护远不及他对修建威斯敏斯特大教堂的关心4、1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上最著名的事件。
征服者威廉几乎没收了所有的土地，并将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。
他用强大的诺曼政府取代了软弱的撒克逊政府。
于是，封建制度在英国完全确立。
它开放了英国与欧走大陆的联系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼-法国文化、语言、习俗和建筑。
教会与罗马联系更为密切，教会法庭与吗，民事法庭分离第三章英国的形成1、在未立案通知下，英国的封建制度完全确立了。
根据此制度，国王个人拥有全国所有的土地。
威廉把英国的大片土地分封给贵族，条件是贵族保证服军役和交租2、威廉用大议会取代了盎格鲁-撒克逊过往的顾问团——贤人会议。
大会以由他的土地承租人组成，一旦国王着急，他们就得为大议会服务3、《大宪章》是约翰国王于1215年在封建贵族的压力下签定的。
《大宪章》共有63条，其中最重要的内容是：没有大议会批准不得征税：只有依照国家有关法律才能逮捕、拘谨自由人及剥夺他们的财产：教会影响收起所有权利且具有选举自由；伦敦河其他城市应保留其古时的权利和特权；全国应统一度量衡4尽管《大宪章》长期以来被普遍认为是英国自由的基础，但它规定的只是国王与贵族之间的封建关系与法律关系，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王的权利，指望权与封建法律的约束下5、战争的起因既有领土因素也有经济因素。
领土起因尤其与英国国王拥有法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地有密切联系。
随着法国国王势力日增，他们日益觊觎这篇从他们领土内被分割出去的土地。
英语国家概况：英国的形成历史
英语国家概况:英国的形成历史英国，全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)，本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛，被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
下面是店铺整理的英语国家概况:英国的形成历史，欢迎大家阅读!The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)英国的形成(公元1066-1381)I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)诺曼统治(公元1066-1381)1. William's Rule (1066-1087)威廉一世的统治(公元1066-1087)England's feudalism under the rule of William theConqueror 在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.②According to this system, the King owned all the land personally.③William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military serviceand a proportion of the land's produce.④These estates were scattered f ar and wide over the country, so that those who held themcould not easily combine to rebel the king.⑤The barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lessernobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services.⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take theoath of allegiance，not only totheir immediate lord, but also to the king.①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。
英语国家概况英国历史
Chapter Two History England in 878 A Brief History of the UKChapter Two History—A Brief History of the UK Elizabeth I A Brief History of the UK Objectives Starter Teaching Points Lesson Review Case Study Supplementary ReadingChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Objectives Acquire a general idea about the British history. Learn about the major stages and important figures in British history. Find out the influences of British history on other English speaking countries.Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Starter Tell about the following pictures and the special period related to them.Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK What a b cChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Stonehenge One of the wonders of the world which is believed to have been built from 4000 BC to 2000 BC. Now as a world heritage site Stonehenge and all its surroundings remain powerful witnesses to the once great civilizations of the Stone and Bronze Ages. Map showing the location of StonehengeChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Shakespeares Globe Theatre A theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeares playing company the Lord Chamberlains Men and was destroyed by fire on June 29 1613. A second Globe Theatre was rebuilt on the same site by June 1614 and closed in 1642. Interior of the modern reconstructionExterior of the modern reproduction of the GlobeChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK King Arthur A legendary figure in the 5th century AD in British history. According to the legend Arthur gathered a company of knights who sat together at Arthur‘s castle. He created the famous ―round table‖ at which all would have equal right to be the king sense of democracy. H e united the British and with his magical sword Excalibur drove the Saxons back. adanno dominiin the year of our lord from Greek The Lady of the Lake gives Excalibur to King Arthur Statue of King ArthurChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Teaching Points A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UKChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Pre-reading: Give a brief introduction of the historic periods of the UK by referring to the following chart. Pre-Celtic Period Celtic Age and Roman Invasion 1500BC-410AD Anglo-Saxon Britain Viking raids维京海盗突袭）and Norman invasion 410-1066 Norman Rule 1066-1381 Transition to the Modern Age 1455-1688 Rise and Fall of the British Empire 1688-1945Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Historic Time Major Incidents Periods Roman Period 43—410 Christianity was brought to Britain Norman Rule 1066—1381 Magna Carta Black Death Transition to 1455—1688 The War of Roses English Renaissance Modern Age Rise of British 1688—1900 Industrial Revolution Colonial Expansion Empire Fall of British WWI WWII 1914—1945 Empire Great DepressionChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Pre-Celtic Period Celtic Age and Roman Invasion 1500BC －410AD The first Celtic tribes the Gaels（苏格兰高地的居民）came to the British Isles between 800 and 700 BC. Two centuries later the Brythons（居住在不列颠的凯尔特人）or ancient Britons came from whom the country was called Britain. British-recorded history begins with the Roman invasion in 43AD under Claudius I Since then England and Wales had been a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Pushing into Scotland The Romans built a gigantic wall Hadrian‗s Wall to control the frontier，the northwestern boundary of the Roman Empire. The Romans also brought the new religion Christianity to Britain. The location of Hadrians Wall Hadrians WallChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK When the Roman Empire came under the repeated attacks from the Picts皮克特人）and Scots and the invasion of the Germanic Saxontribes the Roman army pulled out of Britain in 410 AD leading to the swift breakdown of Roman civilization. It is said that in the 5th century AD King Arthur united Britain and drove the Saxons out of the country with his magical sword Excalibur. King ArthurChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Anglo-Saxon Britain Viking raids and Norman invasion 410 －1066 Invaders of three Teutonic（日耳曼条顿人）tribes came to Britain in the mid-5th century. –firstly the Jutes（fishing and farming from southern Denmark in the mid-5th century –the Saxonsusers of short sword from northern Germany from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century –the Anglesnorthern Germany who came in the second half of the 6th century and who were to give their name to the English people. English the language of the Angles replace the old celtic and the country became known as England meaning the land of UKChapter Two History— A Brief History of the the Angles Alfred the Great By 850AD the country was under sustained attacks from Norwegian Viking raids. The Saxon king Alfred the Great also known as ―Father of the British Navy‖ gradually pushed the Vikings northwards and eventually into the sea. By 955 Alfred‘s grandson Ethelred ruled over Eadred a united England and the government became centralized.Chapter Two History—A Brief History of the UK Viking invasions renewed till 1066 when King Harold marched north and won a victory over the Vikings. On October 1066 William of Normandy known as ―William the Conqueror‖ defeated Harold‘s army and crowned himself William I in London on Christmas Day 1066 becoming the first Norman king of William the Conqueror England.Chapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK This period can be characterised as a transition from a tribal to feudal society. TheAnglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. The names Tuesday Wednesday Thursday and Friday respectively derive from their gods. — Tiu—god of war — Woden—king of heaven — Thor—god of storms — Freya—goddess of peace Christianity almost disappeared until 597 when Pope Gregory I of Roman came to England and began to convert the heathen 异教徒）English to Christianity. Pope Gregory IChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Norman Rule 1066 －1381 Under William the Conqueror the feudal system was completely established. — He confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. — He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. — Relations with the Continents were opened. — Norman French culture language manners Priory Church and architecture were introduced. — The church was kept completely under the control of the king. — The Norman culture flowered on the English soil. — Monasteries formed the new cultural centers. Monastic CommunityChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK Economic administrative and legal reforms from Henry II the first king of the House of Plantagenet: —abolishing the annual land tax —strengthening the king‘s Court and extending its judicial work —reforming certain abuses in Church Henry II government by restricting the power of the archbishopChapter Two History— A Brief History of the UK。
英美国家概况(英国部分)Unit 2 History
• Infrastructure – Government (fell apart when they left) – Walls, villas, public baths (some remains still exist)
• Language and Writing – Latin was official language – Practice of recording history led to earliest English “literature” being documentary
• The Celts were Pagans (异教徒) and their religion was know as “animism” (万物有灵论) a Latin word for “spirit.” Celts saw spirits everywhere
• Druids were their priests; their role was to go between the gods and the people
• Danes, who were Vikings from Denmark, attacked Southeastern England and established some small kingdoms.
• Military—strong armed forces (“legions”) – Pushed Celts into Wales and Ireland – Prevented Vikings from raiding for several hundred years: C. Warren Hollister writes, “Rome’s greatest gift to Britain was peace” (15).
英语国家概况英国的历史起源（2）
英语国家概况英国的历史起源(2)英语国家概况:英国的历史起源(北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵) IV.Viking and Danish invasions 北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of Englandfrom the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especiallybetween 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianityin 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to theSaxon kingdom of Wessex.入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，从8世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。
9世纪，尤其是公元835-878年间已成为严重问题。
他们甚至占领了约克郡，公元867年时的__中心。
到9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。
2.King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions艾尔弗雷德国王(849-899)和他所做出的贡献Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement withthem in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He alsoconverted some leading Danes into Christians.He ①founded a strong fleet and is known as " the father of the British navy".He ②reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient.He ③translated a Latin book into English.He also ④established schools and⑤formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title "Alfred the Great."阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。
英国历史Chapter 2
Significance townspeople—freedom of trade and selfgovernment merchants and craftsmen—for the first time as a new political force part of the British Constitution today
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD—5th Century)
First invasion—In August 55 BC, Julius Caesar invaded Britain Second—Caesar's second raid in 54 BC Third and final—In 43 AD, Emperor Claudius, final and successful Roman invasion of Britain
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.1.3 Roman Britain (43 AD—5th Century)
Capable administrators & good builders (towns and cities & roads) Building of London River Thames “London Bridge” Building of roads
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
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to rule as God-given, which should not be
challenged by anyone, and he preferred no
Parliament at all.
Charles I
2.1 Religious Reformation
❖ parliamentary clashes over monopolies
William III and Mary
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
The Rise of the British Empire
• The industrial revolution • The chartist movement • The workshop of the world • The colonial expansion
The industrial revolution
• Causes: 1. Favorable geographical location 2. Political stability 3. Fast-growing population 4. Enclosure movement 5. Well-trained engineers and craftsmen
▪ England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a
republic
Roundheads with pikes
2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
• Restorahe old social order –1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism
The industrial revolution
• 3. Hargreaves’ spinning jenny (1766) enabled one hand to spin many threads
at a time
The industrial revolution
• 4. Ark Wright’s water frame (1769) replaced hand labor and required waterpower to drive them
▪ the monarchy attempted to control commercial
activities in the interests of the court ❖ King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, and
ruled the country without it for eleven years.
2.2 The Civil War
❖ The civil war broke out (1642—1649)
▪ Between the Royalists (the Cavalier [保王党人]) and
Parliamentarians (Roundheads [圆颅党人]) ❖ Result: the monarchy was abolished in 1949
The industrial revolution
• Typical examples of the inventions 1. John Kay’s flying shuttle (1733) speeded up hand weaving
The industrial revolution
• 2. James Watt’s steam engine(1765)
❖ The various classes in England soon split up into two camps:
▪ Parliament: merchants, artisans and apprentices,
peasants
▪ King: gentry, big landlords and monopolists
2.1 Religious Reformation
❖ Reasons—2 religious camps: Catholic and Protestant
❖ Immediate cause: Henry VIII’s divorce
❖ Act of Supremacy
Henry VIII—“only supreme head of the church of England”
Queen Anne
The industrial revolution
The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the second half of the 18th century.
❖ In essence, the Reformation was a political movement in a religious guise
Henry VIII
The Divine Right of Kings
•
James I was a firm believer in the
Divine Right of Kings.He thought of his right
❖ Glorious Revolution
▪1688: joint sovereign of William and Mary ▪1689: Bill of Rights (limited the power of the
monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament ) removed the ruling monarch and established Constitutional Monarchy