第二语言习得PPT

• 1) Early age development • Language development takes place at an early age while other
kinds of learning take place much later. Therefore, it must be handled by a faculty that is separate from other cognitive mechanisms in the human mind.
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forms hypothesis about the language according to the UG and the linguistic data to which he or she is exposed; tests these hypothesis both in speech and in comprehension; reformulates 【Through this process, some hypotheses are abandoned as incorrect, others are revised, and still others, which work well, are reinforced】i.e., revises and improves, the hypothesis according to the results of such testing.
章萍 郑怡宇 朱良萍 陈娟
The “Chomskyan Revolution”
• 3.1 Introduction • 3.3 Criticisms of Chomskyan Linguistics • 3.4 Interlanguage Hypothesis
• 3.2 Chomskyan Linguistics
3.2.5 A Simple Chronology
Chomsky’s linguistics are criticized and abandoned by some people, but the basic underlying principle remains consistent.
The genetic inheritance of basic syntactic properties of language
Introduction
Noam Chomsky
The brief introduction of this chapter
• Noam Chomsky (born in 1928) is a professor emeritus from theMassachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a linguist. SLA research influenced by him was flourished in the 1970s and extended into 1980s. He was the strongest critic of behaviorism during this period of time and is still very influential today.
• 2) Uniform acquisition
• Language development is uniform for all children, this is very different from learning other things, it again illustrates that a separate faculty is responsible for child language acquisition.
• To Chomsky, language use is creative rather than imitation and reinforcement. • The ability to use language creatively----------------------Competence • The actual use of language-----------------------------------Performance • The biggest shortage of behaviorism is the fact that it ignores linguistic competence or I-language.
• 3) Freedom of instruction and error correction • Language acquisition does not require a teacher. This shows
that there must be something in the child’s genes. • • • • The dog he walks by is barking at him. When changing this sentence into a question, no child will produce Does the dog he walks by is barking at him? According to Chomsky, it is only possible to say: Is the dog he walks by barking at him? • How do children know this? The principles are operating here must be in our genes.
A Simple Chronology
stage focus finding
transformational generative grammar the general properties of rule system the minimalist program
1950s-1970s to develop a good grammar 1970s-1980s to develop a description of UG
• In this chapter, we will briefly look at his school of linguistics and its impact on SLA.
3.2.1 Response to Behaviorism
• What sentences can you make according to the sentence pattern：sb. can do sth.? • I can sing. • He can fly in the sky. • She can speak seven foreign languages. • The girl can eat up all these apples in ten minutes.
1990s-
the origin of the properties of language
3.3 Criticisms of Chomskyan Linguistics • 3.3.1 Piaget’s Debate with Chomsky
• Chomsky criticizes the basic problem with behaviorism and, because of this, has made great advances in linguistics, particularly in the area of syntax. • However, his critics have never been silent. A very important one of them was Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980). • 1) language acquisition takes place in the context of a child’s intellectual development rather than as a separate growing process. • 2) conceptualization precedes verbalization. The ability to represent objects and events is prerequisite to the acquisition of language.
3.2.2 ABC of Universal Grammar
• How do children come to learn something so complex as language so quickly and effectively? • Chomsky’s answer------Children’s brains must have been “hardwired” in preparation for language acquisition
• Chomsky claims that the child’s knowledge of his or her mother tongue is derived from a universal grammar (UG), defined as a set of innate syntactical principles, which comprise the initial stage of language acquisition and control the form that sentences of any given language may take.
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Language is “species-specific.” That is, only humans speak language. Language exits as an independent is separate from the general cognitive mechanisms responsible for intellectual development. A child is born with a language acquisition device （LAD）in his or her brain. The LAD consists of only a few very abstract principles and parameters that are pre-encoded in the brain. The process of acquisition consists of hypothesis testing. The LAD, which is responsible for language acquisition, atrophies as the child grows older.