英语写作Ⅱsummarywriting
She brought home a lot of books and magazines to read during the vacation.
Summary Writing
Ⅰ. Definition A summary is a brief
restatement of essential thought of a longer composition.
Essential:
★ it gives the main information about a piece of writing or speech;
★usually it includes the thesis and the main supporting points.
Ⅱ Characteristics of a Summary
10. (continuing)
--- compress wordy sentences and change phrases to words.
e.g. His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.
→ He was very brave in battle. e.g. They acted in a manner that rendered
brief: ★ a summary can’t cover
everything and must be shorter than original writing;
★ usually it includes the thesis and the main supporting points.
restatement: ★ it reproduces faithfully the theme
desirable). Ideas and facts need not be rearranged.
Hale Waihona Puke 6. Use complete sentences
7. Use our own words Use different words with the original one. Don’t copy the language.
8. Use quotation if you cite some important words of the original article
9. Use present tense to report the general ideas and use past tense to refer to past experiences.
→revise.
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.
He was very brave in battle.
The account the witness gave of the incident made everyone that heard it laugh.
of the original in our own words;
★ one should not interpret or comment;
★ All one has to do is to give the gist of the author’s exact and essential meaning.
4. Cover all the main information
Your reader need no reference to the original to understand what its main ideas are.
5. Follow the logical order of the original passage, if possible (and
2. Point of View Use the third person point of view
3. Tone : objective and impersonal Don’t express our own ideas,
but faithfully represents the ideas of the original writing.
He was in financial difficulties.
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.
10.Summary writing is an exercise in compression. In writing a summary, we should:
--- omit the details. --- reduce the examples. --- simplify the descriptions. --- eliminate all repetitions.
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai,
today accessible to many people better wages, paid holidays, new
hotels and better communication once visited by only a few people
3. Write the summary →begin the summary by mentioning the
author, the article’s title and the author’s thesis;
→state the supporting points one by one;
10. (continuing)
--- Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech.
Ⅲ How to Write a Summary
1. Read and understand the source
2. Underline the thesis statement and the main supporting points →We should decide what parts are essential and what parts are comparatively unimportant and can be omitted without much loss.
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better communication.
1. Length A summary should usually be about one-fourth to one-third as long as the original passage.
★You may use fewer words than the number prescribed, but in no case may you exceed the limit.
V Exercise
This article talks about the reasons why students cheat in exams. Students cheat in exams by many ways even though they will have to face severe punishment if they are caught. The author thinks there are three main reasons. The most important reason is the fear of failure. Those students are greatly worried that if they fail not only their relationship with their parents and friends will be affected but also their “educational future.” (continuing)
them liable to prosecution. → They acted illegally.
10. (continuing)
--- Use general words instead of specific words
e.g. She brought home several Chinese and English novels, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.
The second reason is that some students are not confident and don’t think they can pass the exam. The last reason is that some students just want to challenge the school rules to “show off to their friends”. They take risks for pleasure. Although the author doesn’t see any effective means to stop students cheating in exams, he advises students to think “Is it worth being caught and getting punished.” (141 words)
高中英语写作课-Summary_Writing
高中英语写作课Summary Writing教学设计教材分析：“读写任务”是高考的重要题型，它要求学生通过阅读材料，获取信息并概括要点，在此基础上，写出自己的内容。
这就要求学生具备较强的概括水平。
虽然学生已经非常熟悉这种题型，但很多同学在概括文章要点时还存有一定的困难。
学情分析:高三的学生在英语语言知识和英语写作技能方面已经有了一定的基础，他们对如何写摘要都有一定的理解。
1．根据教育心里学的观点, 不同年龄阶段的学生具有自身特有的心理活动, 教学要根据学生的年龄特征以获取更好的效果. 高三的学生大多18、19岁,其个体思维的发展正处于初步成熟期，他们在学习行为上表现更主动。
在学习策略上，他们：1) 会积极探索适合自己的英语学习方法2) 会通过不同信息渠道获取所需信息3）遇到实际困难时，会有效地寻求协助2．高三（3）班是一个理科班，学生有重理轻文的倾向，在用英语实行交际时还存有一定的困难，局部学生可能在完成任务的过程中会遇到一些困难。
教学目标：1．［语言知识目标］写摘要的三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
2．［技能和策略目标］阅读时找主题句和四个写摘要的微技能3．［水平、情感、态度目标］培养学生的书面表达水平；培养学生合作精神和竞争的意识。
设计理念：1．以探究式教学理论为依据，采取“任务型”教学模式（task—based model），让学生在教师的指导下，通过感知、体验、实践、参与、合作和竞争等方式, 实现任务目标，感受成功.2．渗透主体性合作式学习理念，发挥学生的主体性和教师的指导性作用，让学生在一个轻松、愉快、民主的气氛中获取英语知识和培养英语使用水平。
教学媒体：本节课采取了传统和现代相结合的教学手段，既使用了黑板和粉笔，又使用了电脑制作了多媒体课件。
教学方法设计：合作探究法：个人、2人或4人小组为单位，参与英语的各项交际活动。
教学过程设计及简要分析：Teaching Procedures:Step 1 Lead-in :Task 1: Students read and pick out the topic sentence.----finished by students aloneMaterial One: Reading —Topic sentencePassage 1A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, on the early morning of September 14, 2006, at 4 o’clock. As most people were still in deep sleep when the earthquake was happening, all the people were in a panic, which led to a disastrous result—about 200 people were killed in the earthquake, and many more were seriously injured, with hundreds of thousands homeless. The local government is organizing the rescue and the international aid has also come from many countries, including China.Which of the following is the topic sentence?1 A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul.2About 200 people were killed in the earthquake.3The international aid has also come from many countries, including China.4All the people were in a panic during the earthquake.Passage 2Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and dangerous. Today the picture has changed.. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take people where their dreams lie, whether within one’s country or abroad. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical. So we can say transportation has been improved a great deal.Which of the following is the topic sentence?5Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another.6Today the picture has changed.7Transportation has been improved a great deal.8Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical. Step 2 Instruction and DrillingTask 2: 1) Students reflect and summarize how to write a summary.----finished by students alone or in pairsPoint out four skills of summary writing.2) Students do some exercises.----finished by students first individually then in pairsMaterial Two: RewritingRewrite the following sentences ------- (each with one sentence).1. Kate looked at Paul and said angrily, “You put too much salt on your food.”_________________________________________________________________ ______2.She bought a lot of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes,potatoes and some eggs. She intended to invite all his friends for her birthday party at the weekend._________________________________________________________________ ______3.Nowadays more and more teenagers try to be more independent from theirparents and sometimes become very rebellious. They always want to wear long and strange hair style, which their parents complain about a lot. They also spend too much time on the Internet and playing computer games._________________________________________________________________ ______Step 3 ConsolidationTask 3: Students use the skills acquired from the above and fill in the blanks. Material 3 Summary1. Read the following passage and fill in the blanks.It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep. So I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, “I enjoy cleaning windows at night.”“So do I,” answered the policeman in the same tone. “Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when he’s busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station?”“Well, I’d prefer to stay here,” I said. “You see, I’ve forgotten my key.”“You what?” he called.“My key,” I shouted.Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me.Summary:On arriving home early in the morning, the writer failed to ______________________________ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _________________________________, but was found by ___________________. Soon his shouting woke his wife.Task 4: Students write a summary alone with about 30 words .2. Write a summary with about 30 words.Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when ads give reliable information about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a wise choice when he buys something. It is useful because it can help the customer know more about the kinds of goods available in the shops.However, some ads are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want unnecessary things by doing ads cleverly. They set out to make us believe what they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it. For example, the voice on TV says, “By using our SKII, it makes your skin crystal” The screen shows a series of pictures in which a famous actress not only has her skin whitened but also has her pronounced wrinkles silkily smoothed. Some ladies with dark skin will be persuaded to choose that cosmetic（化妆品）.Task 5: Check it in a group of four.Step 4 AssignmentWrite a summary on Page 186.Reflection(反思)：本节课遵循循序渐进，螺旋式推动课堂教学的原则，对课题“Writing a summary”实行教学。
英语作文summary模板及句型
英语作文summary模板及句型英文回答：Summary Writing Template:Introduction:Begin with a hook sentence that captures the reader's attention.State the main argument or purpose of the original text.Provide a brief overview of the text's structure and organization.Body Paragraphs:For each main point in the original text, create a separate body paragraph.Start with a topic sentence that clearly states the main point.Support the topic sentence with evidence and analysis from the original text.Use specific examples, quotations, or paraphrases to demonstrate the author's arguments.Provide transitions between paragraphs to maintain coherence.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of the original text.Restate the main argument or purpose of the text.Conclude with a final thought or reflection on the significance of the original text.Phrases for Summarizing:To introduce the original text:The author argues that...The text examines...The central idea of the text is...To state main points:The first main point is...Another important point made by the author is...A key argument presented in the text is...To provide evidence:For instance, the author writes...As evidence, the text provides...The author illustrates this point with the example of...To conclude:In conclusion, the text argues that...The author's main point is...The text effectively demonstrates...中文回答：摘要写作模板：引言：以吸引读者注意力的主题句开头。
英语写作Ⅱ-summary_writing(课堂PPT)
them liable to prosecution. → They acted illegally.
15
10. (continuing) --- Use general words instead of specific
5
brief: ★ a summary can’t cover
everything and must be shorter than original writing;
★ usually it includes the thesis and the main supporting points.
6
9
2. Point of View Use the third person point of view
3. Tone : objective and impersonal Don’t express our own ideas,
but faithfully represents the ideas of the original writing.
10
4. Cover all the main information
Your reader need no reference to the original to understand what its main ideas are.
5. Follow the logical order of the original passage, if possible (and
→revise.
20
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.
2022届高考英语写作之概要写作三篇
一Photographs of our traveling adventures seem unrealistic to me now, after two years of lockdown. But it suits me fine. I’m the homebody and my husband is the adventurous one.“Where do you want to go after Omicron?” Roger asks, iPad in hand.Long pause. “How about a resort town only two hours’ drive away?”I can tell by the look on Roger’s face that he was researching destinations maybe a bit further from home.I don’t h ate travel. I enjoy hearing about the history of a country from people who live there and love the place with all their hearts. Meeting people in other countries offers insight into lives that are so different to mine.What I dislike about travel is being a tourist. That awful creature trampling (踩踏) around the columns (柱子) of the Parthenon, wearing down the stone steps of Angkor Wat and complaining that the coral reefs (珊瑚礁) are not as colorful as the photographs on Trip Advisor.The guides I meet worldwide are kind. They study tourism in university. They are knowledgeable about history and culture. “Don’t wear your rings here, Madam. No jewelry.” “Don’t pay so much for that scarf, Madam.” They would take us by the arm to get us across busy streets as if we were naive (天真的) children. But depending on someone else so far away from home gives a feeling of insecurity.Traveling contributed to more serious plastic pollution. No recycling program can keep up with the crest (浪尖) of plastic on every wave. Don’t feel bad, people assured (使确信) me, you are boosting the local economy. Many countries depend on tourist dollars.Do they? Are they really better off? When receiving a massage (按摩) in Thailand, I was asked how much my bathing suit cost. It is a Spee do. “Eighty Canadian dollars.”I gave her $6, plus a tip, for a 90-minute massage. In Canada, she would get more than the price of my bathing suit for the same labor. I am increasingly uncomfortable with the inequity (不公平). During the weeks and months before the vaccines (疫苗), when planes were grounded and ocean liners (邮轮) were docked (停靠码头), the planet took a deep breath. I am encouraged by conversations with travelers who are sharing better ways of exploring this planet. When we travel once again, it will be with a better understanding for humans who suffered losses greater than ours. COVID-19 proved to be the worst tourist ever. It made a mess and refused to pay its bill. The world has been patient and allowed a late checkout, but housekeeping needs to clean the room. Everybody’s waiting.Summary writing 概要写作Please write a summary of the article in about 60 words._____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________参考答案The conversation between my husband and me made me think deeply about traveling. I don’t hate travel; what I hate is being one of the tourists who damage tourist attractions and pollute the environment. The feeling of insecurity is also a problem. COVID-19 caused a lot of damage and paused the tourism industry. However, it has also allowed the whole planet to take a break and us to reflect on travel. We await the end of COVID-19 and a better world.二Why are people taking pictures of their faces, their hobbies and their food? Why do we capture every single moment? I can’t really give you an answer, because honestly, I am one of those people who take photographs of everything.The special thing about photography is that we can capture moments anywhere and anytime. All we need for this is our smartphone – something that rarely leaves our side.Compared to other forms of visual (视觉的) art, you don’t need any special talent for it. Every single one of us can get started with this wonderful hobby, no matter if your goal is to sell your photographs or just to keep them for your own viewing pleasure.Every picture you take is a personal story. There is no painting without context (背景). However, unlike a painting, you don’t need to spend hours of your time on it. It is a way to express yourself, with little to no skill involved.If you prefer to share your pictures with the world, you can also get immediate feedback (反馈). Camera phones allow us to upload our pictures in a few seconds. Pictures connect and show the people around us what is going on in our life right now.The most amazing thing for me is without question the ability to capture every single moment in my life with just a single click of a button (按钮). This enables me to remember every experience as it happens. It’s crazy how the emotions of one single picture can throw you back in time. We can connect to our past, no matter where we are and preserve those memories that are most meaningful to us.Photography is also an amazing tool to appreciate the world around us and to stay in the moment. There is more to this hobby than “just taking pictures”. It is a way to express yo ur feelings, your drives (渴望) and also yourself. Photography is art, and it allows each of us to become an artist. Embrace your artsy (有艺术气息的) side, and take a picture of your next adventure! You won’t regret it, I promise.Summary writing 概要写作Please write a summary of the article in about 60 words._____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________参考答案：I love photography. It’s more than a hobby; it’s art. It enables us to capture everythi ng we see and our experience without a need to learn special skills. We can upload pictures and share them with the world. Photography allows us to appreciate the world and express our feelings. I suggest you take pictures while on your next adventure.三I am not sure how many years ago it was, but I still had a cassette player (盒式磁带放录机) at the time. I had a lot of housework. I was tired of television and was in the mood for music. I pulled out one of my favorite cassettes. It started to play but before long the music stopped. I opened the player and saw the tape in the cassette was all pulled out and twisted (扭曲的). I tried to fix it, but it was already broken beyond repair. I frowned. I didn’t want to risk another of my cassettes with a tape-eating machine, but I really wanted some music.Then I noticed my ancient record player in the corner. I walked over and dusted it off. I pulled out an old record of my mom’s that my Dad had given me after she died. I turned on the record player and gently put the record on the turntable (唱机上的转盘). “Pop (砰)!” “Crack (噼啪声)!” went the record for a second as I put the needle (唱针) down. Then a beautiful melody from my childhood started to play. I smiled and started to do my housework. The sweet songs I grew up on touched my soul. I felt the music coming out of me. I started to sing, letting my weak voice join in joyously with the music. I even dared to dance a little while I did the dishes. I smiled and laughed. My heart was filled with happiness. And at that moment I could feel the joy of the universe all around me. “This is how life is supposed to be!”These days all my music is on CDs. My daughter says I am behind the times. She says I should buy a cellphone and download all the music I want. But instead, I think I will dust off those old records again, put them on that record player and start to sing along.We all have music within us just waiting to get out. Don’t let your music die within you then. Share your song with the world. And don’t forget to dance a little too.Summary writing 概要写作Please write a summary of the article in about 60 words.____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________参考答案：I once used my cassette player to listen to music, but stopped using it after it started eating my tapes. I then found an old record player, allowing me to listen to my records with joy. Now my music is on CDs, but my daughter thinks they are out of fashion. We all have music inside us. However you listen, don’t let the music stop.。
英文summary撰写指导（精选5篇）
英文summary撰写指导（精选5篇）第一篇：英文summary撰写指导怎么写ＳＵＭＭＡＲＹ摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。
它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1）细读原文。
首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。
2）弄清要求。
搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。
分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。
在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。
将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。
在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例。
摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。
要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
新高考英语作文新题型(summary writing)
2019级高一英语学案新高考英语作文新题型——概要写作一. 概要写作题型特点概要写作（summary），《牛津高阶英语词典》（第8 版）对它的定义如下:“A summary is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something not the details”。
也就是要求考生在整体把握原文的前提下，用自己简洁、精练的语言，对原文的主旨大意进行高度的浓缩，写出一篇语义连贯的短文，也可称之为摘要。
这一题型一方面考查学生通过阅读获取文章主旨大意和关键词的能力，另一方面也考查学生的写作能力即用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
从《考试说明》上对概要写作的评分原则以及各档次的给分范围和要求的规定中，我们可以发现概要写作有以下特点：客观性：概要写作其实是一种客观的复述，在正确理解原文的基础上，用自己的语言忠实地再现作者的思想，写作内容要全面，既不能漏掉任何要点，也不能随意增加内容；写作时要尽可能避免使用原文中的字句。
考生应通过释义的方式，用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容。
需要注意的是，考生不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法，或做出任何评判，因此不能出现“I believe”, “I think”等字句。
简洁性：简洁是概要写作的一个显著特点。
概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节减少例证，简化描述内容以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。
连贯性：概要写作并不是写提纲那样只是要点的罗列。
写概要时，必须在各要点之间增加一些体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。
写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。
二. 评分原则《考试说明》中关于概要的评分原则中第一条：本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分；评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
英语写作Ⅱ-summary_writing
★ one should not interpret or comment; ★ All one has to do is to give the gist of the author’s exact and essential meaning.
Essential:
★ it gives the main information about a piece of writing or speech; ★usually it includes the thesis and the main supporting points.
He was in financial difficulties.
Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Yellow Mountain, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on those mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.
desirable). Ideas and facts need not be rearranged.
6. Use complete sentences
7.
Use our own words Use different words with the original one. Don’t copy the language.
高一英语作文概要写作2课件
要求解读
1.
:即用尽量少的语言对较长原文的简洁重述;
2.自主性:即用自己的话语进行概写，避免对原文进行抄袭照搬;
3.理解性:即表现作者对原文本的精准理解。需要注意的是，考生不能对
原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法，或做出任何评判，因 此不能出现“I believe"I think"等字句;
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can't judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
高三英语一轮复习概要写作(summary writing)解析
概要写作(Summary Writing)解析一、概要写作概述：浙江省2018年11月高考中首次出现了概要写作新题型。
相比传统的写作来说，该题型对考生是一个巨大的挑战，是难度较高的写作形式。
(1)任务要求：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
(2)考查要点：概要写作以语篇为载体，要求考生对所提供的文本进行简要的概括。
考生需要在理解文章、把握文章中心思想的基础上进行信息整合。
故该题型考查学生的综合语言运用能力，即阅读能力、分析查找能力、逻辑思维能力、理解判断能力及概括能力等。
因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
(3)评分原则：1．本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。
2．评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3．词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。
4．评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
5．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6．如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
(4)二、样题及分析：阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people，is a good thing. However，there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV，King of France，was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordered that，to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit（好处）of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century.Scientifically speaking，cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea：clothes need to be whiter than white，cloths ever softer，surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt，however，gone too far？Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary，MaryRuebush，an American immunologist（免疫学家）, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter（后者）position is gaining some ground.(One possible version)Attitudes towards dirt have been changing over time. (要点1) In the 16th century, people believed that dirt on the skin helped protect against disease. (要点2) Since the 18th century, however, people have developed the belief that cleaning away dirt can prevent disease. (要点3)Today, although attitudes to dirt still differ sharply, more and more people choose to believe that playing in the dirt can help build up a strong immune. (要点4) (60 words)参考答案分析：精确地表达了文本所有4个要点，并且对文本的内容进行了归纳、提炼和整合；（2）准确地使用了相应的语法结构和词汇，例如在表达“持有某种观点”这一意思的时候，选用了三个不同的表达方法“believe”，“develop the belief”，“choose to believe”，避免了重复；（3）上下文之间用了恰当的连接词“however”，“although”等，使行文紧凑浑然一体；（4）对文中的要点运用语义转换，完全使用自己的语言来表达；例如要点1用Attitudes towards dirt have been changing代替原文第一段的第二句话there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt；要点2用protect against disease 代替block out against；要点3中用prevent disease代替is good for health；要点4用today代替nowadays，用sharply代替hugely，用more and more people choose to believe 代替gaining some ground；（5）全文60词，非常符合词数要求。
英语写作二卷A【考试试卷答案】
英语写作二卷A 【考试试卷答案】英语写作2考试试卷A适用专业： 考试时间：考试时间：120分钟 闭卷 试卷总分：100分(答案请写在答题纸上)Part I. Summary Writing (20 %):Directions: Read the following passage. Write a summary of about 80 words.The “Hawthorne Effect ”, one of the best-known experiments in sociology was conducted before World War II at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric. The management was eager to improve productivity and wanted to know what kind of incentives would encourage the workers to increase output. The researcher who investigated the problem, Elton Mayo, separated a group of women from the other workers and systematically varied lighting, coffee breaks, lunch hours, methods of payment, and so on. At first, Mayo and his associates were delighted: each new change increased levels of productivity. But when the researchers found that productivity rose no matter which variables were involved, they became suspicious. When the workers were finally returned to their original conditions, their productivity rose yet again! Something was seriously wrong with the researchers ’ theoretical assumptions. Whatever had caused the changes in the dependent variable —productivity —it was not the independent variables the experimenters had introduced, and from this point of view the experiment was a failure. But the reasons for the experiment ’s failure have taught sociologists a great deal. Production rose, it seems, because the women enjoyed all the attention they were getting: they became a tight-knit, cooperative group, they knew what effects the sociologists were trying to produce, and they did their best to please. This phenomenon —the contamination of the experiment by the subjects ’ assumptions about what the sociologist is trying to prove —is still known as the Hawthorne effect. (239 words)Part II. Essay Appreciation (35%)Directions: Read the following essay and answer the questions.The Hazards of MoviegoingI am a movie fanatic. My friends count on me to know movie trivia (who was the pigtailed little girl in E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial? Drew Barrymore) and to remember every big Oscar awarded since I was in grade school (best picture 1994? Forrest Gump). My friends, though, have stopped asking me if I want to go out to the movies. While I love movies as much as ever, the inconvenience of going out, the temptations of the theatre, and the behavior of some patrons are reasons for me to wait and rent the video.To begin with, I just don ’t enjoy the general hassle of the evening. Since small local movie theaters are a thing of the past, I have to drive for fifteen minutes to get to the nearest multiplex. The parking lot is shared with several restaurants and a supermarket, so it ’s always jammed. I have to drive around at a snail ’s pace until I spot another driver backing out. Then it ’s time to stand in an endless line, with theconstant threat that tickets for the show I want will sell out. If we do get tickets, the theater will be so crowded that I won ’t be able to sit with my friends, or we ’ll have to sit in a front row gaping up at a giant screen, I have to shell out a ridiculous amount of money —up to ＄8—for a ticket. That entitles me to sit while my shoes seal themselves to a sticky floor coated with spilled soda, bubble gum, and crushed Raisinets.Second, . Like most of us, I have to battle an expanding waistline. At home I do pretty well by simply not buying stuff that is bad for me. I can make do with snacks like celery and carrot sticks because there is no ice cream in the freezer. Going to the theater, however, is like spending my evening in a Seven-Eleven that ’s been equipped with a movie screen and comfortable seats. As I try to persuade myself to just have a diet Coke, the smell of fresh popcorn dripping with butter soon overcomes me. Chocolate bars the size of small automobiles seem to jump into my hands. I risk pulling out my fillings as I chew enormous mouthfuls of Milk Duds. By the time I leave the theater, I feel disgusted with myself.Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand. Little kids race up and down the aisles, usually in giggling packs. Teenagers try to impress their friends by talking back to the screen, whistling, and making what they consider to be hilarious noises. Adults act as if they were at home in their own living room. They comment loudly on the ages of the stars and reveal plot twists that are supposed to be a secret until the film ’s end. And people of all ages create distractions. They crinkle candy wrappers, stick gum on their seats, and drop popcorn tubs or cups of crushed ice and soda on the floor. They also cough and burp, squirm endlessly in their seats, file out for repeated trips to the rest rooms or concession stands, and elbow me out of the armrest on either side of my seat.After arriving home from the movies one night, I decided that I was not going to be a moviegoer anymore. Questions:1. What pattern of development does this essay belong to? (2’)A. DescriptionB. ExampleC. ProcessD. Cause and effect 2. In which sentence is the thesis of the essay presented? (2’)A. Second sentenceB. Third sentenceC. Fourth sentence 3. Which statement best describes the introduction of the essay? (2’)A. It starts with an idea that is the opposite of the one then developed.B. It explains the importance of the topic to its readers.C. It begins with a general statement of the topic and narrows it down to a thesis statement.D. It begins with an anecdote.4. Which method of organization does the essay “The Hazards of Moviegoing ” use? (2’)A. Time orderB. Emphatic order5. Write the words in the thesis that announce the three major supporting points in the essay: (3’)a. b. c.院系： 专业班级： 姓名： 学号：装 订 线英语写作二卷A【考试试卷答案】6.The topic sentence for the first supporting paragraph is supported by the following details (filling themissing details): (4’)a.Have to drive fifteen minutesb.c. d.e. f. Sticky floor7.What is the topic sentence for the second supporting paragraph (filling the missing sentence)? (3’)8.The second topic sentence is supported by the following details: (3’)a.At home, only snacks are celery and carrot sticks.b.(1)fresh popcorn(2)(3)9.The third topic sentence is supported by the following details: (6’)a.b.c. Adults talk loudly and reveal plot twists.d.10. The ending paragraph of the essay has been eliminated except one sentence. Try to finish it withabout 60 words. (8’)Part III. Writing (45%)Directions: Write an example essay of about 250 words on the following topic.As a sophomore, you are asked to write an essay to the new students in which you make the pointthat college is more demanding than high school. Make vividly clear—for example, using severalhypothetical students as examples—just what the consequences of being unprepared for those demandscan be. Focus on three areas of college and the demands of each. Each of the areas you choose should bedeveloped in a separate paragraph. Each paragraph should have its own detailed examples.You are to write in five parts.In the first part, state specifically what your thesis is.In the second three parts, support your thesis with three points.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow theinstructions may result in a loss of marks.。