英汉互译系统设计—毕业设计(论文)
成都理工大学学生毕业设计(论文)外文译文
学生毕业设计（论文）外文译文
学生姓名：
学号：200708020404
专业名称：商场营销
译文标题（中英文）：对几种汽车营销模式的分析及展望（Some automotive marketing model for the analysis and prospects）
译文出处：Gary Armstrong &Philip Kotler《Some automotive marketing model for the analysis场转向买方市场．营销组织也发生了巨大的变化，三种不同的渠道模式呈现在眼前。一种是不直接零售的中间人；另一种是一般零售商，通过有形汽车市场电子商务等销售汽车．业务以销售为主，只有极少数提供维修或简单的售后服务；第三种是四位一体的专卖店，经销商直接与厂商签订合同。按照厂商的要求建立店面提供整车销售、零配件供应、售后服务和信息反馈等多种功能。这三种形式都是现代化的营销组织形式．但各有优劣，其焦点是厂商和经销商利益的平衡以及消费者不同的需求。营销组织多体的不同需要，适应不同区域市场差异。
3、营销手段
除了一般的文化营销娱乐营销等手段，信息化和服务营销将成为新形势下汽车营销的重点。互联网的开放性使得汽车消费者2 4小时进行网上订购．发送配送指令成为可能。可以预言，随着互联网应用的普及率不断提高．电子商务在整体汽车营销手段中的比重必然会大幅增加，维修服务等都能够在网上实现或通过网络提供信息支持。从现实看，参考一些成功的国际运营商，稳步实施电子商务也许是汽车厂商营销渠道变革必考虑的一个重要因素。电子商务模式下汽车营销渠道的建立，首先要求企业本身必须实行信息化管理，进一步使用产品数据管理系统(PDM)，从而优化整车以及零配件的设计与生产，使用企业资源管理系统(ER P)，降低管理成本；使用供应链管理系统(S C M)，提高上下游供应链条的运营效率。另外，汽车产品因其特有的产品特征使得汽车产品在围绕有形延伸，以战略的方式构筑个性化、多层面和全方位的汽车服务营销，如汽车改装和装饰。汽车保险和服务的个性化方案以及从买车、用车到卖车、再买车等多层面的汽车服务。汽车信贷、汽车的评估和转让等全方位的服务项目。正是适应了汽车消费的固有特征，并迎合了汽车用户对深层次服务的要求．强化汽车用户对汽车服务和汽车企业的依赖，加大制造商和经销商之间的利益联系，实施汽车销售合理化和科学化。
外文翻译模板
大连交通大学信息工程学院毕业设计(论文)外文翻译学生姓名陈辉专业班级机械073班指导教师王凤彪职称讲师所在单位机械工程系教学部主任吕海霆完成日期 2011年4月15日Numerical Control SystemThe numerical control system is the digital control system abbreviation. By early is composed of hardware circuit is called hardware numerical control (Hard NC), after 1970, hardware circuit components gradually instead by the computer called for computer numerical control system.Computerized numerical control system is a system that is use computer control processing function to achieve numerical control system. CNC system according to the computer memory stored in the control program execution part or all, numerical control function, and is equipped with interface circuit and servo drive the special computer system.CNC system consists of NC program, input devices; output devices, computer numerical control equipment (CNC equipment), programmable logic controllers (PLC), the spindle and feed drive (servo) drive (including detection devices) and so on.The core of CNC system is equipment. By using the computer system with the function of software and PLC instead of the traditional machine electric device to make the system logic control more compact, its flexibility and versatility, reliability become more better, easy to implement complex numerical control function, use and maintenance can be more convenient, and it also has connected and super ordination machine and the remote communication function.At present, the numerical control system has variety of different forms; composition structure has its own characteristics. These structural features from the basic requirements of the initial system design and engineering design ideas. For example, the control system of point and continuous path control systems have different requirements. For the T system and the M system, there are also very different, the former applies to rotary part processing, the latter suitable for special-shaped the axially symmetrical parts processing. For different manufacturers, based on historical development factors and vary their complex factors, may also be thinking in the design is different. For example, the United States Dynapath system uses a small plate for easy replacement and flexible combination of the board; while Japan FANUC system is a large plate structure tends to make the system work in favor of reliability, make the system MTBF rate continues to increase. However, no matter what kind of system, their basic principle and structure are very similar.The numerical control system generally consists of three major components, namely the control system, servo system and position measuring system. Control procedures by interpolation operation work piece, issue control instructions to the servo drive system; servo drive system control instructions amplified by the servo motor-driven mechanical movement required; measurement system detects the movement of mechanical position or speed, and feedback to the control system, to modify the control instructions. These three parts combine to form a complete closed-loop control of the CNC system.Control system mainly consists of bus, CPU, power supply, memory, operating panel and display, position control unit, programmable logic controller control unit and datainput / output interface and so on. The latest generation of CNC system also includes a communication unit; it can complete the CNC, PLC's internal data communications and external high-order networks. Servo drive system including servo drives and motors. Position measuring system is mainly used grating, or circular grating incremental displacement encoder.CNC system hardware from the NC device, input / output devices, drives and machine logic control devices, electrical components, between the four parts through the I / O interface to interconnect.Numerical control device is the core of CNC system, its software and hardware to control the implementation of various CNC functions.The hardware structure of no device by CNC installations in the printed circuit board with infixing pattern can be divided into the big board structure and function module (small board) structure; Press CNC apparatus hardware manufacturing mode, can be divided into special structure and personal computer type structure; Press CNC apparatus in the number of microprocessor can be divided into single microprocessor structure and many microprocessor structure.(1)Large panel structure and function templates structure1) Large panel structurePanel structures CNC system CNC equipment from the main circuit board, position control panels, PC boards, graphics control panel, additional I / O board and power supply unit and other components. The main circuit board printed circuit board is big; the other circuit board is a small plate, inserted in the large printed circuit board slot. This structure is similar to the structure of micro-computer.2) Function templates structure(2)Single-microprocessor structure and mulct-microprocessor structure1) Single-microprocessor structureIn a single-microprocessor structure, only a microprocessor to focus on control, time-sharing deals with the various tasks of CNC equipment.2) melt-microprocessor structureWith the increase in numerical control system functions, CNC machine tools to improve the processing speed of a single microprocessor CNC system can not meet the requirement; therefore, many CNC systems uses a multi-microprocessor structure. If a numerical control system has two or more microprocessors, each microprocessor via the data bus or communication to connect, share system memory and common I / O interfaces, each processor sharing system Part of the work, which is multi-processor systems.CNC software is divided into application software and system software. CNC system software for the realization of various functions of the CNC system, the preparation of special software, also known as control software, stored in the computer EPROM memory. CNC Systems feature a variety of settings and different control schemes, and their system software in the structure and size vary widely, but generally include input data processing procedures, computing interpolation procedures, speed control procedures, management procedures and diagnostic procedures.(1)Input data processing proceduresIt receives input part program, the standard code, said processing instructions and datadecoding, data processing, according to the prescribed format for storage. Some systems also calculated to compensate, or interpolation operation and speed control for pre-computation. Typically, the input data processing program, including input, decoding and data processing three elements.(2)Computing interpolation proceduresCNC work piece processing system according to the data provided, such as curve type, start, end, etc. operations. According to the results of operations were sent to each axis feed pulse. This process is called interpolation operation. Feed drive servo system Impulsive table or by a corresponding movement of the tool to complete the procedural requirements of the processing tasks.Interpolation for CNC system is the side of the operation, while processing, is a typical real-time control, so the interpolation directly affects the speed of operation the machine feed rate, and should therefore be possible to shorten computation time, which is the preparation of interpolation Complements the key to the program.(3)Speed control proceduresSpeed control program according to the given value control the speed of operation of the frequency interpolation, in order to maintain a predetermined feed rate. Changes in speed is large, the need for automatic control of acceleration and deceleration to avoid speed drive system caused by mutations in step.(4)Management proceduresManagement procedures responsible for data input, data processing, interpolation processing services operations as the various procedures for regulation and management. Management process but also on the panel command, the clock signal, the interrupt caused by fault signals for processing.(5)Diagnostic proceduresDiagnostic features are found in the running system failure in a timely manner, and that the type of failure. Y ou can also run before or after the failure, check the system main components (CPU, memory, interfaces, switches, servo systems, etc.) function is normal, and that the site of failure.MachiningAny machining must have three basic conditions: machining tools, work piece and machining sports. Machining tool edge should be, the material must be rigid than the work piece. Different forms of tool structure and cutting movements constitute different cutting methods. Blade with a blade-shaped and have a fixed number of methods for cutting tools for turning, drilling, boring, milling, planning, broaching, and sawing, etc.; edge shape and edge with no fixed number of abrasive or abrasive Cutting methods are grinding, grinding, honing and polishing.Machining is the most important machinery manufacturing processing methods. Although the rough improve manufacturing precision, casting, forging, extrusion, powder metallurgy processing applications on widely, but to adapt to a wide range of machining,and can achieve high accuracy and low surface roughness, in Manufacturing still plays an important role in the process. Cutting metal materials have many classifications. Common are the following three kinds.By cutting process feature distinguishing characteristics of the decision process on the structure of cutting tools and cutting tools and work piece relative motion form. According to the technical characteristics of cutting can be divided into: turning, milling, drilling, boring, reaming, planning, shaping, slotting, broaching, sawing, grinding, grinding, honing, super finishing, polishing, gear Processing, the worm process, thread processing, ultra-precision machining, bench and scrapers and so on. By material removal rate and machining accuracy distinction can be divided into: ① rough: with large depth of cut, one or a few times by the knife away from the work cut out most or all allowances, such as rough turning, rough planning, Rough milling, drilling and sawing, etc., rough machining precision high efficiency low, generally used as a pre-processing, and sometimes also for final processing. ② Semi-finishing: General roughing and finishing as the middle between the process, but the work piece accuracy and surface roughness on the less demanding position, but also can be used as the final processing. ③ finishing: cutting with a fine way to achieve higher machining surface accuracy and surface quality, such as fine cars, fine planning, precision hinges, grinding and so on. General is the final finishing process. ④Finishing process: after the finish, the aim is to obtain a smaller surface roughness and to slightly improve the accuracy. Finishing processing allowance is small, such as honing, grinding, ultra-precision grinding and super finishing and so on. ⑤Modification process: the aim is to reduce the surface roughness, to improve the corrosion, dust properties and improve appearance, but does not require higher precision, such as polishing, sanding, etc. ⑥ultra-precision machining: aerospace, lasers, electronics, nuclear energy and other cutting-edge technologies that need some special precision parts, high accuracy over IT4, surface roughness less than Ra 0.01 microns. This need to take special measures to ultra-precision machining, such as turning mirror, mirror grinding, chemical mechanical polishing of soft abrasive.Distinguished by method of surface machining, the work piece is to rely on the machined surface for cutting tool and the work piece to obtain the relative motion. By surface methods, cutting can be divided into three categories. ①tip trajectory method: relying on the tip relative to the trajectory of the surface to obtain the required work piece surface geometry, such as cylindrical turning, planning surface, cylindrical grinding, with the forming surface, such as by turning mode. The trajectory depends on the tool tip provided by the cutting tool and work piece relative motion. ② forming tool method: short forming method, with the final work piece surface profile that matches the shape forming cutter or grinding wheel, such as processing a shaped surface. At this time forming part of the machine movement was replaced by the blade geometry, such as the shape of turning, milling and forming grinding forming and so on. The more difficult the manufacture of forming cutter, machine - clamp - work piece - tool formed by the process system can withstand the cutting force is limited, forming method is generally used for processing short shaped surface. ③generating method: also known as rotary cutting method, cutting tool and work piece during processing as a relatively developed into a campaign tool (or wheel) and the work piece instantaneous center line of pure rolling interaction between thetwo maintain a certain ratio between Is obtained by processing the surface of the blade in this movement in the envelope. Gear machining hobbling, gear shaping, shaving, honing, and grinding teeth (not including form grinding teeth), etc. are generating method processing.PLCEarly called the programmable logic controller PLC (Programmable Logic Controller, PLC), which is mainly used to replace the logic control relays. With the technology, which uses micro-computer technology, industrial control device function has been greatly exceeded the scope of logic control, therefore, such a device today called programmable logic controller, referred to as the PC. However, in order to avoid personal computer (Personal Computer) in the short confusion, it will be referred to as programmable logic controller PLC, plc since 1966, the U.S. Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) developed there, the current United States, Japan, Germany, PLC Good quality and powerful.The basic structure of Programmable Logic ControllerA. PowerPLC's power in the whole system plays a very important role. If you do not have a good, reliable power system is not working, so the PLC manufacturers design and manufacture of power very seriously. General AC voltage fluctuations of +10% (+15%) range, you can not take other measures to PLC to connect directly to the AC line.B.Central processing unit (CPU)Central processing unit (CPU) is the central PLC control. It is given by the function of PLC system program from the programmer receives and stores the user program and data type; check the power supply, memory, I / O and timer alert status, and to diagnose syntax errors in the user program. When the PLC into run-time, first it scans the scene to receive the status of various input devices and data, respectively, into I / O image area, and then one by one from the user program reads the user program memory, after a shell and press Provisions of the Directive the result of logic or arithmetic operations into the I / O image area or data register. And the entire user program is finished, and finally I / O image area of the state or the output of the output register data to the appropriate output device, and so on to run until stopped.To further improve the reliability of PLC, PLC is also large in recent years constitutes a redundant dual-CPU system, or by three voting systems CPU. Thus, even if a CPU fails, the whole system can still work properly.C.MemoryStorage system software of memory called system program memory. Storage application software of memory called the user program memory.D.Input and output interface circuit1, the live input interface circuit by the optical coupling circuit and the computer input interface circuit, the role of PLC and field control of an interface for input channels.2, Field output interface circuit by the output data registers, interrupt request strobe circuit and integrated circuit, the role of PLC output interface circuit through the on-siteimplementation of parts of the output to the field corresponding control signal.E.Function moduleSuch as counting, positioning modules.munication moduleSuch as Ethernet, RS485, Prefab’s-DP communication module.数控系统数控系统是数字控制系统简称，英文名称为Numerical Control System，早期是由硬件电路构成的称为硬件数控（Hard NC），1970年代以后，硬件电路元件逐步由专用的计算机代替称为计算机数控系统。
毕业设计外文翻译模板
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：组合钻床动力滑台液压系统及电控系统设计外文题目： Drilling machine译文题目：组合钻床学生姓名：马莉莉专业：机械设计制造及其自动化0701班指导教师姓名：王洁评阅日期：正文内容小四号字，宋体，行距1.5倍行距。
The drilling machine is a machine for making holes with removal of chips and it is used to create or enlarge holes. There are many different types of drilling machine for different jobs, but they can be basically broken down into two categories.The bench drill is used for drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal and gets its name because it is bolted to bench for stability so that larger pieces of work can be drilled safely. The pillar drill is a larger version that stands upright on the floor. It can do exactly the same work as the bench drill, but because of its size it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes. Most modern drilling machines are digitally automated using the latest computer numerical control (CNC) technology.Because they can be programmed to produce precise results, over and over again, CNC drilling machines are particularly useful for pattern hole drilling, small hole drilling and angled holes.If you need your drilling machine to work at high volume, a multi spindle drill head will allow you to drill many holes at the same time. These are also sometimes referred to as gang drills.Twist drills are suitable for wood, metal and plastics and can be used for both hand and machine drilling, with a drill set typically including sizes from 1mm to 14mm. A type of drill machine known as the turret stores tools in the turret and positions them in the order needed for work.Drilling machines, which can also be referred to as bench mounted drills or floor standing drills are fixed style of drills that may be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench. A drilling machine consists of a base, column, table, spindle), and drill head, usually driven by an induction motor.The head typically has a set of three which radiate from a central hub that, when turned, move the spindle and chuck vertically, parallel to the axis of the column. The table can be adjusted vertically and is generally moved by a rack and pinion. Some older models do however rely on the operator to lift and re clamp the table in position. The table may also be offset from the spindles axis and in some cases rotated to a position perpendicular to the column.The size of a drill press is typically measured in terms of swing which can be is defined as twice the throat distance, which is the distance from the centre of the spindle to the closest edge of the pillar. Speed change on these drilling machines is achieved by manually moving a belt across a stepped pulley arrangement.Some drills add a third stepped pulley to increase the speed range. Moderndrilling machines can, however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system. Some machine shop drilling machines are equipped with a continuously variable transmission, giving a wide speed range, as well as the ability to change speed while the machine is running.Machine drilling has a number of advantages over a hand-held drill. Firstly, it requires much less to apply the drill to the work piece. The movement of the chuck and spindle is by a lever working on a rack and pinion, which gives the operator considerable mechanical advantage.The use of a table also allows a vice or clamp to be used to position and restrain the work. This makes the operation much more secure. In addition to this, the angle of the spindle is fixed relative to the table, allowing holes to be drilled accurately and repetitively.Most modern drilling machines are digitally automated using the latest computer numerical control (CNC) technology. Because they can be programmed to produce precise results, over and over again, CNC drilling machines are particularly useful for pattern hole drilling, small hole drilling and angled holes.Drilling machines are often used for miscellaneous workshop tasks such as sanding, honing or polishing, by mounting sanding drums, honing wheels and various other rotating accessories in the chuck. To add your products click on the traders account link above.You can click on the links below to browse for new, used or to hire a drilling machine.Drilling machines are used for drilling, boring, countersinking, reaming, and tapping. Several types are used in metalworking: vertical drilling machines, horizontal drilling machines, center-drilling machines, gang drilling machines, multiple-spindle drilling machines, and special-purpose drilling machines.Vertical drilling machines are the most widely used in metalworking. They are used to make holes in relatively small work-pieces in individual and small-lot production; they are also used in maintenance shops. The tool, such as a drill, countersink, or reamer, is fastened on a vertical spindle, and the work-piece is secured on the table of the machine. The axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the workpiece. Programmed control is also used to orient the workpiece and to automate the operation. Bench-mounted machines, usually of the single-spindle type, are used to make holes up to 12 mm in diameter, for instance, in instrument-making.Heavy and large workpieces and workpieces with holes located along a curved edge are worked on radial drilling machines. Here the axes of the tool and the hole to be drilled are aligned by moving the spindle relative to the stationary work-piece.Horizontal drilling machines are usually used to make deep holes, for instance, in axles, shafts, and gun barrels for firearms and artillery pieces.Center-drilling machines are used to drill centers in the ends of blanks. They are sometimes equipped with supports that can cut off the blank before centering, and in such cases they are called center-drilling machines. Gang drilling machines with more than one drill head are used to produce several holes at one time. Multiple-spindle drilling machines feature automation of the work process. Such machines can be assembled from several standardized, self-contained heads with electric motors and reduction gears that rotate the spindle and feed the head. There are one-, two-, and three-sidedmultiple-spindle drilling machines with vertical, horizontal, and inclined spindles for drilling and tapping. Several dozen such spindles may be mounted on a single machine. Special-purpose drilling machines, on which a limited range of operations is performed, are equipped with various automated devices.Multiple operations on workpieces are performed by various combination machines. These include one- and two-sided jig boring machines,drilling-tapping machines (usually gang drilling machines with reversible thread-cutting spindles), milling-type drilling machines and drilling-mortising machines used mainly for woodworking, and automatic drilling machines.In woodworking much use is made of single- and multiple-spindle vertical drilling machines, one- and two-sided, horizontal drilling machines (usually with multiple spindles), and machines equipped with a swivel spindle that can be positioned vertically and horizontally. In addition to drilling holes, woodworking machines may be used to make grooves, recesses, and mortises and to remove knots.英文翻译指导教师评阅意见。
毕业设计中英文翻译
Bridge Waterway OpeningsIn a majority of cases the height and length of a bridge depend solely upon the amount of clear waterway opening that must be provided to accommodate the floodwaters of the stream. Actually, the problem goes beyond that of merely accommodating the floodwaters and requires prediction of the various magnitudes of floods for given time intervals. It would be impossible to state that some given magnitude is the maximum that will ever occur, and it is therefore impossible to design for the maximum, since it cannot be ascertained. It seems more logical to design for a predicted flood of some selected interval ---a flood magnitude that could reasonably be expected to occur once within a given number of years. For example, a bridge may be designed for a 50-year flood interval; that is, for a flood which is expected (according to the laws of probability) to occur on the average of one time in 50 years. Once this design flood frequency, or interval of expected occurrence, has been decided, the analysis to determine a magnitude is made. Whenever possible, this analysis is based upon gauged stream records. In areas and for streams where flood frequency and magnitude records are not available, an analysis can still be made. With data from gauged streams in the vicinity, regional flood frequencies can be worked out; with a correlation between the computed discharge for the ungauged stream and the regional flood frequency, a flood frequency curve can be computed for the stream in question. Highway CulvertsAny closed conduit used to conduct surface runoff from one side of a roadway to the other is referred to as a culvert. Culverts vary in size from large multiple installations used in lieu of a bridge to small circular or elliptical pipe, and their design varies in significance. Accepted practice treats conduits under the roadway as culverts. Although the unit cost of culverts is much less than that of bridges, they are far more numerous, normally averaging about eight to the mile, and represent a greater cost in highway. Statistics show that about 15 cents of the highway construction dollar goes to culverts, as compared with 10 cents for bridge. Culvert design then is equally as important as that of bridges or other phases of highway and should be treated accordingly.Municipal Storm DrainageIn urban and suburban areas, runoff waters are handled through a system of drainage structures referred to as storm sewers and their appurtenances. The drainage problem is increased in these areas primarily for two reasons: the impervious nature of the area creates a very high runoff; and there is little room for natural water courses. It is often necessary to collect the entire storm water into a system of pipes and transmit it over considerable distances before it can be loosed again as surface runoff. This collection and transmission further increase the problem, since all of the water must be collected with virtually no ponding, thus eliminating any natural storage; and though increased velocity the peak runoffs are reached more quickly. Also, the shorter times of peaks cause the system to be more sensitive to short-duration, high-intensity rainfall. Storm sewers, like culverts and bridges, are designed for storms of various intensity –return-period relationship, depending upon the economy and amount of ponding that can be tolerated.Airport DrainageThe problem of providing proper drainage facilities for airports is similar in many ways to that of highways and streets. However, because of the large and relatively flat surface involved the varying soil conditions, the absence of natural water courses and possible side ditches, and the greater concentration of discharge at the terminus of the construction area, some phases of the problem are more complex. For the average airport the overall area to be drained is relatively large and an extensive drainage system is required. The magnitude of such a system makes it even more imperative that sound engineeringprinciples based on all of the best available data be used to ensure the most economical design. Overdesign of facilities results in excessive money investment with no return, and underdesign can result in conditions hazardous to the air traffic using the airport.In other to ensure surfaces that are smooth, firm, stable, and reasonably free from flooding, it is necessary to provide a system which will do several things. It must collect and remove the surface water from the airport surface; intercept and remove surface water flowing toward the airport from adjacent areas; collect and remove any excessive subsurface water beneath the surface of the airport facilities and in many cases lower the ground-water table; and provide protection against erosion of the sloping areas. Ditches and Cut-slope DrainageA highway cross section normally includes one and often two ditches paralleling the roadway. Generally referred to as side ditches these serve to intercept the drainage from slopes and to conduct it to where it can be carried under the roadway or away from the highway section, depending upon the natural drainage. To a limited extent they also serve to conduct subsurface drainage from beneath the roadway to points where it can be carried away from the highway section.A second type of ditch, generally referred to as a crown ditch, is often used for the erosion protection of cut slopes. This ditch along the top of the cut slope serves to intercept surface runoff from the slopes above and conduct it to natural water courses on milder slopes, thus preventing the erosion that would be caused by permitting the runoff to spill down the cut faces.12 Construction techniquesThe decision of how a bridge should be built depends mainly on local conditions. These include cost of materials, available equipment, allowable construction time and environmental restriction. Since all these vary with location and time, the best construction technique for a given structure may also vary. Incremental launching or Push-out MethodIn this form of construction the deck is pushed across the span with hydraulic rams or winches. Decks of prestressed post-tensioned precast segments, steel or girders have been erected. Usually spans are limited to 50～60 m to avoid excessive deflection and cantilever stresses , although greater distances have been bridged by installing temporary support towers . Typically the method is most appropriate for long, multi-span bridges in the range 300 ~ 600 m ,but ,much shorter and longer bridges have been constructed . Unfortunately, this very economical mode of construction can only be applied when both the horizontal and vertical alignments of the deck are perfectly straight, or alternatively of constant radius. Where pushing involves a small downward grade (4% ~ 5%) then a braking system should be installed to prevent the deck slipping away uncontrolled and heavy bracing is then needed at the restraining piers.Bridge launching demands very careful surveying and setting out with continuous and precise checks made of deck deflections. A light aluminum or steel-launching nose forms the head of the deck to provide guidance over the pier. Special teflon or chrome-nickel steel plate bearings are used to reduce sliding friction to about 5% of the weight, thus slender piers would normally be supplemented with braced columns to avoid cracking and other damage. These columns would generally also support the temporary friction bearings and help steer the nose.In the case of precast construction, ideally segments should be cast on beds near the abutments and transferred by rail to the post-tensioning bed, the actual transport distance obviously being kept to the minimum. Usually a segment is cast against the face of the previously concerted unit to ensure a good fit when finally glued in place with an epoxy resin. If this procedure is not adopted , gaps of approximately 500mm shold be left between segments with the reinforcements running through andstressed together to form a complete unit , but when access or space on the embankment is at a premium it may be necessary to launch the deck intermittently to allow sections to be added progressively .The correponding prestressing arrangements , both for the temporary and permanent conditions would be more complicated and careful calculations needed at all positions .The pricipal advantage of the bridge-launching technique is the saving in falsework, especially for high decks. Segments can also be fabricated or precast in a protected environment using highly productive equipment. For concrete segment, typically two segment are laid each week (usually 10 ~ 30 m in length and perhaps 300 to 400 tonnes in weight) and after posttensioning incrementally launched at about 20 m per day depending upon the winching/jacking equipment.Balanced Cantiulever ConstructionDevelopment in box section and prestressed concrete led to short segment being assembled or cast in place on falsework to form a beam of full roadway width. Subsequently the method was refined virtually to eliminate the falsework by using a previously constructed section of the beam to provide the fixing for a subsequently cantilevered section. The principle is demonsrated step-by-step in the example shown in Fig.1.In the simple case illustrated, the bridge consists of three spans in the ratio 1:1:2. First the abutments and piers are constructed independently from the bridge superstructure. The segment immediately above each pier is then either cast in situ or placed as a precast unit .The deck is subsequently formed by adding sections symmetrically either side.Ideally sections either side should be placed simultaneously but this is usually impracticable and some inbalance will result from the extra segment weight, wind forces, construction plant and material. When the cantilever has reached both the abutment and centre span,work can begin from the other pier , and the remainder of the deck completed in a similar manner . Finally the two individual cantilevers are linked at the centre by a key segment to form a single span. The key is normally cast in situ.The procedure initially requires the first sections above the column and perhaps one or two each side to be erected conventionally either in situ concrete or precast and temporarily supported while steel tendons are threaded and post-tensioned . Subsequent pairs of section are added and held in place by post-tensioning followed by grouting of the ducts. During this phase only the cantilever tendons in the upper flange and webs are tensioned. Continuity tendons are stressed after the key section has been cast in place. The final gap left between the two half spans should be wide enough to enable the jacking equipment to be inserted. When the individual cantilevers are completed and the key section inserted the continuity tendons are anchored symmetrically about the centre of the span and serve to resist superimposed loads, live loads, redistribution of dead loads and cantilever prestressing forces.The earlier bridges were designed on the free cantilever principle with an expansion joint incorporated at the center .Unfortunately，settlements , deformations , concrete creep and prestress relaxation tended to produce deflection in each half span , disfiguring the general appearance of the bridge and causing discomfort to drivers .These effects coupled with the difficulties in designing a suitable joint led designers to choose a continuous connection, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the loads and reduced deflection. The natural movements were provided for at the bridge abutments using sliding bearings or in the case of long multi-span bridges, joints at about 500 m centres.Special Requirements in Advanced Construction TechniquesThere are three important areas that the engineering and construction team has to consider:(1) Stress analysis during construction: Because the loadings and support conditions of the bridge are different from the finished bridge, stresses in each construction stage must be calculated to ensurethe safety of the structure .For this purpose, realistic construction loads must be used and site personnel must be informed on all the loading limitations. Wind and temperature are usually significant for construction stage.(2) Camber: In order to obtain a bridge with the right elevation, the required camber of the bridge at each construction stage must be calculated. It is required that due consideration be given to creep and shrinkage of the concrete. This kind of the concrete. This kind of calculation, although cumbersome, has been simplified by the use of the compiters.(3) Quality control: This is important for any method construction, but it is more so for the complicated construction techniques. Curing of concrete, post-tensioning, joint preparation, etc. are detrimental to a successful structure. The site personnel must be made aware of the minimum concrete strengths required for post-tensioning, form removal, falsework removal, launching and other steps of operations.Generally speaking, these advanced construction techniques require more engineering work than the conventional falsework type construction, but the saving could be significant.大桥涵洞在大多数情况中桥梁的高度和跨度完全取决于河流的流量，桥梁的高度和跨度必须能够容纳最大洪水量.事实上，这不仅仅是洪水最大流量的问题,还需要在不同时间间隔预测不同程度的水灾。
毕业设计外文翻译范例
毕业设计外文翻译范例引言在大学生的学习生涯中，毕业设计是一项重要的任务。
它是对学生在大学期间所学知识的综合运用，也是对学生能力的一次全面考核。
外文翻译作为毕业设计的一部分，对于提高学生的英语水平和跨文化交流能力有着重要的作用。
本文将探讨毕业设计外文翻译的重要性、挑战以及解决方法。
毕业设计外文翻译的重要性外文翻译在毕业设计中具有重要的地位和作用。
首先，外文翻译可以帮助学生扩大知识面，并且了解国际上的研究动态和前沿技术。
通过翻译外文文献，学生可以学习到最新的研究成果和方法，为毕业设计提供参考和借鉴。
其次，外文翻译能够提高学生的英语水平。
通过翻译外文文献，学生可以锻炼自己的听、说、读、写能力，提高对英语的理解和应用能力。
在全球化的背景下，具备良好的英语能力对于学生的就业和未来发展具有重要意义。
最后，外文翻译可以培养学生的跨文化交流能力。
在进行外文翻译的过程中，学生需要了解不同文化背景下的表达方式和思维方式，从而更好地与其他文化背景的人进行沟通和交流。
这对于提高学生的跨文化合作能力和全球视野具有重要意义。
毕业设计外文翻译的挑战尽管毕业设计外文翻译具有重要的作用，但也面临一些挑战。
首先，外文翻译需要学生具备良好的英语水平和专业知识。
许多外文文献使用专业术语和复杂的句式，对学生的英语能力和专业知识提出了较高的要求。
同时，外文翻译还要求学生具备良好的分析能力和逻辑思维能力，能够准确理解和表达文献中的内容。
其次，外文翻译需要花费大量的时间和精力。
翻译一篇外文文献需要学生仔细阅读和理解原文，然后进行翻译和校对。
这个过程需要反复推敲和修正，耗费了学生大量的时间和精力。
在繁重的学业任务中，学生可能面临时间不足的问题，影响翻译质量和效率。
最后，外文翻译还可能面临文化差异和语言障碍。
不同的语言和文化有着不同的表达方式和思维方式，学生需要充分理解和融入到原文的语言和文化中，才能进行准确和恰当的翻译。
这对学生的跨文化交流能力提出了较高的要求。
英译汉论文
安徽建筑大学毕业设计 (英译汉)专业会计班级会计2班学生姓名魏蕊学号 *********** 课题中小企业经济管理方面内部控制探讨指导教师强群莉2016年 5 月日Discussion on the internal control of small and medium sized enterpriseeconomic management【Abstract】: With the development of the national economy, small and medium-sized enterprises have become an important force to promote social and economic development. Ensure the promotion of enterprise economy has an important role in promoting. To analyze and explore the internal control strategy of SMEs is the necessary management means and measures to ensure the normal operation of the economic activities of small and medium enterprises under the new situation. Economic management activities, is an important measure to guarantee the operation of enterprises, internal control, as to promote the healthy operation of the small and medium-sized enterprise's important economic management means is the small and medium-sized enterprise must correctly treat and innovative way of economic regulation and control.【Key words】Small and medium-sized enterprise economic management , Internal control1 The present situation of the development of economic management in the small and medium sized enterprises in China1.1 China's small and medium enterprises in the development of China's economic system disadvantageOur country implements the economic system which is based on the public ownership as the basis for the common development of various economic systems. Under this system, the small and medium-sized enterprises have made great contributions in stimulating economic growth, increasing employment, and promoting the economy of our country. According to statistics, 2014 economic development in the first quarter, an increase of seven percent points over the same quarter in 2013, while China's SMEs occupy an important position in the process of economic growth. However, the development of small and medium enterprises are also increasingly prominent disadvantage factors. Compared with large state-owned enterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises are small in scale, advanced production technology, low production efficiency, low utilization of resources, weak economic strength. So in the process of economic system reform, there will be many small and medium enterprisescan not afford the economic changes brought about by the reform, which led to bankruptcy or merger. Small and medium enterprises in the market economy in our country are sensitive and vulnerable part, can not quickly adapt to the reform and changes in the economic system. At the same time, our country pay more attention to the development of state-owned enterprises, compared with the state-owned enterprises, state support for small and medium-sized enterprises and support degree is relatively small, and the independence of the small and medium-sized enterprise is very poor, so that influence of the state's macro regulation and control policy of small and medium-sized enterprises more obvious, in response to changes in the market is more sensitive. From the employee's trust degree analysis, owing to the influence of the traditional concept of stability, most people will tend to select the position of state-owned enterprises, and to small and medium-sized enterprises hold prejudices that small and medium-sized enterprise strength is weak, the development of small space, development is not stable enough, the small and medium-sized enterprise talent loss, development is relatively more slowly, resulting in a vicious circle.1.2 the internal management of small and medium-sized enterprises in our country has a big problem, which seriously restricts its development.The main contents and steps of economic management are planning, implementation, control and improvement. The small and medium-sized enterprises in our country are in a disadvantaged position in the external economic development environment, and need to strengthen the internal management and regulation. Internal management issues belong to the internal contradictions of small and medium-sized enterprises should be taken seriously. Small and medium-sized enterprises belonging to the "family business" everywhere, under the leadership of the enterprise is not has higher cultural quality and strong leadership, decision-making level of small and medium-sized enterprises is relatively low, making some operating conditions deteriorating. Small and medium-sized enterprises in human resources management is not mature enough, due to its profit ability is bad, in order to improve the economic benefits, blindly to the labor force pressure, but will not improve the staff's welfare, continuously for a long time, so that employees a sense of trust and loyalty to the enterprise gradually decreased, eventually lost the support of the people, the brain drain, more serious can cause damage to the reputation of the enterprise, recruitment difficulties, or even stop production. Small and medium-sized enterprises of production technology to update and reform enough attention, no long-term vision of development, backward production equipment and production technology of the low production efficiency and resources to make full use of, high productioncost, and so on problems emerge in endlessly, eventually leading to enterprises in the same industry continues to lag behind, and eliminated.2 connotation characteristics of enterprise internal controlEconomic organizations to achieve the operating assets of the operation target of purpose and safety, security accounting information in the correct name and reliability, to ensure the implementation of the business policy and high efficiency of economic operations of the names of the internal control, the series adopted in the enterprise internal related self adjustment with constraints, scientific planning and evaluation of control measures. Enterprise internal control is based on the professional management system, with the purpose of risk prevention, effective supervision, through the full range of process control of production and operation of business activities and the formation of management norms. It is a kind of mutually restricted business organization form and the responsibility division system in the economic activity of the enterprise unit individual in order to strengthen their economic management. The purpose of internal control of enterprises is to improve management, improve economic efficiency, it is with the development of commodity economy and enterprise's own production of economic activities of the complexity of the gradual development and improvement of the. The internal control of enterprises is the coordination management method system and the constraint control procedures for the effective organization of the business activities of the relevant functional departments. Enterprise internal control elements include control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information communication, evaluation and supervision, etc..3 strengthen the significance of internal control of small and medium sized enterprises3.1 strengthen the internal control is conducive to optimize the environment to improve the economic management level of small and medium enterprisesRational and efficient enterprise's economic management measures is an important guarantee for the healthy development of SMEs. Effective and consistent implementation of business leaders brew of decision making strategy and management of the system, it is the premise of scientific enterprise operation. SMEs to strengthen internal controls, you can optimize the operating environment through a variety of means of effective control measures, encourage all employees to seriously implement and enforce enterprise to achieve the goal of economic activity established principles, policies, and help to promote enterprises to increase thelevel of economic management.3.2 strengthen internal controls in favor of clear scientific information to improve corporate financial information in decision-makingThe current market environment for the development of social economy, deepen the degree of fierce competition in the form of a market economy, the development of SMEs are facing extremely complex operating environment, the SMEs to strengthen their economic management, they must master a variety of economic and other various financial markets information to ensure that companies can carry out scientific orientation and decision-making for its own stability and development. Establish an internal control system will help improve the accuracy and reliability of corporate accounting information.3.3 strengthen internal controls help to avoid the risk of maintaining the security of small and medium business investmentUnder the market economy environment, the presence of current enterprise investments run considerable risks. Capital assets are the material basis for the enterprise engaged in production activities. SMEs can strengthen internal controls audit by accounting, cost management and other methods of payments, operations and production activities of corporate funds for scientific supervision, good internal control system can effectively avoid the waste of resources, improve management efficiency and production operations , reduce costs, improve economic efficiency of enterprises.3.4 strengthen internal controls to protect small and medium conducive to scientific examination administered by the production efficiencyThe development of enterprises, scientific work is inseparable from their own economic activity and the effectiveness of run production activities. Evaluation system is to promote the production enthusiasm of important management measures. Strengthen internal control systems to determine the production through scientific and rational division of responsibilities, formulate strict rules and regulations, processes, evaluation and examination and other measures. Effectively planning and supervision of the corporate management of production and economic activity, and promptly correct the deviation errors and defects, to ensure the realization of economic enterprise management objectives.4.measures to strengthen internal control strategy for SMEsSMEs need with its own characteristics, strengthen internal control measures:4.1 strengthen internal control and management awareness, a clear responsibility to management objectives.Internal control objectives is closely related to their business objectives, SMEs must be practical, and actively guide enterprises to personnel the importance of internal control management concept sufficiently clear sense of responsibility to promote the coordinated operation of the various departments of enterprises to maintain the safety and integrity of assets, ensure proper information management reliability, reduce operating costs, maximize profits, and improve the work efficiency of the internal control objectives.4.2 Scientific Construction of internal control system, improve the economic management functions.Scientific and rational internal control system is the management foundation for enterprise development. SMEs must be based on actual needs, carefully build the organization and reasonable division of responsibilities, to guide staff conduct economic production and operation of various economic activities, according to their own laws and regulations, and improve economic management functions, deepening reform ideas, act upon and implement and implement economic policies to ensure effective implementation of economic activity.4.3 Optimization of internal and external environment for the development of SMEs, ensure economic production runInternal control is inseparable from the economic operation of the environment, it is bound by the operation of the market, the economic impact of various environmental factors, organizational structure, staff capacity and motivation of practitioners, corporate budgeting, cost management. Environmental control is the regulation of internal and external environmental factors have an important influence on the development of enterprises, current, comprehensive SMEs to own a variety of potential, expand market space, and optimize enterprise development environment and safeguard the development of production.4.4 innovation enterprise management control measures to achieve management objectivesInnovation is important to the vitality of enterprise development, enterprise internal control should be established on the basis of a commoncode of ethics, innovative forms of management, clear objectives of the responsibility, to update scientific concepts, and strengthen internal control effectiveness. Enterprises should regularly staff education and professional quality training of internal knowledge, strengthen coordination and efficiency of the internal management of constraints and business activities, and promote scientific operation of financial management. To achieve business objectives.4.5 sound internal control legal protection, promote the efficient functioning of the economyEstablishing a rigorous internal review and oversight mechanisms, internal audit mechanism should the top leadership of the enterprise directly responsible to maintain the relative independence. Enterprises adhere to the principle of combining responsibility and rights, strengthening of business process control, supervision of financial information, the performance results of the assessment, internal control and other aspects of the coordination system to provide legal protection, and promote the smooth development of colleges and universities run economic activity.Conclusion: In short, internal control is the driving force of the development of modern enterprises, enterprises to achieve business objectives of the scientific safeguards. Under the current circumstances, SMEs should be based on reality, persist in reform and innovation, adhere to the times, optimize the organizational structure, clear division of responsibilities, strengthen and improve economic management and monitoring mechanism to achieve rapid and efficient sustainable development of SMEs.中小企业经济管理方面的内部控制探讨【摘要】：随着国民经济的多元化发展，中小企业已成为促进社会经济发展的重要力量。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名：译文：简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
毕设论文英文翻译
毕设论文英文翻译翻译是一项具有艺术性和科学性的实践活动。
下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英文翻译毕设论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!英文翻译毕设论文篇1旅游资料英文翻译方法摘要：由于在英汉两种语言文化间的存在差异，不利于翻译，而旅游资料的翻译从一定程度上讲就是向外国游客介绍一个国家独特的文化，因此，研究翻译的方法突显重要。
本文分析音译、增补、简化、借喻等方法，来进一步提高旅游资料的翻译的准确性。
关键词：旅游资料翻译方法来中国旅游的国外游客一般是通过阅读旅游资料，包括景点介绍、民俗风情画册、告示标牌、图片、古迹楹联解说等内容来了解我国的奇观异景。
隐含文本特征的旅游资料，其译文质量直接影响外国游客对中国的了解，也是翻译的重点和难点，影响我国文化的传播。
由此看来，进一步提高旅游资料翻译的准确性显得尤为重要，本文就旅游资料的英译过程中可以采用的方法进行探讨。
1、旅游英语翻译中的中西方文化差异中西方民族在长期的社会实践中形成了不同的文化心理和思维方式，反映在语言中就是谋篇布局、写作方式等行为习惯。
中文写作的功能与价值都强调“表达”，而英文写作的功能与价值都注重“阐释”。
强调表达的中文写作传统使中文写作充满了主观的意识、想象和情绪。
而强调阐释的英文写作传统则使英文写作充满了客观的反映、分析、推演和论证。
英汉两种思维的差异，易导致翻译错误。
英汉两种文化的差异，导致汉语中有些旅游词汇在英语中找不到对等词汇，中国独有的文化遗产、古迹、历史传说、典故、民族风情、宗教信仰和思维模式等，相关词语出现缺失现象。
如“紫禁城”没有对等翻译。
2、旅游英语翻译方法为了加强旅游英语翻译过程中外国旅游者对我国民族文化的理解，更直观、准确地进行语言和文字的交流与沟通，应灵活运用各种翻译技巧，进行文字的转换与文化的传播。
2.1音译法在中国的人文景观的名称前常用汉语拼音方法给出英语对等词语。
例如：岳阳楼，Yueyang Tower;峨眉山的宝光寺，Bao Guang Monastery ( Divine Light Monastery)等。
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摘要英汉互译系统是基于J2EE开发的，在J2SDK和Eclipse平台上使用java与Microsoft Access开发的，主要是解决个人及广大的朋友们实现英译汉、汉译英的功能，本系统实现对生词、错词进行添加、删除和修改。
之所以选择J2EE来开发本系统有诸多的优越性，下面分别介绍：J2EE的优越性：J2EE是一套全然不同于传统应用开发的技术架构，包含许多组件，主要可简化且规范应用系统的开发与部署，进而提高可移植性、安全与再用价值。
Java语言的优越性和前景：java是以撰写跨平台应用软件的面向对象的程序设计语言，是由Sun Microsystems公司于1995年5月推出的Java程序设计语言和Java平台（即JavaSE, JavaEE, JavaME）的总称。
Java 技术具有卓越的通用性、高效性、平台移植性和安全性，广泛应用于个人PC、数据中心、游戏控制台、科学超级计算机、移动电话和互联网，同时拥有全球最大的开发者专业社群。
在全球云计算和移动互联网的产业环境下，Java更具备了显著优势和广阔前景。
作品的选材：现在我们处于一个信息的时代，随着时代的进步，语言也伴随这进步，我们处在一个形形色色的语言大家庭中，会其他国家的语言变得尤为重要，而英语在这些语言中又显得突出了，之所以选择做一个英汉互译的翻译软件是为了帮助自己和他人能学习更多的英语词汇，提升自己的技能水平。
系统用程序的方式解决了那些非常复杂的操作，比如翻越词典，所有的步骤只需在电脑或者手机上安装即可查询。
只需要查询，添加，删除和修改简单的几步操作就可以完成，非常简单实用。
【关键词】 java技术；英汉互译；查询；删除；修改；添加AbstractTranslation system is based on J2EE development, developed using java the J2SDK and Eclipse platform and Microsoft Access, mainly to solve personal and the majority of the friends realized English to Chinese and Chinese to English functionality of the system to achieve the new words,wrong word to add, delete, and modify. Chose J2EE to develop the system has many advantages, the following were introduced:The superiority of J2EE:J2EE is a set of completely different from traditional application development, technical architecture, contains a number of components, mainly to simplify the specification of application systems development and deployment, and to improve portability, security and re-use value.The superiority of the Java language and prospects:java programming language in writing object-oriented cross-platform software applications, was launched in May 1995 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. Java programming language and the Java platform (ie JavaSE, JavaEE, and JavaME) general. Java technology has excellent versatility, efficiency, platform portability, and security, are widely used in personal PC, data center, gaming consoles, scientific supercomputers, mobile phones and the Internet, at the same time has the world's largest community of professional developers . Global cloud computing and mobile Internet industry environment, Java has significant advantages and broad prospects.The selection of works:Now we are in an information age, with the progress of the times, the language is also accompanied by this progress, we arein a diverse languages extended family, will be the language of the other countries has become particularly important, and the prominent English language , chose to do a translation translation software to help themselves and others to learn more English vocabulary, enhance their level of skills.Program to solve a very complex operation, such as crossing the dictionary, all the steps are simply installed on a computer or mobile phone can query. Only need a few simple steps operation can be completed, a very simple and practical.【Key Words】java technology; Translation; queries; delete; modified; Add目录第一章问题定义及内容简介 (9)1.1问题的定义 (9)1.2 内容简介 (9)第二章研究背景与研究意义 (2)2.1 研究背景 (2)2.2 研究意义 (3)第三章开发平台与语言简介 (5)3.1 Eclipse简介 (5)3.2 java 简介 (6)3.3 Access 简介 (7)第四章系统需求分析及可行性分析 (8)4.1 系统需求分析 (8)4.1.1 现状分析 (8)4.1.2 功能需求分析 (9)4.1.3 数据库需求分析 (9)4.1.4 系统数据流程分析 (10)4.2 系统总体功能介绍 (12)4.3 模块功能介绍 (12)4.3.1 主界面功能 (12)4.3.2 英译汉功能 (12)4.3.3 汉译英功能 (13)4.4 数据项 (13)4.5 系统难点分析 (15)第五章系统设计 (15)5.1系统的总体设计 (15)5.1.1系统的功能模块设计 (15)5.2 系统的详细设计 (17)5.2.1 概念设计 (17)5.3 系统的物理设计 (18)第六章总体设计 (19)6．1 算法的实现 (19)6.2 字符串的联系 (20)6.3 数据库设计 (20)6.3.1 数据库图 (20)6.3.2 数据库的约束与关系 (21)6.4 系统的实现 (21)6.4.1 主界面功能实现 (21)6.4.2 英译汉功能实现 (23)6.4.3 汉译英功能及词库备份实现 (24)6.4.4 查询类的实现及数据库绑定 (26)6.4.5 添加类的实现及数据库绑定 (27)6.4.6 修改类的实现及数据库绑定 (29)6.4.7 删除类的实现及数据库绑定 (31)第七章 Socket编程 (35)7.1 Socket编程 (35)7.2 Socket的实现 (35)第八章程序总结 (41)8.1 本系统的优点 (41)8.2 本系统的不足及改良 (42)8.3 设计和实现过程中的收获 (42)参考文献 (43)参考书籍： (43)谢辞 (45)第一章问题定义及内容简介1.1问题的定义解决英译汉、汉译英以及传统的英汉互译的软件缺陷进行以下的改变：1.实现添加生词到数据库，方便下次查询，备份词库、避免数据丢失。
2.修改错误的词汇，汉英解释和单词的性质。
3.对不必要的词汇进行删除，大大的减少了数据冗余和重复。
4.考虑数据库的选择和数据库连接、配置等问题、减少不必要的问题出现1.2 内容简介通过设计实践，达到以下目的：1.培养学生严谨务实的工作态度，并在老师的指导下，提高分析问题和解决问题的能力，促进理论联系实际学风养成。
2.巩固和加深对面向对象程序设计的基本概念、基本理论和实现技术的理解。
3.掌握Java开发的主要环境与工具，掌握面向对象的常用控件的使用方法。
4.初步掌握面向对象系统分析与设计的基本方法和步骤，并能针对简单的实际应用问题进行初步地分析和设计。
5.掌握Java编程语言，并针对具体应用问题进行编程实现。
6.通过撰写课程设计论文，锻炼学生科技论文写作能力。
英汉互译的实现：功能要求：能够编辑词典库中的信息，能够实现英译汉，汉译英（要考虑一词多义）。
该系统主要用于实现英汉互译的功能，先选择是英译汉还是汉译英然后再查询框中查询，该系统会自动弹出匹配信息。
第二章研究背景与研究意义2.1 研究背景电子引词典是一种将传统的印刷词典转成数码方式、进行快速查询的数字学习工具。
电脑辞典以轻便易携、查询快捷、功能丰富等特点，成为21世纪学生学习生活、社会人士移动办公的掌上利器。
电脑辞典主要有五大板块功能，分别为：辞典查询学习功能、电子记事功能、计算功能、参考资料功能以及数据传输功能。
目前市场上的电子辞典内置的辞典有学习词典如英汉、雅思等，也有专业词典如电子、医药、信息等。