毕业设计英语翻译
毕业设计中英文翻译【范本模板】
英文The road (highway)The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel。
It is made of the roadbed，the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility。
The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder，side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to route's plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent the water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture。
The road surface require being smooth，having enough intensity，good stability and anti—slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the safe, comfort and the traffic。
毕业设计外文翻译译文
1 工程概论1.1 工程专业1.2 工业和技术1.3 现代制造业工程专业1 工程行业是历史上最古老的行业之一。
如果没有在广阔工程领域中应用的那些技术，我们现在的文明绝不会前进。
第一位把岩石凿削成箭和矛的工具匠是现代机械工程师的鼻祖。
那些发现地球上的金属并找到冶炼和使用金属的方法的工匠们是采矿和冶金工程师的先祖。
那些发明了灌溉系统并建造了远古世纪非凡的建筑物的技师是他们那个时代的土木工程师。
2 工程一般被定义为理论科学的实际应用，例如物理和数学。
许多早期的工程设计分支不是基于科学而是经验信息，这些经验信息取决于观察和经历，而不是理论知识。
这是一个倾斜面实际应用的例子，虽然这个概念没有被确切的理解，但是它可以被量化或者数字化的表达出来。
3 从16、17世纪当代初期，量化就已经成为科学知识大爆炸的首要原因之一。
另外一个重要因素是实验法验证理论的发展。
量化包含了把来源于实验的数据和信息转变成确切的数学术语。
这更加强调了数学是现代工程学的语言。
4 从19世纪开始，它的结果的实际而科学的应用已经逐步上升。
机械工程师现在有精确的能力去计算来源于许多不同机构之间错综复杂的相互作用的机械优势。
他拥有能一起工作的既新型又强硬的材料和巨大的新能源。
工业革命开始于使用水和蒸汽一起工作。
从此使用电、汽油和其他能源作动力的机器变得如此广泛以至于它们承担了世界上很大比例的工作。
5 科学知识迅速膨胀的结果之一就是科学和工程专业的数量的增加。
到19世纪末不仅机械、土木、矿业、冶金工程被建立而且更新的化学和电气工程专业出现了。
这种膨胀现象一直持续到现在。
我们现在拥有了核能、石油、航天航空空间以及电气工程等。
每种工程领域之内都有细分。
6 例如，土木工程自身领域之内有如下细分：涉及永久性结构的建筑工程、涉及水或其他液体流动与控制系统的水利工程、涉及供水、净化、排水系统的研究的环境工程。
机械工程主要的细分是工业工程，它涉及的是错综复杂的机械系统，这些系统是工业上的，而非单独的机器。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
毕业设计中英文翻译
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：电力系统检测与计算外文题目：The development of the single chipmicrocomputer译文题目：单片机技术的发展与应用学生姓名： XXX专业： XXX指导教师姓名： XXX评阅日期：单片机技术的发展与应用从无线电世界到单片机世界现代计算机技术的产业革命，将世界经济从资本经济带入到知识经济时代。
在电子世界领域，从 20 世纪中的无线电时代也进入到 21 世纪以计算机技术为中心的智能化现代电子系统时代。
现代电子系统的基本核心是嵌入式计算机系统(简称嵌入式系统)，而单片机是最典型、最广泛、最普及的嵌入式系统。
一、无线电世界造就了几代英才。
在 20 世纪五六十年代，最具代表的先进的电子技术就是无线电技术，包括无线电广播，收音，无线通信(电报)，业余无线电台，无线电定位，导航等遥测、遥控、遥信技术。
早期就是这些电子技术带领着许多青少年步入了奇妙的电子世界，无线电技术展示了当时科技生活美妙的前景。
电子科学开始形成了一门新兴学科。
无线电电子学，无线通信开始了电子世界的历程。
无线电技术不仅成为了当时先进科学技术的代表，而且从普及到专业的科学领域，吸引了广大青少年，并使他们从中找到了无穷的乐趣。
从床头的矿石收音机到超外差收音机；从无线电发报到业余无线电台；从电话，电铃到无线电操纵模型。
无线电技术成为当时青少年科普、科技教育最普及，最广泛的内容。
至今，许多老一辈的工程师、专家、教授当年都是无线电爱好者。
无线电技术的无穷乐趣，无线电技术的全面训练，从电子学基本原理，电子元器件基础到无线电遥控、遥测、遥信电子系统制作，培养出了几代科技英才。
二、从无线电时代到电子技术普及时代。
早期的无线电技术推动了电子技术的发展，其中最主要的是真空管电子技术向半导体电子技术的发展。
半导体电子技术使有源器件实现了微小型化和低成本，使无线电技术有了更大普及和创新，并大大地开阔了许多非无线电的控制领域。
毕业设计外文文献翻译范文
毕业设计外文文献翻译专业学生姓名班级学号指导教师优集学院外文资料名称：Knowledge-Based Engineeri--ng Design Methodology外文资料出处：Int.J.Engng Ed.Vol.16.No.1附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文2.外文原文基于知识工程(KBE)设计方法D. E. CALKINS1.背景复杂系统的发展需要很多工程和管理方面的知识、决策，它要满足很多竞争性的要求。
设计被认为是决定产品最终形态、成本、可靠性、市场接受程度的首要因素。
高级别的工程设计和分析过程(概念设计阶段)特别重要，因为大多数的生命周期成本和整体系统的质量都在这个阶段。
产品成本的压缩最可能发生在产品设计的最初阶段。
整个生命周期阶段大约百分之七十的成本花费在概念设计阶段结束时，缩短设计周期的关键是缩短概念设计阶段，这样同时也减少了工程的重新设计工作量。
工程权衡过程中采用良好的估计和非正式的启发进行概念设计。
传统CAD工具对概念设计阶段的支持非常有限。
有必要，进行涉及多个学科的交流合作来快速进行设计分析(包括性能，成本，可靠性等)。
最后，必须能够管理大量的特定领域的知识。
解决方案是在概念设计阶段包含进更过资源，通过消除重新设计来缩短整个产品的时间。
所有这些因素都主张采取综合设计工具和环境，以在早期的综合设计阶段提供帮助。
这种集成设计工具能够使由不同学科的工程师、设计者在面对复杂的需求和约束时能够对设计意图达成共识。
那个设计工具可以让设计团队研究在更高级别上的更多配置细节。
问题就是架构一个设计工具，以满足所有这些要求。
2.虚拟(数字)原型模型现在需要是一种代表产品设计为得到一将允许一产品的早发展和评价的真实事实上原型的过程的方式。
虚拟样机将取代传统的物理样机，并允许设计工程师，研究“假设”的情况，同时反复更新他们的设计。
真正的虚拟原型，不仅代表形状和形式，即几何形状，它也代表如重量，材料，性能和制造工艺的非几何属性。
本科毕业设计外文文献翻译
（Sheaｒ waｌl ｓt ｒuctural desigｎ ofh ｉgh-ｌev ｅl fr ａmeworkＷｕ Jiche ｎgＡbstract ： In t ｈis pape ｒ the basic c ｏｎcepts of ｍａn ｐow ｅr ｆｒom th ｅ ｆra ｍｅ sh ｅａr w ａｌl str ｕc ｔｕｒｅ, analy ｓis of the ｓtruct ｕr ａｌ des ｉgn ｏf th ｅ c ｏnt ｅnt ｏｆ t ｈe fr ａme she ａr wall, in ｃｌudi ｎg the ｓeism ｉc wa ｌl she ａr spa本科毕业设计外文文献翻译学校代码： 10128学 号：题 目：Shear wall structural design of high-level framework 学生姓名： 学 院：土木工程学院 系 别：建筑工程系 专 业：土木工程专业（建筑工程方向） 班 级：土木08-（5）班 指导教师： (副教授)ｎratiｏdesign, ａnd a concrｅtｅｓtruｃtuｒe in thｅmｏst co ｍmonｌy useｄframe shear walｌstｒｕcturｅtｈｅdesign of p ｏiｎｔs to note.Keyworｄs: cｏncrｅｔｅ; fｒaｍｅshｅａｒwall sｔｒucｔｕre；hiｇh－risｅbuildｉｎｇsThe wall is aｍoｄern high－rｉｓe buiｌdiｎgs is an iｍpo ｒｔant buiｌdinｇconｔｅnt, the ｓize of thｅfraｍe sheａr wall must comｐly with buildｉng reguｌａtｉons. The pｒｉnｃipｌe is ｔhat the largeｒsｉzｅbｕt the thｉｃknessｍuｓt ｂｅsmaller gｅoｍetric featｕrｅｓshoｕlｄｂe ｐｒeｓented ｔo the pｌatｅ,ｔｈe forｃe is close to cylｉndrｉcal.Ｔhe waｌl sｈｅar wa ｌl strｕｃｔure ｉs a flaｔcomｐonent. Itｓeｘposure to tｈe force aｌoｎg ｔhe ｐlane leｖｅl of theｒole ofｓｈear and momｅｎt, must also take ｉｎtｏａccounｔthe veｒｔical preｓsure.Opeｒate unｄer thｅcomｂiｎed actｉｏn oｆbenｄing momeｎts and axial force aｎｄsheａr forcｅbｙthe caｎtilｅｖｅr deep beａm uｎder ｔｈe acｔion of the force leveｌｔo lｏo ｋinto ｔｈe bottom mouｎted on ｔhe basｉs of. Sheaｒｗaｌl ｉｓdiｖidｅｄinｔo a whole walｌand ｔheａssoｃiated ｓｈeａr wall in thｅactual project,a wholｅwａlｌfor ｅxａmpl ｅ, suｃh as ｇenｅraｌhｏusiｎｇｃonstｒuction in tｈe gablｅｏr fish bｏne strｕcture ｆｉlｍwａｌls ａnd small opｅningｓwall.Cｏupled Sｈeａr ｗalls are ｃonnｅcted bｙｔhｅcｏupｌing ｂeam shｅａr wall.Buｔｂecause tｈeｇｅnerａlｃｏupling beaｍstｉｆfness is less thaｎｔhe wall stiｆfnｅsｓof the lｉmbs，ｓｏ. Wａlｌliｍb aｌonｅis obviｏus.The ｃｅntral beam of tｈeｉnflｅｃtion pｏｉnｔtｏpay aｔtenｔiｏｎto tｈeｗaｌl pressｕre thａn the limiｔs of the lｉmb axis. Will forｍa shortｗiｄe beａms，widｅcolｕmn wａll liｍｂｓhear wａll ｏpｅnings toｏlarge ｃomｐonｅnt aｔbothｅn ｄs ｗith jｕst the domain of vａｒiabｌe crosｓ－ｓecｔｉon ro ｄin ｔhe intｅrｎａｌforcｅｓｕnder tｈｅaｃtioｎof maｎy Ｗalｌlｉmb iｎflｅcｔion point Ｔhｅｒeｆoｒe, ｔhe cａｌcula ｔions ａｎd consｔruction sｈouldAccordinｇtｏappｒoxiｍａｔe tｈe framｅstｒucｔure to ｃonsideｒ.Tｈe desｉｇｎof ｓhｅａr walls ｓhoulｄbe based on the cｈａractｅrisｔics ｏf ａvａｒｉｅty oｆwall itseｌｆ,ａnd dｉfferｅnｔmeｃhanical ch ａrａcteｒisｔｉcｓand requireｍents,wall oｆthｅinternａｌforceｄistrｉbutｉon and failurｅmoｄｅs ｏf sｐecific and cｏmprehensive ｃonｓideration of the design rｅinｆorcemｅnt aｎd stｒuctural measｕres. Ｆrame sｈear wall ｓｔrｕctuｒe deｓiｇn is to cｏｎsider the ｓtructｕre of the oｖerall ａnａｌysis for ｂoｔh dｉrecｔｉｏｎsｏｆthｅhｏrｉzontal and vｅrtiｃalｅfｆects. Oｂtain thｅinternal force ｉs reｑuirｅd in ａccｏrdancｅｗｉｔｈtｈe bias or paｒtｉal ｐull normal sｅcｔｉon forｃｅｃaｌculatiｏn.The waｌl strｕcture oｆtheｆｒame sｈear ｗall ｓｔructural dｅsign of ｔhe coｎtent frame hｉgh-rise buildings, in ｔhe actual ｐrｏjeｃｔiｎｔhｅuse of thｅｍoｓt seisｍic ｗａlls have suffiｃient quantitｉeｓto meｅt ｔheｌｉmitsｏf the lａyer displacement, the loｃation iｓｒelａtiｖely flexiblｅ. Seiｓmic wａll for cｏntinuous layout，ｆulｌ-length ｔhroｕgh．Should bｅdesigned to avoid the waｌl mutaｔioｎs ｉn limb ｌｅｎgth and alignment is noｔuｐａnd down the ｈolｅ. The samｅtｉme．Tｈe inｓide of ｔhe hole marginｓcｏlｕｍｎshｏｕld not ｂｅｌｅssｔhan３00mm ｉｎordｅｒtｏguaraｎteｅtheｌengtｈof the colｕｍn ａs the edgｅof tｈe coｍponent and constｒａiｎt eｄgｅcｏｍponeｎts．Thｅbi-direc ｔiｏnal laｔerａl forｃe ｒesiｓting strucｔurａl fｏrm of verticａl aｎｄhorｉzontaｌwalｌcoｎnected.Eａｃh ｏｔhｅr as ｔhe ａffiｎiｔｙof the shｅar wall. Ｆor ｏnｅ, two seismic frａme sｈe ａr ｗalｌｓ,ｅｖen beam highｒatio ｓhould noｔgreateｒthan 5 aｎd a height of nｏt less thaｎ400mm.Midline colｕmnａnd beａmｓ,wall ｍｉdline shouｌdｎoｔbe greaｔer tha ｎthe ｃoｌｕmｎwidｔｈof1/4，ｉn ordｅr ｔｏreｄuce thｅtoｒsional eｆfect of the sｅiｓmｉｃacｔion ｏnｔｈｅｃolｕmn．Oｔhｅrwｉsｅcan be taken tｏstrengthｅn theｓtirruprａｔｉo iｎｔhe cｏlｕmn tｏmake ｕp.If thｅshear wａｌl sheａｒsｐａn ｔhａnｔhe ｂig twｏ. Ｅveｎthe beａｍcro ｓs-heｉｇht ratiｏgreateｒthan 2.5, ｔhen tｈe design presｓｕｒe ｏf thｅｃｕt shoulｄnoｔmａkｅａｂig 0.2. Howevｅｒ, ｉf the sheａｒwallｓheａr sｐａｎｒatiｏof ｌess than two couｐlinｇｂeａms sｐan of ｌeｓs than ２．5, then the shear coｍｐres ｓiｏn rａｔiｏis noｔgreaｔer thａn 0.15. Thｅｏther haｎｄ，ｔhe bｏttom oｆthe fraｍe ｓhｅar walｌstructure ｔo enhａnce tｈｅdｅsign sｈould ｎoｔbe leｓs thaｎ２０0mmａnd noｔlesｓthaｎstorey 1/１6，othｅｒｐaｒtｓｓhｏulｄnot be lｅss than 160mm ａnd ｎｏt ｌｅss thaｎｓtoｒey １/20. Arounｄthe wall of the frame ｓhｅar ｗall strucｔure sｈｏulｄbe set ｔo the beａm or dark bｅamａnd the sｉｄe columｎｔｏform a borｄｅr. Ｈoｒizｏntａl ｄｉｓtrｉbuｔioｎoｆsｈear waｌls cａn from the sheａr effect，tｈｉs design wｈen ｂuilｄｉng higｈｅr longeｒor fｒaｍｅｓtructｕre reinfoｒcｅment shｏuld be aｐprｏpｒiatelｙincｒeａｓed, ｅspｅcｉａlｌy in the sｅnｓitivｅｐarts of the beam pｏsition ｏr teｍperaｔuｒe, stiffnｅsｓchａnge is besｔappｒopriatｅly increased, ｔｈeｎcｏnsidｅration sｈoulｄbe ｇｉveｎｔo the wａlｌvertｉcaｌreiｎforｃemeｎt,becaｕse ｉt is mａinly fｒom the bｅnding efｆecｔ, aｎｄtake in ｓome ｍｕlti-ｓtorｅｙshｅａｒｗａll structuｒereinforcｅｄreｉnｆorceｍent rate -likｅlｅsｓconｓtｒained edgｅｏｆｔhｅcomｐonent or components reinforｃemeｎt of thｅedge ｃomｐｏnent.Referｅnces: [1 sad Hａyaｓhi,He Yaming. Ｏn the shorｔshｅar ｗall ｈigh-riｓe bｕilｄinｇｄesign ［J]．Kｅｙｕaｎ, 2008, (O2).高层框架剪力墙结构设计吴继成摘要: 本文从框架剪力墙结构设计的基本概念人手, 分析了框架剪力墙的构造设计内容, 包括抗震墙、剪跨比等的设计, 并出混凝土结构中最常用的框架剪力墙结构设计的注意要点。
毕业设计用英语怎么说
毕业设计用英语怎么说毕业设计是教学过程的最后阶段采用的一种总结性的实践教学环节。
仅对大专以上学校要求在毕业前根据专业的不同进行毕业设计，对中等专业学校的学生不作要求。
那么你知道毕业设计用英语怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来毕业设计的英语说法，欢迎各位同学们学习!毕业设计的英语说法：graduation project毕业设计相关英语表达：毕业设计大赛 Graduation Design Competition毕业设计作品 Graduation Design Works毕业设计指导 graduation-project guidance毕业设计论文质量 qualities of graduation design毕业设计模式 graduate design modes毕业设计的英语例句：1. This article introduced the customer system management system realization method.本文介绍了客户管理毕业设计的实现方法.2. Andworked at an insurance company my graduation field work.我在家保险公司进行我毕业设计.3. This project is my graduation design. a sub - item of my tutor's.此项目为本人的毕业设计. 是导师项目下的子项目.4. This graduation design is about project management's new critical chain method. "本毕业设计是对项目进度管理新技术关键链法的研究.5. This graduation project's topic is on - line auto sale management system management system.本次毕业设计的题目就是网上汽车销售管理系统.6. The traveling website construction is faces the realistic demand an utility system.旅游网站建设是面向现实需求的一个实用毕业设计.7. The whole design procedure consists of the architectural and the structural design.此次毕业设计包括两部分:建筑设计,结构设计.8. This graduation project's topic is on - line books management system management system.本次毕业设计的题目就是网络订餐系统.9. During a metalworking and machine tool plant internships, courses and graduate design.其间进行了金工及机床厂实习, 课程及毕业设计.10. This project belongs to reseachful new task, and is of a assignment.本毕业设计是一个属于研究型的新课题, 工程浩大.11. The study are the design of the logistics and transport systems.本毕业设计的研究内容是物流运输的系统.12. My graduation project is about the origin and regulation of stem cells.我的毕业设计是关于干细胞调节的起源的.13. After the graduation project and found a lot of accumulated several more.毕业设计做完了,发现好多,积累了好更.14. Ninety percent of my class is already working on the final project.我们班百分之九十的同学都已经开始做毕业设计了.15. This paper analyzes the Web - based e - commerce platform -- Automobile Sales Management System.本文研究分析了基于的电子商务的平台开发汽车销售管理毕业设计.。
关于毕业设计的英文翻译
Development of polymer-based sensors for integration into a wireless data acquisition system suitable for monitoring environmental and physiological processesBiomolecular Engineering Volume 23, Issue 5, October 2006, Pages 253-257AbstractIn this work, the pressure sensing properties of polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer films were evaluated by integrating them with a wireless data acquisition system. Each device was connected to an integrated interface circuit, which includes a capacitance to frequency converter (C/F) and an internal voltage regulator to suppress supply voltage fluctuations on the transponder side. The system was tested under hydrostatic pressures ranging from 0 to 17 kPa. Results show PE to be the more sensitive to pressure changes, indicating that it is useful for the accurate measurement of pressure over a small range. On the other hand PVDF devices could be used for measurement over a wider range and should be considered due to the low hysteresis and good repeatability displayed during testing. It is thought that this arrangement could form the basis of a cost-effective wireless monitoring system for the evaluation of environmental or physiological processes.Keywords: Pressure; Thick film; Polymers; Sensor; Wireless1. IntroductionIn many professions and industries, the ability to make measurements in difficult to reach or dangerous environments without risking the health of an individual is now a necessity. A way of wirelessly transmitting data from the sensor, which is at the point of interest, to a remote receiver is required. Using this approach, sensors can be implanted in a difficult to reach or harsh environment and left there for a period of time. Sensors designed to measure any number of parameters including pressure, conductivity and pH could be used (Barrie, 1992, Astaras, 2002and Flick and Orglmeister, 2000). Data transfer is typically achieved using radio frequencies to send information to a receiver, which is remote from the area of interest.Apart from industrial and environmental applications, these acquisition systems could revolutionise the healthcare system in a number of areas. They could find applications in the treatment of patients which have experienced extreme traumas by monitoring critical parameters such as intra-cranial pressure (Flick and Orglmeister, 2000). However, in a more routine setting they could also be used to make long term measurements of biological fluid pressure for clinical studies in several areas, such as cardiology, pulmonology and gastroenterology (Yang et al., 2003). In the future, it may even be possible to monitor patients while they reside in their home or continue to work (Budinger, 2003).With these applications in mind, a wireless data acquisition system, including a capacitance to frequency converter (C/F) and an internal voltage regulator to provide a stable operation has been developed. The circuitry was developed to minimise power consumption, as power will not be randomly available in the test environment. The system was developed specifically for the measurement of pressure. Two capacitive structures were formed using polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for the sensing layer. These materials were chosen for their biocompatibleand mechanical properties. Capacitive structures are preferred as they lead to lower power consumption and higher sensitivity than their piezoelectric counterparts (Puers, 1993).PVDF is a low-density semi-crystalline material, consisting of longrepeating chains of CF2CH2molecules. The crystalline regionconsists of a number of polymorphs, of which the α- and β-phase are most common. The β-phase is piezoelectric and has many advantages including its mechanical strength, wide dynamic range, flexibility and ease of fabrication (Payne and Chen, 1990). Poled PVDF films have been employed in the development of devices, which can be used in a wide range of applications, for example, providing robots with tactile sensors and the measurement of explosive forces (Payne et al., 1990and Bauer, 1999). In a medical context, poled PVDF films have been popular in the development of plantar pressure-measurement systems, where their flexibility and the ease with which electrode patterns can be attached has been a particular advantage (Lee and Sung, 1999). Micromachined devices using PVDF as a flexible element in the system have also been developed for use in an endoscopic grasper because of its high force sensitivity, large dynamic range and good linearity (Dargahi et al., 1998).Polyethylene is a cost effective and versatile semi-crystalline polymerconsisting of repeating CH2CH2units. The most common forms arelow-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), where the density is related to the degree of chain branching. It is a material which is useful in pressure-sensing applications and has been popular for use in the development of flexible electronics (Harsanyi, 1995 and Domenech et al., 2005). PE is particularly popular in the fabrication of polymer/carbon-black composites for pressure measurement (Zheng et al., 1999 and Xu et al., 2005). Furthermore, polyethylene terephtalate (PET)has been identified as an electret material with possible dynamic pressure sensing applications (Paajanen et al., 2000).In this work, both PE and PVDF films were formed into a sandwich capacitor, which was then subjected to changing hydrostatic pressures. The films deformed under pressure and the resulting change in capacitance was transmitted wirelessly through the liquid to an external receiver, which converts the signal to a corresponding voltage.2. Experimental procedureThe sensing layers were in the form of films with thickness of approximately 100 μm. The PVDF film has a dominant β-phase and was purchased from Precision Acoustics Ltd. The LDPE film was supplied from Goodfellow Cambridge Ltd. The Young's modulus of each material is an indication of how likely the material is to deform under applied pressure and is quoted to be 8.3 GPa and 0.1–0.3 GPa for PVDF and PE, respectively. To form the capacitors, DuPont 4929 silver paste was deposited using a DEK RS 1202 automatic screen-printer to form electrodes measuring15 mm × 10 mm. The sensor structure is shown in Fig. 1. This approach was used as difficulties in depositing other electrode materials on PVDF have been recorded (Payne and Chen, 1990). After deposition, the electrodes were dried in air and cured at 100 °C for 30 min. The electrical properties of each device were measured, from 1 Hz to 1 MHz, using a Solatron S1 1260 Impedance Gain/Phase Analyser.Fig. 1. Structure of the PVDF and PE capacitor.To evaluate the performance of each material under pressure, capacitors were individually connected to the interface and transmitter circuit. The sensor was protected using a thin, flexible waterproof membrane. The circuit was contained in a weatherproof housing. This was a rigid structure of dimensions 54 × 59 mm2 and was necessary to protect the electronics from the liquid environment. To connect the sensor to the interface an opening was drilled into the housing and the connections were made waterproof.The change in capacitance with increasing depth in a liquid environment was then recorded.The pressure in this case ranged from 0 to 17 kPa. The change in capacitance was converted to a frequency, which was wirelessly transmitted to an external receiver. The transmitter and receiver are battery powered. A comparison of the power requirements, this circuit (marked with an asterisk) is compared to other standard interface circuits is shown in Table 1. A block diagram of the transmitter and receiver system can be seen in Fig. 2.Table 1.Power consumption for sensor interface circuitsThe main element of the sensor interface circuit is an integrated capacitance to frequency converter, which is used to link the sensoris the sensor capacitance,converted to voltage levels using phase locked loop (PLL) unit. This IC is a micro-power device since it typically draws 20 μA. The relationship between the frequency (f) and the voltage (V) has been measured to bef=V×13.1kHz/V （2）The value of 13.1 kHz/V was found by measuring the slope of the change in frequency with voltage for the voltage-controlled oscillator as shown in Fig. 3. It should be noted that while the PLL unit reduces power supply, it creates a non-linear output signal. Therefore the sensor response will appear to be non-linear.Fig. 3. Measured F/V characteristics of the VCO.Finally, a Lloyd Instruments LR50k was used to evaluate the sensitivity of the PVDF material over a wider pressure range. The LR50k is commonly used to place materials under tension or compression. In this work, it was used in compression mode, increasing the load on the capacitor over time. The change in sensor output was measured using a HP 4192 A LF Impedance Analyser at a frequency of 100 kHz. The capacitor was repeatedly tested in the range 0–560 kPa.3. Results and discussionWhen parallel plate capacitors, such as those formed in this study, are placed under pressure, the thickness of the sensing layer changes, resulting in an alteration of the distance, d, between the electrodes or plates. When the pressure is applied uniformly, there is a correspondingly uniform change in d, which leads to a change in the overall capacitance, according to Eq. (3)(3)where, C is the capacitance, r, is the relative permittivity of the , is the permittivity of free space and A is the area of dielectric,othe capacitor plates. The capacitance was found to be 40 pF and 140 pF for the PE and PVDF sensors, respectively. The relative permittivity was measured to be 3.45 for PE and 9.27 for PVDF at a frequency of 1 MHz. The capacitance of both materials showed a high stability over a wide range of frequencies, as shown in Fig. 4, making them well suited for integration into the wireless data acquisition system. Previous work on thick film capacitors using a PZT and PVDF dielectric layer have shown that device sensitivity is affected by operating frequency (Arshak et al., 2000). The differences are attributed to changes in dissipation factor. The PE sensor showed a stable response, however there is some variation the capacitance of the PVDF sensor at higher frequencies. Therefore, operating frequency could be used to optimize the sensor response.Fig. 4. Variation of capacitance with frequency for PE and PVDF devices.Fig. 5shows the response of the PE and PVDF sensors to pressure in the range 0–17 kPa. It was observed that PE shows a higher sensitivity to pressure changes than the PVDF film. The change in voltage is related to the capacitance change, which is a direct result of deformation of the dielectric layer under pressure. For the PE sensor, the voltage changes by 20 mV over the entire range. For the PVDF sensor the change is 5 mV. The relationship between capacitance and voltage is shown in Eqs. (1)and (2). Therefore, it can be seen from the results that PE sensors show the highest sensitivity, and are well suited to pressure measurement over the range tested. On the other hand PVDF devices may be more useful for measurements over larger ranges. For example, shock sensors based on PVDF are used to measure impact pressures up to 12 GPa (Bauer, 1999).Fig. 5. Change in voltage with pressure in the range 0–17 kPa for the PE and PVDF sensors.In order to investigate the behaviour of the PVDF over a large pressure range, it was tested using an LR50k and the results are shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen that the material showed a high sensitivity, particularly for pressures up to 100 kPa. It is thought that the dissimilarity in Young's modulus can explain their different behaviour under pressure. PVDF is a tougher, more resilient material that PE and so it requires higher pressures, to achieve a measurable change in capacitance. Alternatively, PE will deform more easily, resulting in larger changes in capacitance over a reduced pressure range.Fig. 6. Relative change in capacitance for PVDF sensors, tested using a Lloyd Instruments LR50k.The maximum difference between loading and unloading cycles was measured and expressed as a percentage of the full-scale deviation in order to calculate the hysteresis. Values ranging from 6 to 30% have previously been calculated for polymer thick film devices (Arshak et al., 1995 and Arshak et al., 2000). In this work, the hysteresis was calculated to be 5% and 6% for the PE and PVDF sensors, respectively, as shown in Fig.7. This corresponds well with the values quoted above.Fig. 7. Hysteresis of (a) the PE sensor and (b) the PVDF sensor as measured for one loading and unloading cycle.Each device was also subjected to repeated cycling, in order to establish its repeatability (the maximum difference between output readings as determined by two calibrating cycles). Five cycles are shown for PE in Fig. 8(a) and PVDF in Fig. 8 (b). The repeatability was calculated to be 10% and 6% for PE and PVDF, respectively. This can be attributed to movement of the polymer chains while they are under pressure (Arshak et al., 1995). The more rigid nature of the PVDF can explain the lower percentage repeatability, as it does not suffer the same degree of slippage.Fig. 8. Repeatability of (a) the PE sensor and (b) the PVDF sensor as measured for five loading cycles.From the results shown above, it can be seen that both PE and PVDF have shown a good sensitivity to pressure. The measured levels of hysteresis and repeatability are similar to that previously measured for polymer devices (Arshak et al., 1995and Arshak et al., 2000). PVDF is best suited to the measurement of pressure in the range 0–100 kPa. PE could also be used over this range, but it is expected that because of its lower Young's modulus, the sensor would experience a high level of hysteresis and slippage of the polymer chains during its operation. However, for medical purposes, it is not likely, that measurements over a pressure of 40 kPa will be required. In this respect, PE is more suited for the measurement of physiological processes.4. ConclusionIn this work, the pressure sensing properties of sandwich capacitors based on PE and PVDF were evaluated using a specially constructed data acquisition system. It was seen that each material displayed a high sensitivity to pressure changes in the range 0–17 kPa. It was found that the PE sensors were the most sensitive, but each device displayed low hysteresis and repeatability. It can be concluded that PE is the most sensitive to pressures over a small range, however PVDF could find applications in systems where pressures measurements over a large range are required. Further evidence for this was found by testing the PVDF samples using an LR50k where they showed a high sensitivity to pressures from 0 to 100 kPa.AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by the Enterprise Ireland Commercialization Fund 2003, under the technology development phase, as part of the MIAPS project, reference No. CFTD/03/425. Funding was also received from theIrish Research Council for Science, Engineering and Technology: funded by the National Development Plan.ReferencesArshak et al., 2000K.I. Arshak, D. McDonagh and M.A. Durcan, Development of new capacitive strain sensors based on thick film polymer and cermet technologies., Sens. Acutators A-Phys.79(2000), pp. 102–114. Article | PDF (662 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (27) Arshak et al., 1995K.I. Arshak, A.K. Ray, C.A. Hogarth, D.G. Collins and F. Ansari, An analysis of polymeric thick-film resistors as pressure sensors,Sens. Acutators A-Phys.49 (1995), pp. 41–45. Abstract | PDF (346 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (18)Astaras, 2002Astaras, A., Ahmadian, M., Aydin, N., Cui, L., Johannessen, E., Tang, T.-B., Wang, L., Arslan, T., Beaumont, S.P., Flynn, B.W., Murray, A.F., Reid, S.W., Yam, P., Cooper, J.M., Cumming, R.S., 2002. A miniature integrated electronics sensor capsule for real-time monitoring of the gastrointestinal tract (IDEAS). IEEE ICBME conference: The Bio-Era: New Challenges, New Frontiers, Singapore.Barrie, 1992 S.A. Barrie, A Textbook of Natural Medicine: Heidelberg pH Capsule Gastric Analysis, Churchill Livingstone, New York (1992). Bauer, 1999 Bauer, F., 1999. Advances in Piezoelectric PVDF Shock Compression Sensors. 10th International Symposium on Electrets, 1999, ISE 10, Delphi, Greece, 647–650.。
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水解胶原蛋白：一种用在棉花和皮革染色新的添加剂摘要：本文介绍了水解胶原蛋白在对棉花和皮革染色上的影响。
首先，概括了将水解胶原蛋白与直接或阴离子染料在不同pH值下的配伍性研究。
利用被染色的棉花和皮革各种组分进行了水解胶原蛋白实验，其中pH值也非常重要，实验结果表明，在有水解胶原蛋白的协同效应下对皮革进行染色，而以棉花为例效果不太明显，另外也介绍了有一种可能避免使用盐和重用的残余浴染色。
关键词：水解胶原蛋白、棉和皮革、染色1. 介绍无论是纺织和皮革行业都面临着显着的环境问题。
主要是在湿处理部分，传统的棉花和皮革染色过程中产生的巨大的废水，其中残存的染料和盐的量较大。
这个问题是主要是由于染料的低亲和力的基板。
此外，在盐浴中流失染料的量意味着可能不仅仅是环境问题的经济损失。
胶原蛋白是一种天然的皮革的工业副产品，在化妆品和护肤品有很多应用。
可以从皮革的不同步骤产生的废物中获得。
它是以其非凡的保湿能力而备受注意[ 1,2 ]。
胶原蛋白，一旦水解就变成一种混合物肽。
为了从制革中获得水解胶原蛋白垃圾，水解过程是实现通过酸，碱或酶。
在工业，化学和酶的方法主要用于获得蛋白质水解物。
碱处理比的酸是更柔和，更适合获得工业水解产物。
在碱性环境中的酶水解在温和的温度是强烈建议，因为它允许为了得到的产品具有不同的化学反应控制功能特性。
肽键的可达性酶解是非常重要的，由于蛋白质的结构这些可能无法进入。
一种变性预处理可以促进后续的酶攻击[ 3 ]。
不同的过程是在参考文献[ 4 ]描述获取蛋白质水解牛皮废料，主要是基于氢氧化钙的化学过程。
隐藏的废物也可以碱蛋白酶下水解[ 5,6 ]。
酶法优于化学因为它是更环保的过程。
研究了在动物的皮肤组织的水提取在40e70 C在不同pH [ 7 ]酶处理。
水解胶原蛋白是用于洗涤剂配方提供纺织品保护和整理效果。
但实际上在水解胶原蛋白在没有参考应用纺织品和皮革染色。
用直接染料染棉涉及到大量的盐的使用。
同时，它是很难在皮革染色获得均匀的色调。
这些变化在颜色和音调是由于原料的性质，它在矩阵[ 8e10 ]的变化。
在这种情况下，它是将知道棉花和皮革染色效率过程可以通过将胶原蛋白的改进。
2. 实验2.1 材料平纹织物漂白，无荧光增白剂，180克/平方米重量值的电子探针（参考210），原产于西班牙羊皮制成的镀铬的绵羊皮革，直接染料天狼星黄k-cf（C.I.直接yellow86），小天狼星的蓝色s-brr（C.I.直接蓝71）和天狼星红k-be（C.I.直接红243），阴离子皮革染料鞍快速黄R（C.I.直接黄11），蝶鞍快速红E（C.I.直接红239）和蝶鞍快速蓝BBN（C.I.酸性蓝83），用于商业细菌来源的碱性蛋白酶2.2 水解胶原蛋白的制备牛皮废料的装饰是一种使酶作用的热处理。
酶水解是在生物统计学的 B反应器进行监测微生物燃料电池（布劳恩生物科技国际公司）。
发现0.1% o.w.f.的最佳条件碱性蛋白酶酶在pH 9.5和50e60 C ，作用2小时后，酶失活提高到20分钟90个，用温度进一步调节至pH值为4.5节约水解蛋白。
得到的肽混合的各种分子量。
完整的分数一样从三个不同的组分（高，中，低）的基础上得到的分子量。
2.3 相容性的研究相容性的完整的部分水解所有选定的直接和阴离子dyeswas研究胶原细节。
研究是由溶液制备的95:05进行水的比例：水解胶原蛋白在不同的pH值3，5，7，9，和1% o.w.f.各种染料混合。
样品保持24 h和兼容性是直观地观察。
一个空白的研究还没有进行水解胶原蛋白，为了比较的结果。
2.4 常规棉的染色工艺棉花样品与红色的直接染料染色，天狼星红k-be（1% o.w.f.）。
20 g / L的钠氯德瓦斯加入染浴在染色过程中[11,12]开始。
染色用在染色机80 C 30分钟40转的速度和材料白酒类比固定为1:20。
2.5 水解胶原蛋白的染色工艺初步筛选试验表明，90∶10的比例水：胶原蛋白是直接染料的情况下最好的。
因此，棉花样品与天狼星红k-be染色（1% o.w.f.）使用这个比例和pH调节至4.7，用盐酸。
本研究使用完整的进行，高，中水解胶原蛋白低分数。
染色进行了一个在染色机80 ℃30 min的速度在每分钟40转与材料固定在白酒类比1:20。
在染色水解胶原蛋白，没有加入盐和与对照样品，按常规方法染。
2.6 残余浴重用在常规和水解胶原蛋白的结束过程，残余染液量与水和棉花样品调整增加。
染色的进行上面的程序。
常规染色（1% o.w.f.）是镀铬的进行利用红阴离子染料皮革，蝶鞍快速红E染色开始在pH 5.5和后来增加至pH 6.5和最后结束pH值3以固定的颜色。
在并行改进染色工艺将水解胶原蛋白进行。
基于的初步研究结果，各组分的重量进行了调整，使重量含量E水解活性胶原蛋白E 5%浴中。
此外，染料水解胶原蛋白是分两批加入被发现比单独添加。
2.7 表征水解胶原蛋白的各种组分进行了分析在变性的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳SDS-PAGE条件。
在相容性研究，样本直观地分析以确定水解的影响在不同pH 对染料的胶原蛋白。
样品被评为上一个规模0e4。
染色棉样品进行5次在40 C 国内洗涤后，程序6A标准，EN ISO 6330，使用清洁剂iec-a *在一个国际标准缩水试验机洗衣机。
然后将样品在一个平坦的表面干燥，根据标准的C程序。
皮革样品进行5个循环洗涤每IUF 423，用十二烷基硫酸钠硫酸在邦博simplex-4洗衣桶洗涤剂。
的未洗和水洗的样品进行了分析，用分光光度法测量的K／S值（颜色）。
染色棉的样品也进行水洗牢度测试根据EN ISO 105-c06，采用ECE磷酸盐洗涤剂无荧光增白剂在gyrowash FOM 71 MP的实验室设备。
评估了皮革样品的耐洗牢度邦博simplex-4，按IUF 423和灰度评价根据IUF 131。
干、湿摩擦牢度以每UNE-EN ISO染色棉和皮革样品105-x12 IUF和450，分别3. 结果与讨论3.1 水解胶原蛋白的制备水解胶原蛋白得到混合各种不同分子量的组分。
这完全分数超滤得到的高，中，低分子量分数。
含有高分数的分子量高于15000大，介质中含有5000分子量15000大和低分数有分子量小于5000大。
这些组分的化学特性，给出了表1。
据观察，在干物质明显减少重量，从高到低的组分有机和蛋白质含量。
图1显示通过SDS-PAGE分析蛋白条带分析完整的（CF），高（HF），中等（MF）和低（LF）馏分。
蛋白质凝胶的分子标记，“万花筒染标准的“伯乐（P）被用来确定确切的的馏分的分子量。
13和15 kDa的特异性条带观察到完整的分数，13，15和20 kDa的高分数，13和15 kDa的中等分数和不带对低分子组分在这个范围。
3.2 相容性的研究据称，水解胶原蛋白的相容性在不同pH各种染料，以确定最佳的染色条件。
水的95:05比例：水解猪皮选择为了确定是否固定染料是一个非常小的浓度的水解更好胶原蛋白。
一个空白的研究还没有进行水解胶原蛋白，为了比较的结果。
空白样品研究了编码如表2所示，样品中含有水解胶原蛋白在表3。
该解决方案进行了分析，直观地知道效果水解胶原蛋白在染料通过观察是否有任何沉淀，沉淀，结块或相分离。
此外，该参考期间的颜色以下的样品规模：0：透明的溶液，但小打火机；1：透明溶液，但小暗；2：透明的溶液，但暗；3：混浊4：非常浑浊。
表4显示的相容性研究的结果基于水的直接和阴离子染料的视觉观察和水解胶原蛋白溶液在不同pH。
结果表明，在一般的染料是兼容的除了与水解胶原蛋白在pH 3所有小灵通。
的水解胶原蛋白，等电点为5.2，所以它成为阳离子在较低的pH，从而与阴离子染料静电产生沉淀或沉降颜色变化。
在黄色的阴离子染料的情况下，溶解度随着水解胶原蛋白加普遍增加。
它也看来，水解胶原蛋白可以作为表面活性剂的降低表面张力。
3.3 棉的染色工艺棉花的传统直接染色进行了高量的盐和碱性pH在初步研究中，我们进行了以水解胶原蛋白棉治疗在酸性pH值，其次是在碱性pH值。
结果盐染色从这个染色工艺结合水解胶原蛋白被认为是常规工艺差多了。
在为了解释的结果，其作用机制的水解在不同pH胶原的阐明和展示表5。
如前所述，等电点的水解胶原蛋白是在5.2。
棉花，一旦注入水总是表明阴离子字符[ 13 ]，而离子电荷的水解胶原可能取决于pH值。
在pH低于其变化等电点表明阳离子性质和在较高的pH它阴离子字符显示。
所以我们认为水解在酸性pH胶原蛋白可以在染色盐相同的作用的过程，从而降低染料与棉之间的斥力。
但在更高的小灵通，水解胶原蛋白在本质上是阴离子将提高染料与棉，因此之间的斥力在染色具有有害的影响。
pH值对离子的影响水解胶原蛋白收费，但没有盐的加入。
一些方法如阳离子化化学预处理已被提出，为了避免使用盐在棉印染过程[ 12 ]。
我们试图使棉通过将胶原蛋白水解的阳离子，这是一种天然的生态产品。
为了确定最佳的稀释水解胶原蛋白在水，我们首先研究了染色不同稀释95:05一样，90:10，80:20和发现90:10被示出最好的结果。
因此，固定在90:10与样品是在表6中的描述。
每一个分数是不同的分子的重量和全馏分的混合物的所有。
传统的染色也进行了比较。
3.4 染色棉颜色的评价棉花样品的K / S值染色使用在LMAX 530相比，常规染色的胶原水解各种馏分。
从图中观察到，样本用常规方法染出最高的K / S值和胶原蛋白的使用降低了颜色的强度。
在所有的样品染色采用水解胶原蛋白，低分子分数给最好的结果。
类似的趋势持续，洗涤5次后。
即使我们已经取得了较低的染料的吸收值与水解胶原蛋白比在传统的过程中，我们取得了无盐染色。
如表5所示，在pH＜5之间有水解胶原蛋白和棉花的协调。
的水解胶原蛋白得到固定的静电，减少棉花的负电荷。
此外，与水解的染色工艺胶原蛋白可以避免染浴中加入盐。
在另一方面，很明显，染料不会固定在pH对棉花> 7有一个电荷相斥的棉花，染料和水解胶原蛋白。
但要注意，有可能染棉有趣直接染料在酸性pH值而不使用盐。
因此，胶原蛋白可以发挥盐作用减少相同的电荷相斥，有助于固定导致染料不含盐废水。
水解胶原蛋白是一种天然的产品可生物降解，不提出任何环境关注。
3.5 棉花的牢度性能表7显示了洗涤和摩擦牢度的棉花样品染色采用水解胶原蛋白各种馏分与传统的染色工艺。
正如从表中观察到的样品，采用水解胶原表现出类似的洗涤牢度的传统样品。
这证明水解胶原蛋白在加染浴洗上没有任何负面影响的样品色牢度。
此外，干、湿摩擦牢度测试已经实现了每个样本。
在场的所有样品在干摩擦牢度和湿好结果的平均结果摩擦牢度。
因此，胶原蛋白水解不影响样品的摩擦牢度。
3.6 残余浴重用作为染液废水会造成重大环境问题，利用剩余浴可以解决。