interpreting
Interpreting英语口译
Professional code of ethics
Progression of Skills for Consecutive Interpreting
Memory Training: encoding, storage, retrieval,
categorization, generalization and comparison, mnemonics and aids to memory Public Speaking: voice projection, speed of delivery, eye contact Figures: Cardinal numbers, fractions, decimals, percentages, rates, ratios, totals, trends, stability, fluctuation, comparisons, intensifiers and softeners
Progression of Skills for Consecutive Interpreting
Summary: analysis and organization, focus
on main points Communicating across cultures: cultural references, idioms, humor and jokes Sight translation: structuring your delivery, sentences and sense groups
山东师范大学Interpreting Unit 4
2.上海正在为促进长江三角洲经济发展 起着龙头作用。
Shanghai is playing a leading role in boosting economic development in the Yangtze River Delta.
3.我们这个开发区确实是块肥肉啊！ This economic development zone is most welcome/ sought after.
Take down the main points of the speech, together with any amount of minor details you could manage (口译笔记的对象：概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和 逻辑关系) -Note down the main ideas. -Systematically note down the links between different ideas. -Note down the point of view being expressed. -Pay attention to verb tenses, conditional forms, and modal verbs. -Note down accurately the numbers, dates and proper names. But digest everything before taking notes!
1.加强农业和农村建设是一招活棋，这 一步走好了，就能够带动内需和消费。 To strengthen the development of the countryside and agriculture is a significant step. If it is properly taken, it will boost domestic demand.
interpreting 词根
interpreting 词根
“interpreting”这个词根是“interpret”。
这个词根来源于拉丁语“interpretare”，意思是“解释”或“翻译”。
因此，“interpreting”通常表示对某种信息、语言或符号的解释、翻译或解读。
例如，在心理学中，“interpreting”可以指对梦境、肢体语言或其他非言语信息的解读。
在语言学中，“interpreting”可以指对一种语言的翻译或解释。
在更广泛的语境中，“interpreting”也可以指对任何形式的信息、数据或符号进行解释或解读的行为。
例如，在音乐领域，“interpreting”可以指对乐谱的解读和演绎，或者在艺术领域中，它可能指对作品的主题、情感或意义进行解读。
总体而言，“interpreting”这个词根强调了对某种信息的深入理解和解释，通常需要一定的专业知识和技能。
英语翻译Introduction to Interpreting(2009)
introduction to interpreting
8
introduction to interpreting
9
2. History and present situation of interpreting
—International Federation of Translators (FIT).
that consists of
establishing,
simultaneously or
consecutively, oral or
gesture communication
between two or more
speakers not speaking
the same language. (Jean
introduction to interpreting
4
What is interpreting?
Interpretation Vs. Interpreting The word interpretation is also used in English to refer to the act of mediation, but interpreting is commonly used instead in translation studies in order to distinguish the two aspects.
The Paris Peace Conference of 1919, and the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi war criminals (German, English, French & Russian).
2.3 The symbols of the formal establishment of conference interpretation as a profession:
Unit 1 Interpreting 口译概况
心动不如行动！
口译的培训模式
同声传译模式： SI=L + M + P + C 同声传译（Simultaneous Interpreting）= 听力与分析(Listening and Analysis)+ 短期 记忆(Short-term memory effort) + 言语传 达(Speech Production)
Interpreting 口译
2015.9-2016.1王燕芳
Interpreting 口译
商务英语口译（黄敏） VOA慢速英语 VOA标准英语 CN理论、口译背景知识以及对学 生进行口译基本技巧的训练，使学生初步掌握口 译程序和基本技巧，初步学会口译记忆方法、口 译笔记、口头概述、公众演讲等基本技巧和口译 基本策略，培养学生关心时事的信息意识，积累 知识，掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法；培 养学生的话语分析能力，提高学生的逻辑思维能 力、语言组织能力和双语表达能力，提高学生跨 文化交际的能力和英、汉两种语言互译的能力。
难易程度 证书有效期
初级：三级 > 三级 > 中级 中级：二级 > 二级 > 高级 高级：一级 > 一级 > 无 每3年重新注册 登记一次，一次 注册有效期3年
暂无
暂无
口译的发展前景
在“非全日制就业人员工资指导价位”表 中列出的54种行业里，同声传译以每小时 2000元人民币的价格拔得头筹。 同声传译价目表中，英语类1天1.2万～2.1 万元人民币，非英语类是1.8万元人民币。 业内人士称，平均每星期做两次同声翻译， 一年平均50多万RMB。 交传一天的平均工资在3000-6000RMB.
口译与笔译的异同
第1单元 口译简介Essentials of Interpreting - 副本 - 副本 - 副本
What is the so-called “key word” in a sentence?
“Key word”should be the words that convey speaker's main ideas and intentions. It reveals speaker's focus and emphasis in a speech.
Definition of Interpreting (ii)
Interpretation means an extempore oral reproduction, in one language, of what is said in another language. It cannot be viewed as a merely linguistic undertaking, but should be regarded as an aspect of a larger domain, namely, that of communication. (zhong shukong, 1999)
From which four perspectives can we identify key words in a sentence to get the key information?
A key word can be noticed from its part of speech, syntactic structure, semantic analysis, and tones.
Basic Requirements for Interpreters (ⅱ)
Non-linguistic knowledge
口译简介
1. Definition of Interpreting⏹Interpreting is an oral translation activity. It is the faithful reproduction in one language of what is said in another language.⏹Way of communication⏹Communicating through sounds⏹Rendering from one language into another keeping the meaning intact⏹A task-based activity cutting across receptive and productive skills2. Past and Present of Interpreting1). Development of Modern Interpreting⏹Paris Peace Conference of 1919⏹Nuremberg Trial⏹Nov.11,1953:International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC:国际会议口译员协会）2). Professional Interpreting In China3. 口译的种类与特征⏹交替传译(Consecutive Interpreting)⏹随从传译( Personal Interpreting)⏹联络口译(Liaison Interpreting)⏹同声传译(Simultaneous Interpreting)⏹视译(On-Sight Interpreting)⏹咬耳传译(Whispering Interpreting)3. 口译的种类与特征⏹Features of Interpreting⏹Extemporaneousness（即席性）;⏹Stressfulness（紧张性）;⏹Independence（独立性）;⏹Comprehensiveness（综合性）⏹Miscellaneousness（多面性）⏹口译是技术也是艺术4. Basic Requirements for Interpreters⏹1). A Strong Sense of Duty⏹2). A High Level of Linguistic Proficiency⏹3). Wide Encyclopedic Knowledge⏹4). A Good Mastery of Interpreting Skills4. Basic Requirements for Interpreters⏹1). A Strong Sense of Duty (Professional Codes of Conduct)⏹confidentiality（保密）,⏹impartiality（公正）,⏹accuracy（准确）,⏹objectiveness（客观）⏹competence（胜任）.5. 译员的知识结构⏹Lin Y uru et.al⏹I = S + C + P⏹Interpreting = Interpreting Skills + Comprehension + Production5. 译员的知识结构⏹Daniel Gile’s Formula:⏹C = KL + ELK + A⏹Comprehension =Knowledge for language⏹+ Extra-linguistic knowledge + Analysis5. 译员的知识结构Knowledge Requirement Formula:⏹KI = KL + EK + S (P +AP)⏹KI= Knowledge Required for an Interpreter⏹KL=Knowledge for Language⏹EK= Encyclopedic Knowledge⏹S=(P+AP)=Professional Interpreting Skills + Artistic Presentation Skills5. 译员的知识结构⏹S（P+AP）= Professional Interpreting Skills and Artistic Presentation Skills⏹即技能版块=⏹职业口译技能---包括记忆、笔记、信息综述与重组、译前准备等，⏹艺术表达技能---即以科学的手段、艺术性完成口译过程的技能，如口译的应对策略就属于艺术技能的范畴。
Interpreting and Translation
Interpreting and Translation Translation is a cultural activity in which translators transfer information between two symbolic systems which have different rules. (Wenjun, 2000) This is also true of interpreting — a cultural activity in which an interpreter transfers information between two symbolic systems which have different rules. Both serving to bridge the source language and the target language, interpreting and translation have something in common. But at the same time, differences do exist between the two means of transferring of information.SimilaritiesBoth interpreting and translation presuppose a certain love of language and deep knowledge of more than one tongue. It is difficult or almost impossible for one who knows only his mother tongue to interpret or translate one language into another. Although there was once the extreme example that the Chinese translator Lin Qin-nan who knew little about English translated many English works into Chinese, he was helped by someone else who knew English well —he would dictate to Lin the meaning of the source text in Chinese, and Lin, in turn, would note down his words and process them into a Chinese text. Without the help of others, he could not have succeeded. The need for deep knowledge of more than one tongue is also essential for an interpreter: how could he understand what one said in source language and interpret it to his mother tongue if he did not know the source language?Besides, both interpreters and translators must understand the subject matter of the text or speech they are interpreting or translating. One of the main reasons why the Automatic Translation projects that were popular since 1950’s failed is precisely that reason. Translation is not a matter of substituting words in one language for words in another. It is a matter of understanding the thought expressed in one language and then explaining it using the resources of another language. In other words, what an interpreter / translator does is to change words into meaning, and then change meaning back into words —of a different language. And just like you can’t explain to someone a thought you didn’t fully understand, nor can you interpret or translate something without mastery of the subject matter being relayed. In practice, according to Nida (1998), “more errors in translation are made because of failure to comprehend the source text than for any other reason”. This shows how important the full understanding of the subject matter of the source text or speech.DifferencesOn the surface, the difference between interpreting and translation is only the difference in the medium: the interpreter translates orally, while a translator interprets written text. However, the differences in the training, skills, and talents needed foreach j ob are vast. The key skill of a very good translator is the ability to “write effectively” (Nida, 1998), to express him/herself clearly in the target language. That is why professional translators almost always work in only one direction, i.e. translating only into their native language. Even bilingual individuals rarely can express themselves in a given subject equally well in two languages. And many excellent translators are far from being bilingual — they may not be, and need not be, fluent speakers of the source language. The qualities a translator has to possess are as follows: first, he has to be bilingual; second, he has to be bicultural; third, he has to specialize in one or more areas of knowledge; and fourth, he has to have the ability to write effectively. (Nida, 1998)An interpreter, on the other hand, has to be able to translate in both directions, without the use of any dictionaries, on the spot. There are basically two types of interpreting: consecutive and simultaneous. In the most popular form of simultaneous interpreting the interpreter sits in a booth wearing a pair of headphones and speaking into a microphone. Strictly speaking, “simultaneous” is not proper in its real sense: the interpreter can’t start interpreting until he or she understa nds the general meaning of the sentence. Depending on how far in the sentence the subject and the verb are located, the interpreter into English may not be able to utter a single word until he or she heard the very end of the sentence in the source language. This makes it evident how hard the task of the interpreter really is: he or she needs to be translating the sentence into the target language while simultaneously listening to and comprehending the next sentence. You can experience the difficulty of the task even if you are monolingual: just try paraphrasing someone’s speech with a half-sentence delay, making sure you understand the next sentence while paraphrasing the previous one. One of the key skills of the simultaneous interpreter is decisiveness: there is simply no time to think over the merits of variant translations or to recall just the right idiom in the target language. If there is any delay you may loose a few words (and possibly a thought) that the speaker uttered. And since the speaker may be far away, or even in a different room than the interpreter, the loss may be permanent.During consecutive interpreting the speaker stops every 1-5 minutes (usually at the end of every “paragraph” or a complete thought) and the interpreter then steps in to render what was said into the target language. A key skill involved in consecutive interpreting is note-taking, since few interpreters can memorize a full paragraph at a time without loss of detail. But interpreter's notes are very unique, because writing down words in the source language makes interpreter’s job harder when he or she has to translate the speech into the target language. Many professional interpreters develop their own “ideogramic” symbology, which allows them to take down not the words, but the thoughts of the speaker in language-independent form. Then the interpreter’s output is more idiomatic and less source-language bound.In addition to the two main types, there is another type of interpreting: sight interpreting. “In international co nferences, the interpreter is often called upon to interpret simultaneously written speeches that have been delivered to him in advance.” (Lin Yu-ru, 1999). In this case, the interpreter has to cope with papers, statements, and declarations, which, for a variety of reasons, have been prepared inwriting.The nature of interpreting decides that the qualities of interpreters it demands are different from those of translator. First, apart from the linguistic competence for both source language and target language a translator has to possess, an interpreter has to have phonetic competence, for example, he has to have acute hearing, has to know exactly how to pronounce the source language (or target language) intelligibly, has to have a good command of stress and intonation, etc. Besides, he has to have exceptionally large vocabulary. Second, an interpreter has to possess both encyclopedic and subject knowledge of the speech that are to be interpreted. Third, as is a translator, he has to be bicultural: being familiar with both culture. Fourth, he has to have a good mastery of interpreting skills and techniques such as note-taking techniques, the ability to abstract and paraphrase, the art of public speaking and a good memory, etc.As a matter of fact, the similarities and differences between interpreting and translation can not be listed fully in a short paper like this. The ultimate purpose of this discussion is not to differentiate between interpreting and translation but to throw some light on the nature of interpreting by comparing it with translation.Bibliography[1] 文军. 论翻译的定义与分类[J].西安外国语学院学报, 2000, (2)[2]尤金A·奈达.语言文化与翻译[M].内蒙古大学出版社, 1998[3] 林郁如等. 新编英语口译教程. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999。
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Cigarette smoking is harmful. So, manufacturers made electronic cigarette as a safer smoking choice. E-cigarettes contain the nicotine like cigarettes. But they do not use tobacco. If e-cigarette are safe, why have posion control centers receiverd telephone calls about e-cigarette poisonings? The answer is children. the devices had made them sick.
Although, despite, even though, while (tho)
Effect & Cause
Because, the main reason for this, what is causing this (cos)
Condition and consequence
If…then…, had I know, were this to happen, provided that, given a…then b ( if )
The problem is that the U.S. federal government does not control e-cigarettes even though they contain liquid nicotine, which is a well-known danger.
Part2: comment
Symbols
Limitation or contradiction following an idea
But, however, nonetheless, on the other hand, in spite of (B)
Limitation or contradiction preceding both linked ideas
The economy is struggling, consenquently, the Central Bank has left interest rate unchanged.
How to grasp the links?
Listen actively Systematic reservoir of links
Examples of the preceding idea- often in the form of lists
For example, in particular, i.e., e.g., like, not least the ( eg )
Exercise E-cigarette
cigarettee Tobacco Nicotine Carbon monoxide
Interpreting
• Part1: Interpreting the content of yesterday’s lecture. • Part2: comment
Part1:interpreting the content
Introduction • Lead-in • Warming-up • t should we note down when we are taking notes? • Numbers, concept, opinions, name
• What else? • links
Warming-up
The economy is struggling, the Central Bank has left interest rate unchanged. The economy is struggling, however, the Central Bank has left interest rate unchanged.