2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P26—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P26—法学类Passage 26There is a bitter battle over how to combat the nation’s fastest-growing crime problem, juvenile offenders.While overall crime statistics in America’s largest cities has dropped there is one category where it has skyrocketed. That category is homicides committed by youths under the age of 17. Between 1984 and 1994, murders committed by youths under 17 tripled. Demographic studies show that there will be a surge in the teen population in the coming years and experts believe that 25 percent of all murders committed by the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.Violence (i.e. Aggravated assaults) committed with guns by youths has also increased at roughly the samepace as homicides. After years of statistical decline, drug use by teens is also on the rise. None of these statistics would appear to bode well for future. It now seems that everyday we are hearing about horrendous violent crimes being committed by juveniles.The most famous of late was the 6-year-old in northern California who almost beat to death a small baby. The baby was just released from the hospital on Thursday and has suffered brain damage from the attack by the 6-year-old.There is also the case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis. In Miami, two 16-year-old males have been charged with the murder of a Dutch woman tourist who just happened to end up in the wrong neighborhood. A 15-year-old New York boy tried to steal a pair of earrings from a woman.During the attack, the young woman fell to her death under a New York subway train. In Fort Meyers, Florida, a group of teenagers shot and killed a high school band teacher. This case will be the subject of an upcoming ENN report, but a police investigation into this group of teens turned up “would-be junior terrorists”that could have rivaled some of the worst terrorist organizations in the world.There seems to be growing awareness now of this juvenile crime problem in the United States. Several experts, as well as this publication, have been trying very hard to get the word out. People who have become victims of these young felons are angry and are calling for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system.It has been a long-standing belief in the United States that juveniles who kill, rape and rob be treated differently than adult offenders. But this may soon change. In 1899, juvenile courts were established to help protect “juvenile delinquents.”But it seems that today, the reasoning for the protection of the youths in the criminal justice system may be outdated and changes need to be made to accomodate these “14-year-old harden felons.”Many critics, today, say that in reality too many hard-core juvenile offenders are arrested held and released time-after-time in a process that is called a revolving door. It seems to only come to an end when a truly heinous crime is committed.Because of the rise in juvenile crime and the experts predictions that the problem is going to get worse before it gets better, many cities, states and even congress are trying to wrestle with the problem. Tallahassee, Florida has been experimenting with a couple of different programs to deal with troubled youths. In one case, Tallahassee Police received a report of a teenager breaking into an auto. Immediately, officers knew their suspect. The suspect was a 16-year-old who even held a job at a near-by restaurant. This 16-year-old who was on parole, had been known to commit 32 similar offenses. Officers had kept the suspect tracked on a point scale. He was arrested after he barricaded himself inside an apartment building. Because of his extensive criminal record prosecutors immediately sent him to trial in an adult court. This can be called the “get-tough”approach.1. As you read the first paragraph, which kind of crimes are increasing while the crime statistics in America’s largest cities has dropped?[A] Homicides committed by youths.[B] Murders committed by adults.[C] Drug abuse.[D] Violation.2. Read the third paragraph carefully and then answer the question: What happened to the “6-year-old”?[A] The “6-year-old”had been killed.[B] The “6-year-old”had almost killed another small baby.[C] The “6-year-old”had been sent to prison.[D] The “6-year-old”had suffered brain damage.3. What thing will be report by ENN?[A] A high school teacher had been killed by a group of teenagers.[B] Junior terrorists.[C] The case of the 15-year-old pregnant girl who was shot to death by another student in St. Louis.[D] Both A and B.4. Who called for changes to be made in the juvenile justice system?[A] Journalists came from Florida.[B] The parents came from the juvenile’s families.[C] Teachers came from the juvenile’s school.[D] The victims of these young felons.5. As the author use the example of the case of Tallahassee, what did he mean?[A] To illustrate the importance of changes that should be made in the juvenile justice system..[B] To state that teenagers who committed crimes should be sent to trial in an adult court.[C] To express that the old law was not fit for the new phenomenon.[D] To express that the author hated the juvenile crimes.[疑难长句翻译与注解]1. Demographic studies show that…the year 2005 will be committed by juveniles.[译文]统计学的研究表明，在即将到来的一年里，青年人口将有迅猛的增长。
2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律
2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律日前在微博上频发大招，发布了许多对考生十分受用的备考信息。
与美国法律相关的阅读文章向来是考研英语命题的高频语料，下面各位考生就随KK教授来一起学习一下。
一、美国法律常识美国国会，是执行美国宪法规定立法权力的机构，由参议院和众议院组成。
参议员由各州选民直接选出，每州2名，实行各州代表权平等原则，现有议员100名，当选参议员必须年满30岁，作为美国公民已满9年，当选时为选出州的居民，任期6年，每2年改选 1/3，连选得连任。
美国国会（Congress，United States）行使立法权（legislative authority）。
议案（bill）一般经过提出、委员会审议、全院大会审议等程序。
就立法过程来说，经国会参众两院认可的成文法或决议文（resolution）必须经过以下任一程序才可成为法律：美国总统的签署、在国会开议期间，总统收到法案后十天内不作为（不做任何回应，十天的期限不含星期日），或在总统否决后由国会於会期内发起再审（法案必须获得三分之二以上的投票支持才可忽略总统的否决）。
经由前两种程序通过的法案将由总统“颁布”（promulgation）实行。
若法案是经由第三种方式通过，最后再审期间国会的监票委员负责颁布法律。
二、相关词组参议员 senator参议院 states senate政府 administration官僚 bureaucracy首席法官 chancellor诉讼委托人 client国会，议会 parliament=congress委员会 council宣告 declare给以权利 entitle审判 judgement陪审团 jury游说团 lobby三、真题连线以2013年考研英语真题阅读理解Text 4 为例，该文章选自2012年6月25日The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》，可见其实效性。
需要去读一些实效性非常强的西方报刊杂志上的文章。
2015英语考研真题阅读第二篇
2015年硕士研究生入学考试英语阅读第2篇1.数字资料 digital data2.宪法到底在多大程度上保护你的数字资料Just how much does the Constitution protect yourdigital data?3.最高法院即将讨论 The Supreme Court will now4.警察是否能够搜集手机内容consider whether police can search the contents of a mobilephone5.手机内容the contents of a mobile phone6.在没有搜查令的情况下 without a warrant7.嫌疑人身上或旁边的的手机内容 if the phone is on or around a person8.在逮捕的过程中during an arrest.9.加利福尼亚州California10.已请求法官们has asked the justices11.不要做出to refrain from12.一刀切裁决 a sweeping ruling,13.加利福尼亚州已请求法官们不要做出一刀切裁决California has asked the justices torefrain from a sweeping ruling,14.尤其是 particularly15.推翻这一旧有的假定的一切裁决 one that upsets the old assumptions16.执法当局 that authorities17.可搜查嫌疑犯的财务 may search through the possessions of suspects18.在逮捕时at the time of their arrest.19.该州政府认为the state argues,20.法官很难评估It is hard, for judges to assess21.快速变化的新技术可能带来的影响the implications of new and rapidly changingtechnologies.22.最高法院那真是谦虚的不计后果 The court would be recklessly modest23.如果要是听从加利福尼亚州的建议if it followed California's advice.24.已经有足够的影戏现在能够看的出来Enough of the implications are discernable,25.甚至很明显 even obvious,26.因此，法官能够也应该so that the justice can and should27.提供更新的指导性意见provide updated guidelines28.向警方，律师以及被告to police, lawyers and defendants.29.他们应该首先摒弃加利福尼亚州的蹩脚观点They should start by discarding California'slame argument30.即翻看智能手机的内容 that exploring the contents of a smartphone--31.一个庞大的数字信息库 a vast storehouse of digital information32. is similar to say,33.相当于翻查嫌疑犯的钱包going through a suspect's purse .34.最高法院已经裁决 The court has ruled that35.警方并不违反宪法第四修正案 police don't violate the Fourth Amendment36.警方搜捕被捕人的钱包或者钱袋when they go through the wallet or pocketbook of anarrestee37.在没有搜查令的情况下without a warrant.38.但是查看一个人的智能手机 But exploring one's smartphone39.更像是进入他或她的家is more like entering his or her home.40.一个智能手机肯能存有A smartphone may contain41.被捕人的阅读记录an arrestee's reading history,42.财务记录病史记录financial history, medical history43.以及近期通信往来的详细记录 and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.44.与此同时云记录的发展The development of "cloud computing," meanwhile,45.也让那种查看更为容易has made that exploration so much the easier.46.美国人应该Americans should47.采取措施take steps to48.保护他们的数字隐私protect their digital privacy.49.但是把敏感的信息保存在这些设备上 But keeping sensitive information on these devices50.正日益成为正常生活的一种需求is increasingly a requirement of normal life.51.不过美国公民有权Citizens still have a right to52.要求私人文件expect private documents to53.保持不公开 remain private and54.并且受到宪法禁止无理搜查条款的保护protected by the Constitution’s prohibition onunreasonable searches.55.这是常有的事 As so often is the case,56.申明原则 stating that principle57.并不能减轻 doesn’t ease58.界限划定的挑战the challenge of line-drawing.59.在很多情况下In many cases,60.也不会太麻烦 it would not be overly burdensome61.当局获得搜查令 for authorities to obtain a warrant62.在搜查手机信息to search through phone contents.63.他们可以悬置第四修正案的保护条例They could still invalidate Fourth Amendmentprotections64.在面临严峻紧急的情况下 when facing severe, urgent circumstances,65.他们也可以采取适当的措施 and they could take reasonable measures66.以保证手机数据不被删除或更改to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered67.在等待搜查令之时while a warrant is pending.68.尽管如此，最高法院或许想要The court, though, may want to69.为警方提出空间 allow room for police70.有权行使更多自主行为的情形to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom71.但是法官们不应该轻易接受加利福尼亚的所有观点But the justices should not swallowCalifornia's argument whole.72.新的颠覆性技术New, disruptive technology73.有时需要对sometimes demands74.进行创新性的应用 novel applications75.对宪法保护条例of the Constitution's protections.76.法学教授奥林克尔 Orin Kerr, a law professor,77.爆炸和可获取性 compares the explosion and accessibility78.数字信息的of digital information79.21世纪的in the 21st century80.汽车的使用确立为 with the establishment of automobile use81.生活的必须 as a vitrual necessity of life82.20世纪in the 20th:83.法官们不得不The justices had to84.明确新规定 specify novel rules85.为一新兴私人领域 for the new personal domain86.小客车of the passenger car then;87.他们必须去解决they must sort out88.第四修正案是如何how the Fourth Amendment89.去适应数字信息的问题applies to digital information now.。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P23—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P23—法学类Passage 23Few lawyers did more to help George W. Bush become president than Barry Richard. As Bush's quarterback in the Florida courts during last fall's bruising recount, the white-maned Tallahassee, Fla., litigator became a familiar figure to TV audiences. He got the GOP equivalent of rock-star treatment when he came to Washington last January for Bush's Inauguration. At one ball, recalls law partner Fred Baggett, a heavyset Texas woman lifted Richard off the floor and planted a big kiss on his cheek, exclaiming, "I love you for giving us our president!"But Richard has discovered that the Bushies' gratitude has its limits. More than four months after the U.S. Supreme Court ended the 2000 election, he and his firm, Greenberg Traurig, are still owed more than $800,000 in legal fees. The firm, which sent 39 lawyers and 13 paralegals into court battles all over the state, is one of a dozen that have so far been stiffed. The estimated total tab: more than $2 million. The situation, NEWSWEEK has learned, has gotten increasingly sticky. While lawyers complain privately about foot dragging (Richard says he's not among them), Bush advisers are griping about "astronomical" bills--including one from a litigator who charged for more than 24 hours of work in a single day. "What you've got here is a bunch of rich lawyers bellyaching," says one former Bush campaign official. "Yet these guys got huge in-kind contributions to their reputations out of this."The lawyers were supposed to get their money from the Bush Recount Committee, a fund-raising vehicle set up when the Florida fight began. A nebulous entity not legally required to disclose how it spent its money, the committee and its chief fund-raiser, Texas oilman (and now Commerce secretary) Don Evans, swiftly collected $8.3 million--more than twice the $3.9 million Al Gore's recount committee raised to pay its lawyers. To avoid charges that the recount was being bankrolled by special interests, the Bushies imposed a $5,000 cap on individual donations, a PR gesture they now regret. After paying off caterers, air charters and the army of GOP Hill types who came to Florida as "observers," the "kitty ran dry," says one source.The Bush camp says it intends to pay up. But Ben Ginsberg, the former chief campaign counsel who has inherited the mess, hasn't yet figured out how. As for the law firms, they are taking pains not to alienate their deadbeat clients, for fear of damaging their burgeoning Washington lobbying practices. Greenberg Traurig now represents electric power companies, drug manufacturers and Internet gambling interests willing to pay big money for access to policymakers. Whether Richard and company collect or not, that $800,000 could end up being a smart investment.注(1)：本文选自Newsweek; 04/23/2001, Vol. 137 Issue 17, p28, 2/3p, 1c注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象是1995年真题text 3(1，2，3，5题)，第4题模仿1995年真题text 4 的第1题。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类2015考研英语阅读理解精读P5—法学类Passage 5(Minor Problems?)Every time Americans tune into local news broadcasts or read daily papers，they are likely to be shocked at the increasing number of serious crimes committed by youths who are only sixteen years old or even younger.It is sometimes difficult to imagine these youngsters behaving like hardened criminals，but statistics continually prove that their crimes are often just as brutal as those committed by their adult counterparts.Inevitably，people begin questioning how successful the juvenile justice system is in reforming these youths and debating whether violent juveniles should be tried as adults in our legal system.I feel there is no question that juveniles convicted of serious crimes should face the same consequences as adults.While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade，violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.It is common knowledge that the youth murder-arrest rate has climbed dramatically.Examples of teen crime are vivid and terrifying.Newspapers and television frequently report that youths with no apparent motives have shot and killed other people.The effect on both families and society is large.Despite the increase in serious crimes committed by young offenders，the punishment which juveniles receive has traditionally almost never fit the severity of the crimes.Since the system has historically viewed children as not being fully developed，physically or mentally，it has prevented them frombeing held accountable for their wrongdoing.Although many of these“children”commit horrible crimes，they have been routinely treated as victims of society.Until very recently，1ighter sentences and court proceedings have been the norm.The message they sent to serious juvenile criminals is that crime “pays”because there are no serious consequences for their actions.When the system lacks an element of fear，there is nothing to prevent youthful offenders from committing future crimes.The current trend of assigning adult sentences to youths who commit serious crimes is absolutely just if the punishment is to fit the crime.Most pro-rehabilitation advocates argue that juvenile criminals are completely different from adult ones and should，therefore，be treated differently in the justice system.However，the cost to society is the same regardless of the age of the criminal.What comfort does it give to the family of a killed or injured victim that the person who killed or hurt their loved one was a minor? Families suffer no less because their relatives are shot by young offenders.Instead of treating the loser who murders innocent people like a victim of society，this person should be treated like any other person who victimizes society and causes pain to individuals and communities.Tougher measures must be taken to combat this growing problem of juvenile crime.In today’s society，too many juveniles count on light sentences given by the juvenile justice /doc/1117899597.html,wyers can help a vicious criminal receive a short sentence，and return to the streets to commit more crimes.When there are no harsh consequences of being caught，committing crimescan be perceived as having positive benefits.As a result，juveniles are continuing to become more violent and 1ess concerned with the value of human life.Rehabilitation，recommended by many as the solution to juvenile crime，should be directed only towards youths who have committed minor offenses.However，the juveniles who commit serious crimes should be tried as adults.A message has to be sent that we will no longer tolerate brutal crimes simply because of the age of the criminal.These youths must be held completely accountable for their crimes，suffering harsh consequences and ultimately realizing that they are no longer protected by the law.1.It can be inferred that juvenile criminals are those____.[A]who are under the age of 16 years old[B]who are not accountable for the crimes they commit[C]who can not tell major crimes from minor crimes[D]who are more likely to become victims of the society2.That violent juvenile crimes are on the rise is manifested by the fact that____.[A]penalty for juvenile criminals is becoming more and more serious[B]the society can no longer tolerate juvenile crimes[C]youth murder-arrest rate has dramatically increased[D]the young population has increased in the last ten years3.The reason why young people are becoming increasingly violent is that____.[A]the older they become，the stronger they are[B]they receive lighter punishment than they should[C]they do not know the value of human life[D]there is now too much violence in newspaper and on television4.According to the author，one reason why violent juvenile criminals should suffer the same fate as their adult counterparts is that____.[A]there are as many juvenile crimes as adult crimes[B]they have done equivalent injuries to the victim or the society[C]they are clearly aware of what they are doing at the time of offence[D]no other penalty can prevent them from committing future crimes5.Pro-rehabilitation advocates insist that____.[A]rehabilitation be directed only towards youths who commit minor crimes[B]stricter sentences be given only to youths who commit brutal crimes[C]a different justice system be applied to minors since they are not fully developed[D]minors be held completely responsible for any kind of crimes they commit答案与题解1.[A] 参阅第一段第一句。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P17—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P17—法学类Passage 17“This is not the type of place where this happens," city council president George Carlton told a reporter, after the horror became public in his hometown, Sylacauga, Ala. He echoed what was said in Jasper, Texas, a year ago. Few people then had ever heard of Jasper. A week ago, even fewer could have pointed out Sylacauga on a map. A tiny city of 13,000, halfway between Birmingham and Montgomery, Sylacauga was known for its white marble quarries, textile mills and ice-cream factory. But last week Sylacauga, like Jasper, became a chapter in the recent history of hatred.According to police, Steven Eric Mullins, 25, and Charles Monroe Butler Jr., 21, plotted for two weeks to murder Billy Jack Gaither, 39. On Feb. 19, they arranged to meet him at a Sylacauga bar and lured him to a secluded area. There they beat him and dumped him into the trunk of his car. They then drove about 15 miles to Peckerwood Creek in Coosa County. There, says Coosa County Sheriff's Deputy Al Bradley, "they took him out of the trunk, took an ax handle and beat him to death." They set two old tires aflame, says Bradley, "then they put the body on the fire." They did it all, the deputy says, because Gaither was gay.Gaither's death has become a rallying point for gay-rights organizations' and state legislators' pushing a bill that would extend Alabama's three-year-old hate-crimes law beyond race, color, religion and national origin to cover crimes related to sexual orientation as well. "It's unfortunate that somebody had to lose his life in order for this legislation to pick up momentum here in the state of Alabama," says state Representative Alvin Holmes, who failed to get the original law amended when it was passed in 1996. Holmes filed for extending the law after Matthew Shepard, a gay student, was beaten and left to die on a fence in Wyoming last October, an incident that sparked national outrage. Even Wyoming failed to pass hate-crime legislation in the wake of the Shepard lynching. Like Shepard, Gaither did not hesitate to admit being gay, though he adhered quietly to Sylacauga's Southern dispositions. And friends dispute Mullins' and Butler's allegations that a sexual proposition incited the murder. Gaither's brother Randy told CNN: "Regardless of his personal life or anything, he doesn't deserve to be killed for this.""The message people are getting is that gay people are second-class citizens," says Tracey Conaty, spokesperson for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force.Before Gaither's murder, activists were planning a major national pro-gay offensive. From March 21 to March 27, the task force will launch its "Equality Begins at Home" campaign, with 250 grass-roots events in all 50 states aimed at passing anti-gay-bashing legislation. Says Conaty: "These laws reflect the conscience of a community and send an important message." The March events, says Urvashi Vaid, director of the task force's policy institute, will involve straight people concerned about neighbors denied basic human rights. Adds Vaid: "It's more than just a gaything."注(1)：本文选自By Sylvester Monroe Time; 03/15/99, Vol. 153 Issue 10, p47, 2/3p, 3c, 1bw 注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2003年真题Text 41. What is implied in the first two paragraphs?[A] there are many murders in the recent history of hatred[B]the murder also happened in Jasper one year ago[C] it is another case of the gay being tortured to death[D]the city council president comes from Sylacauga2. The author uses the example of Matthew Shepard to show that ________.[A] it is difficult to extend the hate-crime legislation[B]people want to extend the hate-crime law[C]the gays are really in a terrible fix[D] people are indifferent to the gay student3. Alvin Holmes’attitude toward the gay victims is _________.[A]indifferent[B]sympathetic[C]outrageous[D]considerate4. Similar to Matthew Shepard, Gaither’s death ________.[A]aroused people’s sympathy for the gay[B] sharpened people’s awareness[C]gave legislation some momentum[D]failed to have any change in the legislation5. The text intends to express the idea that __________.[A] people should be concerned about their gay neighbors[B]the gay people shouldn’t be regarded as second-class citizens[C] the legislation for the gay still has a long way to go[D]more pro-gay campaigns should be launched答案：CABDC篇章剖析本文采用提出问题-----分析问题的模式。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P7—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P7—法学类Passage 7There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents.More than 80 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11，000 miles each year.Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher.For the average adult，over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels.One third of drivers who have been drinking，but fewer than 4 percent of all drivers，demonstrate these levels.1)Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BACs of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes，the probability of their involvements is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which drinking plays a role.Based on the observation that excessive consumption correlates with the total alcohol consumption of a country’s population，it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both.While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most，anyone who drinks at all would be punished by this approach.To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at drinking drivers.In some states，the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers committing any traffic offense and higher BAC can be the basis for arrest.The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates，however，that even with increased arrests，there are about 700 violations for every arrest.At this level there is little evidence that laws are effective ways to reduce drunk driving.In Britain，motor vehicle accidents fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. 2) As Britishers increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped，the effectiveness declined，although in the following three years the death-rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.Whether penalties for driving with a high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic drinks will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most accidents is unclear.One thing is clear，however：unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic drinking plays a role，many will continue to die.1.The author is primarily concerned with____.[A] interpreting the results of surveys on traffic accidents[B] reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to reduce drunk driving[C] analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic deaths[D] making an international comparison of experience with drunk driving2.It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain____.[A] changed an existing law to lower the BAC level which defined drunk driving[B] made it illegal for the drunk driver to drive[C] increased the number of drunk driving arrests[D] placed a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks3.The author implies that a BAC of 0.1 percent ____.the sale of alcoholic drinks[A] is unreasonably high as a definition of drunk driving[B] penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limit[C] is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal crashes[D] proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time4.The author cites the British example in order to____.[A] show that the problem of drunk driving is worse in Britain than in the U.S.[B] prove that stricter laws against drinking drivers would reduce traffic deaths[C] prove that a slight increase in the number of arrests of drunk drivers will not deter drunk driving[D] suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws5.The word“deter”in the last paragraph probably means____.[A] prevent [B] encourage [C] punish [D] threaten答案：1.[B] 本文探讨了饮酒和汽车事故率的关系，以及相应的限制酒后驾驶的法律对事故率的影响。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—法学类
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P11—法学类Passage 11Since 1975 advocates of humane treatment of animals have broadened their goals to oppose the use of animals for fur，leather，wool and food.They have moaned protests against all forms of hunting and the trapping of animals in the wild.And they have joined environmentalists in urging protection of natural habitats from commercial or residential development.The occasion for these added emphases was the publication in 1975 of Animal Liberation：A New Ethics for Our Treatment ofAnimals by Peter Singer，formerly a professor ofphUosophy at Oxford University in England.This book gave a new impetus to the animal rights movement.The post 1 975 animal rights activists are far more vocal than theirpredecessors，and the organizations to which they belong are generally more radical.Many new organizations are formed.The tactics of the activists are designed to catch the attention of the public.Since the mid 1 980s there have been frequent newsreports about animal rights organizations picketing stores that sell furs，harassing hunters in the wild，or breaking into laboratories to free animals.Some of the more extreme organizations advocate the use of assault，armed terrorism，and death threats to make their point.Aside from making isolated attacks on people who wear fur coats or trying to prevent hunters from killing animals，most of the organizations have directed their tactics at institutions.The results of the protests and other tactics have been panies are reducing reliance on animal testing.Medical research has been somewhat curtailed by legal restrictions and the reluctance of younger workers to use animals in research.New tests have been developed to replace the use of animals.Some well—known designers have stopped using fur.While the general public tends to agree that animals should be treated humanely，most people are unlikely to give up eating meat or wearing goods made from leather and wool. Giving up genuine fur has become less of a problem，since fibers used to makefake fur such as the Japanese invention Kanecaron can look almost identical to real fur.Some of the strongest opposition to the animal rights movement has come from hunters and their organizations.But animal rights activists have succeeded in marshaling public opinion to press for state restrictions on hunting in several parts of the nation.1.1 975 was an important year in the history of animal treatment because[A]many people began to call for humane treatment of animals that year[B]a new book was published that broadened the animal rights movement[C]the environmentalists began to show interest in animal protection[D]the trapping of animals began to go wild all through the world2.Some animal rights organizations advocate the use of extreme means in order to[A]wipe out cruel people [B]stop using animals in the laboratory[C]attack hunters in the wild [D]catch full public attention3.By saying“the results ofthe protests and other tactics have been mixed”(Line 1，Para.3)，the author means[A]the protest and other tactics have produced desired effects[B]the protest and other tactics almost amounted to nothing[C]the protest and other tactics have some influence on the public[D]the protest and other tactics have proved to be too radical4.The word“marshaling”(Line 5，Para.4)probably means[A]conducting [B]popularizing [C]changing [D]outraging5.It seems that the author ofthis article[A]is strongly opposed to the animal rights movement[B]is in favor ofthe animal rights movement[C]supports the use of violence in animal protection[D]hatestheuse offakefurfor clothes阅读小帮手核心词汇advocate n.提倡者philosophy n.哲学predecessor n.前辈tactics n.策略identical adj.同样的oppose vt.反对impetus.促进radicaladj.激进的reliance n.依赖publication .出版vocaladj.有声的assault n.攻击fake adj.假的译文：号召人道对待动物的倡导者们从1975年起将自己的目标扩大到反对利用动物来获取毛皮、皮革、毛织品和食品的行为。
法律英语考试之美国法基础-最新范文
法律英语考试之美国法基础A FEDERAL LEGAL SYSTEM：OverviewThe American legal system has several layers, more possibly than in most other nations. One reason is the division between federal and state law. To understand this, it helps to recall that the United States was founded not as one nation,but as a union of 13 colonies, each claiming independence from the British Crown. The Declaration of Independence （1776） thus spoke of“the good People of these Colonies” but also pronounced that “these United Colo nies are, and of Right ought to be, FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES.” The tension between one people and several states is a perennial theme in American legal history. As explained below, the U.S. Constitution （adopted 1787, ratified 1788）began a gradual and at times hotly contested shift of power and legal authority away from the states and toward the federal government. Still, even today states retain substantial authority. Any student of the American legal system must understand how jurisdiction is apportioned between the federal government and the states.The Constitution fixed many of the boundaries between federal and state law. It also divided federal power among legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government（thus creating a “separation of powers”between each branch and enshrining a system of “checks-and-balances”to prevent any one branch from overwhelming the others）, each of which contributes distinctively to the legal system. Within that system, the Constitution delineated the kinds of laws that Congress might pass.As if this were not sufficiently complex, U.S. law is more than the statutes passed by Congress. In some areas, Congress authorizes administrative agencies to adopt rules that add detail to statutory requirements. And the entire system rests upon the traditional legal principles found in English Common Law. Although both the Constitution and statutory law supersede common law, courts continue to apply unwritten common law principles to fill in the gaps where the Constitution is silent and Congress has not legislated.。
美国法律英文作文
美国法律英文作文英文：As a legal professional in the United States, I have a deep understanding of the complexities of American law. One of the most significant aspects of American law is its federal system, which divides power between the national government and individual states. This means that each state has its own set of laws and regulations, in addition to federal laws that apply across the entire country.One example of this is the difference in gun laws between states. Some states have very strict gun laws, while others have more relaxed regulations. For instance,in California, individuals must obtain a permit to carry a concealed weapon, while in Texas, anyone over the age of 21 can carry a concealed weapon without a permit. This illustrates how state laws can vary widely, even on a topic as controversial as gun control.Another important aspect of American law is the role of the judiciary. The United States has a common law system, which means that judges have the power to interpret and apply the law in individual cases. This allows for a great deal of flexibility in the legal system, as judges can adapt the law to fit the specific circumstances of each case. However, it also means that the law can be somewhat unpredictable, as different judges may interpret the law in different ways.Overall, American law is a complex and multifaceted system that requires a great deal of expertise to navigate. From the federal system to the role of the judiciary, there are many factors that contribute to the legal landscape in the United States.中文：作为美国的法律专业人士，我深刻理解美国法律的复杂性。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2015考研英语：阅读热点之美国法律日前在微博上频发大招，发布了许多对考生十分受用的备考信息。
与美国法律相关的阅读文章向来是考研英语命题的高频语料，下面各位考生就随KK教授来一起学习一下。
一、美国法律常识美国国会，是执行美国宪法规定立法权力的机构，由参议院和众议院组成。
参议员由各州选民直接选出，每州2名，实行各州代表权平等原则，现有议员100名，当选参议员必须年满30岁，作为美国公民已满9年，当选时为选出州的居民，任期6年，每2年改选 1/3，连选得连任。
美国国会（Congress，United States）行使立法权（legislative authority）。
议案（bill）一般经过提出、委员会审议、全院大会审议等程序。
就立法过程来说，经国会参众两院认可的成文法或决议文（resolution）必须经过以下任一程序才可成为法律：美国总统的签署、在国会开议期间，总统收到法案后十天内不作为（不做任何回应，十天的期限不含星期日），或在总统否决后由国会於会期内发起再审（法案必须获得三分之二以上的投票支持才可忽略总统的否决）。
经由前两种程序通过的法案将由总统“颁布”（promulgation）实行。
若法案是经由第三种方式通过，最后再审期间国会的监票委员负责颁布法律。
二、相关词组参议员 senator参议院 states senate政府 administration官僚 bureaucracy首席法官 chancellor诉讼委托人 client国会，议会 parliament=congress委员会 council宣告 declare给以权利 entitle审判 judgement陪审团 jury游说团 lobby三、真题连线以2013年考研英语真题阅读理解Text 4 为例，该文章选自2012年6月25日The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》，可见其实效性。
需要去读一些实效性非常强的西方报刊杂志上的文章。
该文章主要讲了联邦政府与州政府之间就移民问题产生的分期。
第一段用来自法院对政府权利的决定做引子，提出了对于移民法律实施的议题。
第二段进一步解释了为什么法院会否定亚利桑那州的提案。
在后文中解释了否定的原因，分析了州政府拥有的权利以及导致联邦失力的决议，从而得出为什么法官们会投对联邦政府不利的反对票。
本文的难点在于理解法院的作用，这就需要考生们认真熟悉美国法律常识，因为一旦涉及美国法律的文章出现，势必会牵扯相关内容。
四、模拟练习冲刺期间，模拟题也必须给力！下面是KK教授给出的一道涉及美国法律，同时接近真题的阅读题目：The framers of America’s constitution knew nothing about mobilephones, but they knew a thing or two about unreasonable searches. In Riley vs California, the Supreme Courtconsidered“whether the police may, without a warrant, search digitalinformation on a cellphone seized from an individual who has been arrested.”Unanimously on June 25th, the justices said no, or, to be more pr ecise, veryrarely.David Riley, a member of the Bloods street gang who was sentenced to15 years to life for attempted murder, and Brima Wurie, sentenced to 262 monthson a drug charge, will be happy to hear this. Except in true emergencies wheresearching a mobile phone could, say, avert a terrorist attack, police pryingwithout a warrant violates the Fourth Amendment’s bar on “unreasonable”searches, the justices decided. Since both Riley and Wurie’s convictions werebased on evidence gleaned from such search es, they will be overturned.The reason why the case of David has the possibility of being invalidated is thatAThe evidence associated with hisconviction violates the Fourth Amendment.BThe conviction will be overturned asjustices decided in Riley vs Californiacase.CHis charge of attempted murder is not based on true emergencies when police prying.DThe way to attain evidence isunconstitutional according to an unanimous decision.【答案】D通过今天的学习，相信各位考生对美国法律这个高频语料有了进一步的掌握，希望考生学习过后能勤总结、多练习，在做题中积极联想今天学到的知识。
时间已然不多，努力才是王道。
预祝各位考生都能取得自己满意的成绩！考研成功难又不难，一旦大家开始准备就要全力以赴。
自制力差的学生可以找几个研友，互相激励，因为坚持下来也确实不容易，也看个人习惯，有的同学可能一个人学习更有效率；在这个过程中更主要的还有大家坚持的信念，坚持完成一件事情本身就是成功。
在三百多天的日子里，老师会一直陪伴着大家，里边的每条微博、微信、咨询都是温暖大家并激励大家前行的动力。
奔跑吧，2016的考生们！虽然有突破口、也有规律可循，但这并不意味着我们可以一劳永逸、高枕无忧，要知道，想要精通世界上任何一门语言，除非有天生的语言天分，否则偷不得半分懒，只能勤勤恳恳反复练习。
一遍不懂读两遍，默念不行就大声念出来，遇到不认识的单词就查，不懂的句子就静下心来拆分结构。
总之，读书百遍、其义自现，英语学习之路上没有笨蛋，只有懒人。
综上就是小编给大家提供的高分技巧，技巧就是牢固的知识点和强悍的答题思路，预祝所有考生2016考研有个好成绩。
凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯；凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里；信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿；使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构；激情：永不言弃，乐观向上；敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业；服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作，为学员服务，为学员引路。
如何选择考研辅导班：在考研准备的过程中，会遇到不少困难，尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说，通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足，可以大大提高复习效率，节省复习时间，大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班，或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。
师资力量：师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素，考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价，询问往届学长然后选择。
判断师资力量关键在于综合实力，因为任何一门课程，都不是由一、两个教师包到底的，是一批教师配合的结果。
还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。
凯程考研名师云集，李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。
而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课，对知识点把握和命题方向，欠缺火候。
对该专业有辅导历史：必须对该专业深刻理解，才能深入辅导学员考取该校。
在考研辅导班中，从来见过如此辉煌的成绩：凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元，考取五道口15人，清华经管金融硕士10人，人大金融硕士15个，中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人，北师大教育学7人，会计硕士保录班考取30人，翻译硕士接近20人，中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程，法学方面，凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元，更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。
在凯程官方网站的光荣榜，成功学员经验谈视频特别多，都是凯程战绩的最好证明。
对于如此高的成绩，凯程集训营班主任邢老师说，凯程如此优异的成绩，是与我们凯程严格的管理，全方位的辅导是分不开的，很多学生本科都不是名校，某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的，大多数是跨专业考研，他们的难度大，竞争激烈，没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习，是很难达到优异的成绩。
最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。
建校历史：机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素，历史越久，积累的人脉资源更多。
例如，凯程教育已经成立10年（2005年），一直以来专注于考研，成功率一直遥遥领先，同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。
有没有实体学校校区：有些机构比较小，就是一个在写字楼里上课，自习，这种环境是不太好的，一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境，大学校园这样环境。
凯程有自己的学习校区，有吃住学一体化教学环境，独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全，这也是一个考研机构实力的体现。
此外，最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。