高中专项复习 说明文阅读
2024年语文中考总复习说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
品来看。郦道元历来被认为是描写风景的高手。他不用前人的
陈词滥调，追求新颖的表达方式，比如描写河流的清澈，他用
的话是“鱼若空悬”。唐代文学家柳宗元在《小石潭记》中描写
潭水清澈时，说道：“
”这就是化用郦道元的表述。书
中写景很少有雷同之处，皆因郦道元追求语言多变。以瀑布为
例，《水经注》里用过的指代词汇有“悬流”“悬水”“悬涛”“悬
说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
2.下面的句子运用了哪些说明方法?有什么表达效果?(4 分)
清代学者沈德潜认为，在我国古代记载河流水道的 著述中，《水经注》可谓“不可无一，不容有二”。 引用和作比较，强调了《水经注》有极高的地理价值， 使说明更权威，更具有说服力。(共4分。说明方法2分， 表达效果2分)
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说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
一
阅读下面的文字，回答问题。(20分)
为什么石楠“花香”如求也越
来越高。但有些植物为人类美化环境的同时，却默默背
负了诸多骂名。例如石楠，因为开花时散发出特别的气
味，被极度嫌弃。
②其实石楠心里也挺委屈的，努力开花有错吗?生命 生生不息，每个物种都有其生存之道。
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说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
⑤除了自然地理，《水经注》繁征博引，留下了不少 人文地理的内容。凡一水流经之地，郦道元都会考察流 域内有历史意义的事件，记述逸闻轶事。古代的神话与 传说，往往赖以保存。
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说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
⑥不同于一般的旅行记载，《水经注》可当作绝美的文学作
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说明文阅读 (跨学科试题训练)
③石楠，属于常绿灌木或小乔木，全世界约有60余种， 分布在亚洲东部及南部。我国约产40余种，是妥妥的石 楠属植物多样性分布中心。
2022年中考语文二轮专项复习试题-说明文阅读(解析版)
2022年中考语文二轮说明文阅读专项复习试题一、现代文阅读请阅读下面文章，完成问题。
数字人民币：没网也能付钱①数字人民币是现金人民币的电子化形式，它由央行发行，以国家信用背书，具有无限法偿性、可流通、可存储、可离线交易、可控匿名、不可伪造、不可重复交易等特点，并有降低交易本钱、提高征信效率、强化支付便利的功效。
②口前，六大国有银行在推广数字人民币货币钱包，在这些银行营业网点，客户需要提出申请，才能在央行数字人民币App中以设立银行电子钱包的方式参与测试。
③当下，我国数字经济已进入快速开展期，数字人民币正是这一背景下符合开展需要的货币新形态。
数字人民币可在京东、美团、滴滴、哗哩哗哩等多个互联网场景使用。
长远看，数字人民币的使用，将在企业支付与清算、跨境支付与汇兑、金融资产买卖、证券交易等领域引起一系列变化。
支付领域新的变革将随着数字人民币的落地而开启，数字人民币的推广或带来银行零售业务和支付行业的变革。
④很多人怀疑，数字人民币作为一种新的支付方式，和微信支付、支付宝之间又有什么差异？⑤数字货币是法定货币，微信和支付宝是第三方支付工具，如果说前者是钱，那么后者就相当于钱包。
数字人民币作为法定货币,任何机构和个人不得拒收，而微信、支付宝支付只是一种支方式。
此外，微信、支付宝等第三方互联网支付需要设备连接网络才可以结算，但数字人民币交易可以离线操作。
⑥使用数字人民币是否存在泄露用户隐私等平安风险?数字人民币对用户隐私保护的等级很高。
此外，目前的支付工具，无论是银行卡还是微信、支付宝，都是与银行账户体系绑定的，银行开户是实名制，无法满足匿名诉求。
数字人民币可以在技术上实现小额匿名，满足公众合理的匿名交易和个人信息保护的需求，同时有助防控和打击洗钱等违法行为。
（摘自《半月谈》2021年第8期）.本文的说明对象是：,采用顺序o1 .文中第①段采用了什么说明方法?有什么作用.请分析第④段有什么作用？2 .作为一种新的支付方式，数字人民币和微信、支付宝有哪些区别？【答案】1.数字人民币；逻辑.下定义。
高中说明文阅读练习题
高中说明文阅读练习题说明文阅读是高中语文考试中经常考到的一类题型，同学们在平时的复习中，需要多做阅读练习。
下面店铺为大家带来高中说明文阅读练习题，欢迎同学们阅读训练。
高中说明文阅读练习题原文：①对于这位只肯让我们称她为贝尔纳黛特的村民而言，生活就是一场无休止的战斗。
在刚果民主共和国维龙加国家公园旁，有几小块种植着玉米、小米和红薯的田地，贝尔纳黛特和她的邻居们，就是靠这些田地勉强维持着自己与子女的生活。
她在去年告诉我们说，从国家公园内走失的狒狒和大象为了觅食，不断侵袭她的红薯地。
农民的极度贫困也为自然环境带来了恶劣影响。
世界上仅存的不到900只山地大猩猩中，有大半数都以维龙加国家公园为家，这里也生存着一些濒临灭绝的大象和羚羊。
公园内的森林，正在承受着来自木炭贸易的压力，2007年，当地的木炭黑帮杀害了公园内的7头大猩猩，以此报复公园对非法砍伐的打击行动。
近年来，维龙加国家公园内的300只大象中，先后有250只遭到了偷猎者的猎杀，这可能也得到了当地那些不堪园内动物之扰的居民的默许。
②过去几百年里人类不断增长的财富，在整体上，都对环境造成了不良影响。
但是在自然保护的最前线，人们与原始森林、生物多样性热点以及濒危生物亲密共处的地方，对环境造成巨大破坏的，却往往是极度的贫困。
③而生产力的提高，或许可以掌握21世纪自然保护的关键，就像日本的呜村茂治农场所展示的那样。
嶋村在一处原为索尼芯片工厂的地方，监管着一座面积2.5万平方英尺的农场。
所有作物都在室内环境中安全地生长。
他将水、肥料和17，500盏LED照明设备结合在一起，每天可收获多达1万棵生菜——是普通农场每平方英尺产量的100倍还多，而用水量仅有普通农场的10%，生产的垃圾也仅有普通农场的20%。
人类占用了全世界约半数的无冰陆地表面，大部分都用于生产食物。
然而随着技术的不断进步，世界人口及其对环境的影响，很可能会在今后几十年里达到顶峰并开始衰减。
④这种现象就叫做解耦，将人类的贫困同自然环境遭到破坏而恶化分离开来，忽略它们之间的联系，阻止人与自然环境恶性关系的循环，并采取措施解决人类需求这个主导性问题。
高中英语专题复习：说明文阅读理解训练及答案
英语专题复习说明文阅读理解训练一、2017·全国二卷CTerrafugiaInc said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition – has two seats wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after TerrafugiaInc introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000.And it won’t help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks TerrafugiaInc has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The movement has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.Mann said TerrafugiaInc was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. TerrafugiaInc says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The basic data of the Transition.B. The advantages of flying cars.C. The potential market for flying cars.C. The designers of the Transition.29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?A. It causes traffic jams.B. It is difficult to operate.C. It is very expensive.D. It bums too much fuel.30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?A. CautiousB. Favorable.C. Ambiguous.D. Disapproving.31. What is the best title for the text?A. Flying Car at Auto ShowB. The Transition’s Fist FlightC. Pilots’ Dream Coming TrueD. Flying Car Closer to RealityDWhen a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983,two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short?Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked .It’s a plant’s way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbours react.Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty .They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned .The attacker who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors .The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate （亲密的）than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?A. It makes noises.B. It gets help from other plants.C. It stands quietlyD. It sends out certain chemicals.33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.34. Scientists find from their studies that plants can .A. predict natural disastersB. protect themselves against insectsC. talk to one another intentionallyD. help their neighbors when necessary35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. The word is changing faster than ever.B. People have stronger senses than beforeC. The world is more complex than it seemsD. People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.二、2017·全国三卷CAfter years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations —major food sources（来源）for the wolf – grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation（植被）, which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park’ s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’ s beavers.As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red fores have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.28. What is the text mainly about?A. Wildlife research in the United States.B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.29. What does the underlined word “displaced” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Tested.B. Separated.C. Forced out.D. Tracked down.30.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about？A. Damage to local ecology.B. A decline in the park’s income.C. Preservation of vegetation.D. An increase in the variety of animals.31.What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project？A. Doubtful.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Uncaring.DThe Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “Drive LAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated（隔绝）and inactive.Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.These include custom-made navigation（导航）tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others.”“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”Dr. Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The Drive LAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions（解决方案）to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”32.What is the purpose of the Drivel LAB?A. To explore new means of transport.B. To design new types of cars.C. To find out older driver`s problems.D. To teach people traffic rules.33. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?A. It keeps them independent.B. It helps them save time.C. It builds up their strength.D. It cures their mental illnesses.34. What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?A. Improve their driving skills.B. Develop driver-assist technologies.C. Provide tips on repairing their cars.D. Organize regular physical checkups.35. What is the best title for the text?A. A new Model Electric CarB. A Solution to Traffic ProblemC. Driving Service for eldersD. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road三、2018·江西一模CAlongside air and water, food is a necessity for human beings to survive and thrive. But it’s a lot more than that. As Mariette Dichristina of Scientific American wrote: “The most intimate（亲密的）relationship we will ever have is not with any fellow human being. Instead, it is between our bodies and our food.”Nowadays, for most people in the world’s wealthiest countries, food is a hobby, an enthusiasm, and even something fashionable. Turn on the TV in the US, UK or France, and you’ll find at least one channel feeding this popular obsession. And most of us know at least one person who thinks of themselves as a “foodie”. It’s almost impossible nowadays to check our social media apps without at least two or three photos of delicious meals appearing on our screen. But behind the fancy recipes and social media bragging（夸耀）, many of us forget how much we take food for granted. This is why World Food Day is held each year.Take Kenya for example. This east African nation has been suffering terrible droughts. The result is that people are beginning to starve. Children in particular are suffering, with some of them even dying. This may seem shocking to know, especially as many cultures outside of Africa think of food in a completely different way. But even in the UK, families on low incomes are forced to use food banks—European organizations that hand out donated food to those who can’t afford to pay for it themselves. So what can we do on World Food Day? One good way to spend it would be to feel humble and appreciate what we have. After all, food is essential for survival, but not everyone is as lucky as we are when it comes to dinner time.28. According to Mariette Dichristina, what has the closest relationship with us?A. Air.B. Water.C. Food.D. Human beings.29. What does the underlined word “foodie” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Delicious food.B. A person fond of food.C. A social media app.D. A photo of delicious meals.30. Who can get help from food banks?A. Poor people in the UK.B. Poor people in Africa.C. Starving children in Kenya.D. People in the drought-stricken.31. What’s the best title for the text?A. Treat Food as a HobbyB. Time to Appreciate FoodC. Food Shortage in Some CountriesD. How to Spend World Food DayDTraditionally, robots have been hard, made of metal and other rigid material: But a team of scientists at Harvard University in the US has managed to build an entirely soft robot-one that draws inspiration from an octopus（章鱼）.Described in science journal Nature, the “Octobot” could pave the way for more effective autonomous robots that could be used in search，rescue and exploration. “The Octobot is minimal system which may serve as a foundation for a new generation of completely soft, autonomous robots” the study’s authors wrote.Robots built for precise, repetitive movements in a controlled environment don’t do so well on rough terrains（地形）or in unpredictable conditions. And they aren’t especially safe around humans, because they’re made out of hard and heavy parts that could be potentially dangerous to their users.So researchers have been working on building soft robots for decades. They’re taken inspiration from nature, looking to animals from jellyfish to cockroaches, which are often made up of more flexible matter.But creating a completely soft robot remains a challenge. Even if engineers build a silicone （硅酮）body, it’s still a grand challenge to construct flexible versions of essential parts, such as a source of power.“Although soft robotics is still in its early stage, it holds great promise for several applications, such as search-rescue operations and exploration,” Barbara Mazzolai and Virgilio Mattoli of the Italian Institute of Technology’ Center for Micro-Bio Robotics, wrote in a comment. “Soft robots might also open up new approaches to improving wellness and quality of life.”32. What’s the special feature of “Octobot”？A. It’s soft.B. It’s made of metal.C. It’s very small.D. It looks like an octopus.33. What’s the disadvantage of traditional robots?A. They’re hard to control.B. They’re too heavy to move.C. They can’t predict conditions.D. They can’t behave well all the time.34. One of the biggest challenges is to build Octobot’s ________.A. silicone bodyB. complex componentsC. precise movementsD. flexible power source35. What’s the possible application of “Octobot”？A. Medical research.B. Life rescue.C. Machine operation.D. House cleaning.一、28-31 ACBD 32-35 DABC二、28-31 DCAB 32-35 CACD三、28-31 CBAB 32-35 ADDB。
2024年中考语文总复习第三部分现代文阅读专题二说明文阅读
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⑤扬派盆景的造型并无固定程式，因“本”制宜，特别是残桩，经 盆景艺人改造，定能变废为宝。扬派盆景最经典的造型是游龙弯式，一 般采用“S”曲线矮化树本高度，同时通过上下、左右不同走向变化展现 曲线美，使其有凤翔之姿，龙舞之韵。
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⑥ 2008 年，扬派盆景技艺被列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名 录。2009 年，在扬州瘦西湖风景区的万花园内，建设了功能齐全的扬派 盆景博物馆，成为扬州盆景的重要展示窗口。
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③小雪节气不一定下雪，而是指气温越来越低，降到了足以下雪的
程度。农谚云：“小雪铲白菜，大雪收菠菜。”“小雪不砍菜，必定有一害。”
此时，庄户人家开始砍收地里的大白菜，精心盘扎入窖储藏了。那一棵
棵青青白白的大白菜透着清灵之气，那种清甜清香是寻常人家饭桌上的
至美之味。农谚还说：“小雪腌菜，大雪腌肉。”过去，冬季来临，新鲜
蔬菜少而又少，小雪前后家家户户开始腌菜了。小时候，母亲常带着我
们，踏着薄薄一层小雪，到菜园里采收青青红红的雪里蕻、大头大脑的
文化的完美结合。
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②扬派盆景的植物选材是造景的灵魂。在扬派盆景中，常见的植物 有松、柏、榆、杨四种。松有黑松、罗汉松等，柏有桧柏、刺柏等，榆 有榔榆、白榆等，杨指的是黄杨。黄杨是扬派盆景中的常用树种之一， 明代散文家张岱在《陶庵梦忆》中就记载了一则关于黄杨盆景枯干复活 的逸闻。传统的扬派盆景以幼树为主，谓之“自幼栽培”，但成型缓慢。 现代的扬派盆景大多采用自然树桩，以缩短成型年限。挑选树本时，首 观其根，次看其本。首选主根短、分根健硕、须根茂密的树本。选本则 要根据创作立意审视形态，一定要选理想之材，否则容易前功尽弃。之 后审视其枝条，特别是分枝和分布要有韵律。分枝是“云片”(指盆景主 体造型)出片的基础，虽可“因枝而宜”，但分布不理想，也将有碍“云 片”的层次与姿态。
高三说明文阅读训练大全
高三说明文阅读训练高三说明文阅读训练大全篇一：《“龙城”还是“卢城”》阅读练习题秦时明月汉时关，万里长征人未还。
但使龙城飞将在，不教胡马度阴山。
这首传诵千古的《出塞》，抒发了王昌龄追昔抚今的感慨。
一般认为，诗中的“飞将”指西汉名将李广，他长期戍守北部边境，以勇敢善战著称，匈奴呼之为飞将军，一听到他的名字就畏惧、惊退。
那么，诗中的“龙城”又指何处呢？历来唐诗集多作“但使龙城飞将在”。
清朝沈德潜《唐诗别裁集》也持此说，认为“唐人边塞诗中所用的地名，有但取字面瑰奇雄丽而不甚考地理方位者”。
此处的“龙城飞将”，“乃合用卫青、李广事。
指扬威敌境之名将，更不得拘泥地理方位。
而诗中用‘龙城’字，亦有泛指边关要隘者。
”就是说，“龙城”不过是象征性的地名，并非特指某一具体城邑。
宋朝王安石《唐百家诗选》，将“龙城”改为“卢城”。
为何做此改动呢？阎若璩《潜邱札记》作了解释：“李广为北平太守，匈奴号曰飞将军，避不敢入塞。
右北平，唐为北平郡，又名平州，治卢龙县。
唐时有卢龙府、卢龙军。
”所以龙城就是右北平，应为卢城。
中国社会科学院文学研究所编写的《唐诗选》即取此说，将“但使龙城飞将在”改作“但使卢城飞将在”，认为卢城即现今河北卢龙。
但是，无论汉朝还是唐朝，右北平从来就没有称过卢城，只有《汉书·西域传》中有一个无雷国，其国王“治卢城，去长安九千九百五十里”。
显然，此卢城不是右北平。
况且，《汉书·卫青霍去病传》记载的那次威震敌胆的龙城大捷是卫青指挥的，并未提及与李广有关。
清朝孙洙《唐诗三百首》引《晋书·张轨传》的记载：匈奴曾筑姑臧城，“地有龙行，故曰龙城”。
据此说，“龙城”是指姑臧城，即今天的甘肃武威。
张际在《“龙城”考》中则认为，据《史记》《汉书》等多处记载，龙城是匈奴祭祀龙神、祖先之地，地方并不固定，但在匈奴境内统称为“龙城”。
汉代史籍往往采用音译，分别写成“龙城”“笼城”“龙庭”，“龙城”可能是音近而误讹为“卢城”，两词实为同义。
2023年中考语文一轮复习：说明文阅读练习(说明方法)
2023中考语文一轮复习：说明文阅读练习（说明方法）一、阅读下面文章，完成下面小题。
用“氢”洁理念塑造未来交通①随着亚洲地区机动车保有量的快速上升，交通拥堵已经成为许多地方无法避免的“大城市病”。
②目前，人们对于新能源汽车的理解大多停留在混动汽车和纯电动汽车层面，但是其实人类对于各种能源和电池的探索一直都在进行。
比如，氢就是一种能量密度很高的清洁可再生能源。
从补充速度的角度看，充氢比充电的速度快得多，但是长期以来，氢的存储和运输难题一直都在阻碍氢能的大规模应用。
锂电池的发展经过多年的并喷目前已经开始趋缓，而随着技术的进一步提升，氢燃料电池将成为最具潜力的新一代能量提供系统之一．．。
理论上，氢燃料电池车的排放物只有水，因此被称为“终极环保车”。
③欧美等发达国家在2000年以后才加速对氢气能源的开发和基础构建，而现代汽车集团无疑是氢燃料电池车研发领域最早取得显著成绩的汽车制造商：1998年开始研发，2000年11月首次推出了圣达菲燃料电池车；2006年独立研发成功途胜氢燃料电池车；2013年2月，第三代车型ix35FCEV 首次量产，对全球汽车进入环保时代意义深远。
现代汽车还参与了英国首个氢燃料电池车的网络和基建项目，英国政府将与现代汽车合作，从2015年开始正式向公共机关和个人出租氩燃料电池车辆。
④值得一提的是，核心零部件难以量产一直是制约各大厂商的瓶颈，攻克这一难题并不容易。
如今，现代在包括驱动马达、电子功率零部件、锂电池包及燃料电池集成模块等在内的零部件均成功实现全球首家量产。
据悉，现代汽车未来还将投入150亿韩元“氢气基金”来开发燃料电池零件。
⑤由于氢燃料电池车的理论唯一排放物是水，因此相较传统汽车，它可以充分利用自身的产物——水作为使用资源。
现代FE燃料电池概念车名称中的“FE”全称为 F uture E co，即未来生态的意思，这体现了其运用创新型新技术，并契合了这款车本身的生态友好特性一一也是对其独特燃料源的认可。
2024年中考语文总复习专题17：说明文阅读(附答案)
第1页（共14页）2024届中考一轮复习说明文阅读专题17（时间：50分钟分值：40分）1．（2022•荆州）免疫之战：做事就得“二”一点①你永远也不知道，生活下一秒给你带来的是惊喜还是惊吓。
所以，凡事必须两手准备，不能一根筋。
我，免疫系统，也处处体现“二”的精髓。
②对抗敌人，我的战略有二：阻挡、猎杀。
区分杀敌，我的机制有二：体液免疫、细胞免疫。
这些战略、机制虽“二”，但纵横交错，相辅相成，“双剑”反复合璧，功力倍增。
这次我们只谈战略，先聊阻挡，再聊猎杀。
③所谓阻挡，就是盖墙，构筑物理屏障。
④我盖的墙，就是你的皮肤。
不管你的皮肤是细腻白嫩，还是粗糙暗沉，它比人类的任何建筑都精巧严密百倍，堪称“奇迹”。
你的汗液可以轻松渗出皮肤，外面的水分子却难以渗入，更别提病毒、细菌了，因为最小的病毒直径也有水分子的百倍以上。
记住，皮肤的功能是屏障，健康皮肤存在的目的，就是拒绝吸收外物。
因此，只要皮肤没伤口，病毒、细菌就无法强攻。
不过，再严密的防线，也有漏洞。
皮肤防线的漏洞，就是你身上的各种洞洞——吃喝拉撒的必由之路。
当然，我肯定不会无视这些漏洞，皮肤防线不仅覆盖体表，还延伸到体内，包裹着所有通往外界的通道，这层物理屏障，就是你的上皮组织。
⑤说是物理屏障，其实，上皮组织还装配了生化武器，就是那些与我们和平共处的细菌和病毒。
它们是你身体里的土著。
这些土著自古以来就在这里渔樵耕读，每一寸上皮组织都是它们不可分割的固有领土。
外源病菌偷渡而来，想在这里扎根组团，形成菌落，深度渗入，破坏环境，杀鸡取卵，土著们自然要与这些侵略者拼个高低。
这里顺便说一句，抗生素不能乱吃，不然这些土著也会被杀掉，这就是自降防御值了。
化学武器由上皮组织自产自销，比如：黏膜，让侵略者寸步难行。
肺内的黏膜还会随着纤毛向上移动，变成痰咳出，或者咽到胃里。
上皮组织还能产生毒性物质，比如毒性多肽物质，口腔里还有溶菌酶，胃里还有消化酶和酸性环境，这些化学武器都能让病菌死无葬身之地。
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专项复习
说明文阅读
阅读技巧
典例分析
说明文阅读常见题型 1.考查说明对象。 2.被说明事物的特征。 3.说明方法及作用和说明顺序。 4.段意概括。 5.段落语句顺序。 6.语言准确性。
阅读技巧
典例分析
(2017青岛中考)阅读下面的文字,完成后面问题。 洞悉宇宙 天眼已开 ①2016年9月25日,是举世瞩目的“天眼”(FAST)竣工的日子。 ②FAST是500米口径球面射电望远镜的英文简称。这个坐落于 贵州省黔南州平塘县克度镇的目前世界上最大的单口径射电望远 镜,被誉为中国“天眼”。
阅读技巧
典例分析
1.文中引用彭勃、郑晓年、泰勒的话,有什么作用? 参考答案: 说明了举世瞩目的“天眼”(FAST)的建成,引起了专 家们的震撼,FAST的建成具有重大的意义。 解析:此题考查的是说明方法及作用。这里是引用的说明方法, 引用别人的话,说明天眼的建成,引起了专家们震撼,意义重大。
阅读技巧
③FAST的建成已经让国内外专家为之震撼。 ④FAST工程副经理彭勃说:“这是中国射电地理学界初次拥有世 界排名第一的设备,我兴奋得睡不着觉。” ⑤中科院郑晓年介绍说,FAST将能够搜索到更多的奇特天体,用 甚 至可以搜索星际通讯信号,展开对地外文明的探究。
⑧这只“大眼睛”的反射面是由4 450块面板拼成的。与普通锅 式天线相比,它的反射面是个球面。说得通俗一点,从侧面看,“天眼” 要比普通的锅式天线更深一些。它打破了射电望远镜的百米极限, 这个巨大的反射面摊开来足有30个足球场那么大,真是一口名副其 实的“大锅”。
阅读技巧
典例分析
⑨FAST“藏在”群山环绕的天然喀斯特洼坑里。这个巨大的洼 坑本身,就是FAST的三大创新之一。选择把“天眼”安放在这里, 不仅节省了巨额的工程开支,环抱的群山还为“天眼”的观测创造 了宁静的工作环境。 ⑩FAST的第二大创新就是“天眼”里转动的“瞳孔”,可以随 时“望”向令它着迷的任何地方。相比之下,美国的阿雷西博望远 镜虽然也不小,但是它的眼睛就永远只能盯着一个方向。 “天眼”的“视网膜”就是30吨重的馈源舱,它在一百多米的 高空,直径两百多米的球面上,能够“收放自如”,实现误差小于10 毫米的定位!这是FAST的又一大创新。 这只在贵州的群山之中凝视着宇宙的“天眼”,即将开始追寻 宇宙最深邃的过去,搜索地外文明的踪迹。
典例分析
2.简要概括中国“天眼”三大创新的好处。 参考答案: FAST的三大创新之一,选择把“天眼”安放在群山环 绕的天然喀斯特洼坑里,不仅节省了巨额的工程开支,环抱的群山 还为“天眼”的观测创造了宁静的工作环境;FAST的第二大创新, 就是“天眼”里转动的“瞳孔”,可以随时“望”向令它着迷的任 何地方。“天眼”的“视网膜”,就是30吨重的馈源舱,它在一百 多米的高空,直径两百多米的球面上,能够“收放自如”,实现误差 小于10毫米的定位!这是FAST的又一大创新。 解析:此题考查的是说明对象的特征。细读原文,找出每段的中 心句进行概括即可。
阅读技巧
典例分析
⑥“我要向FAST的建立者们表示恭喜,他们按期建成了世界上最 大、最灵敏的设备。”美国物理学家、诺贝尔奖得主泰勒先生 说,“我估计FAST将会带来许多新的、重要的科技成果,我十分期待 看到这些效果。” ⑦“天眼”的工作原理其实跟咱们平时常见的锅式天线差不多, 通过抛物面把采集到的信号反射到接收信号的馈源舱里,再由相应 的信号处理系统对接收到的信号进行处理。只不过,“天眼”有世 界级的超大口径,采集的是来自宇宙的海量信息,而它的大脑,是曙 光超级计算机。
阅读技巧
典例分析
3.分析下面句子中加点词语的表达效果。
它打破了射电望远镜的百米极限,这个巨大的反射面摊开来足 有30个足球场 那么大,真是一口名副其实的“大锅 ”。 ．．．． ．．
参考答案: “30个足球场”直观形象地说明了反射面摊开后的大 小,“大锅”形象地说明了反射面摊开来的形状。 解析:此题考查的是说明方法,进而考查其作用。“30个足球场” 用了列数字,“大锅”是打比方,然后按照说明方法答作用即可。