科普文章的翻译分析解析
科普文章中专有名称的翻译
英语知识在所有的文章翻译类型中，科普文章的翻译难度相对来说更大一些，科普文章在介绍最新科技动态的同时往往会提到一些新产品及其生产厂商。
这些产品（包括商标）、厂商名称以及在经贸类文章中经常遇到的人名，地名和各类组织的名称，我们统称为专有名称，英语专有名称的翻译大致可以采用以下几种方法：第一，若有约定俗成的汉译，应使用已经通行的译名（如Samsung“三星公司”）。
第二，一般来说，可以根据具体情况使用音译（如Motorola“摩托罗拉”）、意译（如Apple"苹果”）或两者结合（如Qualcomm “高通”，其中“高”是Qual的译音，-comm是communication 的词首，意译为“通”）等方法。
公司名称翻译时一般应加上“公司”二字。
第三，英语缩略词的翻译可根据具体情况区别对待，或译出全称（如PDA“个人数字助理”），或译作通行的简称（如GSM或“全球通”）。
第四，至于无法用以上方法处理的专有名称，比如一些高科技产品或企业的名称，则可照抄（如Brew）；部分国际通行的英语缩略词及其含义已被我国读者普遍接受，若译出其全称反而可能影响沟通，或是因字数过多而显得罗嗦，不如保留原文（如CDMA）。
第五，与专业术语的翻译一样，一般情况下，专有名称的汉语译名后面也应附上英语原文。
以上专有名称的翻译方法由天译时代英语笔译项目部归纳总结，如转载请注明出处。
作为一个会议口译译员，应该全面发展，不仅能搞同声传译工作，也要能搞即席传译工作，二者缺一不可。
由于同声传译比即席传译更加容易学习和掌握（这点恐怕同很多人的想象相反），所以，作为初学者，在掌握即席传译技术以前，最好先搞一段时间的同声传译工作。
也就是说，应该先到只使用同声传译的会议上去工作。
但是，在实际工作中，这种只使用同声传译的会议是很少的。
由于工作需要，绝大多数会议总免不了要建立若干个委员会、工作组、起草组等附属机构。
这些机构往往在没有同声传译设备的小会议室里开会，这就需要进行即席传译了。
试析青少年科普读物翻译
试析青少年科普读物翻译随着全球化的推进，青少年科普读物的翻译越来越受到。
科普读物是传播科学知识的重要工具，而翻译则是跨文化传播的重要手段。
因此，青少年科普读物的翻译旨在将科学知识从一种语言传播到另一种语言，以便读者可以更好地理解科学知识。
在翻译青少年科普读物时，首先需要考虑到目标读者的背景和知识水平。
青少年正处于知识学习的阶段，对科学知识有着强烈的好奇心和探索欲望。
因此，翻译应该尽可能地贴近青少年的思维方式，使用简单易懂的语言，避免使用过于专业化或难以理解的词汇和表达方式。
同时，在翻译过程中还要注意保持原文中的文化和背景信息。
科学知识是普遍性的，但不同的文化和背景可能会影响读者对科学知识的理解和接受程度。
因此，翻译者需要在尊重原文的基础上，传递原文中的科学知识，同时尽可能地传达文化内涵和背景信息。
另外，在翻译过程中也需要考虑到语言的习惯和表达方式。
不同的语言有不同的表达方式，翻译者需要在尊重原文的基础上，尽可能地符合目标语言的表达习惯。
这可以使读者更加舒适地阅读科普读物，并更好地理解科学知识。
青少年科普读物的翻译还应该注重趣味性。
青少年正处于好玩的年龄段，如果科普读物过于枯燥无味，就难以吸引他们的注意力。
因此，翻译者可以在语言上加入一些趣味性的元素，让读者在轻松愉悦的氛围中学习科学知识。
青少年科普读物的翻译是一项重要的跨文化传播工作。
它需要考虑到目标读者的背景和知识水平、保持原文中的文化和背景信息、符合目标语言的表达习惯以及注重趣味性等方面。
通过这些措施，可以更好地将科学知识从一种语言传播到另一种语言，帮助青少年更好地了解和掌握科学知识。
确定文章类型本文将是一篇关于功能目的论指导下青少年科普读物翻译的论述文章。
明确目的论本文旨在探讨在功能目的论指导下如何更好地翻译青少年科普读物，以提高青少年的阅读体验和科学素养。
功能目的论是一种翻译理论，强调翻译的目的和意图，以及译文在目标文化中的功能。
因此，本文将重点讨论如何将这一理论应用于青少年科普读物的翻译实践中。
功能对等理论视角下科普文本《生命的演变》(节选)英译汉翻译实践报告
功能对等理论视角下科普文本《生命的演变》（节选）英译汉翻译实践报告摘要：本文采用功能对等理论视角对英文科普文本《生命的演变》（节选）进行翻译实践，并对翻译的难点及策略进行了分析和总结。
研究发现，该文本涉及生物学、化学等学科领域的专业术语较多，部分概念翻译难度较大；同时，该文本的目的是普及科学知识，需要使用通俗易懂的语言表达。
因此，在翻译过程中，需要进行专业术语的准确翻译和科普信息的清晰传达，并兼顾语言风格的亲和力与译文流畅度的保持。
综上，本文提出了以“准确翻译、通俗易懂、亲和译文”为原则的翻译策略，旨在为科普翻译实践提供参考借鉴。
关键词：功能对等理论；科普翻译；专业术语；语言亲和力；翻译策略Functionalist Translation Theory Perspective on Science Popularization Text "Evolution of Life" (Excerpt) Translation Practice ReportAbstract:This paper adopts the perspective of functionalisttranslation theory to carry out translation practice for the English science popularization text "Evolution of Life" (excerpt), and analyzes and summarizes the difficulties and strategies of translation. The study found that this text contains many professional terms in the fields of biology, chemistry, etc., and some concepts are difficult to translate; at the same time, the purpose of this text is to popularize scientific knowledge and requires the use of easy-to-understand language. Therefore, in the process of translation, it is necessary to accurately translate professional terms and clearly convey scientific popularization information while taking into account the language style affinity and translation fluency. Therefore,this paper proposes a translation strategy based on the principles of "accurate translation, easy-to-understand, and language affinity", and is intended to provide reference for science popularization translation practice.Keywords: functionalist translation theory; science popularization translation; professional terminology; language affinity; translation strategyI. IntroductionIn recent years, with the progress of science andtechnology, the importance of science dissemination has become increasingly prominent. Science popularization translation, as an important part of science dissemination, plays a vital role in promoting the communication and exchange of scientific research achievements, improving people's scientific literacy, and promoting the development of science and technology.However, science popularization translation is not an easy task. It is not only necessary to accurately translate professional terminology, but also to ensure that the translation is easily understood by the general public. Moreover, it is important to take into account the language style affinity and translation fluency. Therefore, this paper proposes a translation strategy based on the principles of "accurate translation, easy-to-understand, and language affinity", and is intended to provide reference for science popularization translation practice.II. Principles of Functionalism Translation TheoryFunctionalism translation theory is one of the important translation theories. It emphasizes the communicative function of language, and regards the translation as a communicative act between twodifferent linguistic and cultural systems. The goal of functionalism translation theory is to achieve communicative success, that is, to ensure that the translated text can effectively convey the purpose and meaning of the source text to the target readers.Based on the principles of functionalism translation theory, the translation strategy proposed in thispaper includes the following aspects:1. Accurate Translation of Professional TerminologyProfessional terminology is the core content of most scientific popularization texts. The accuracy of professional terminology translation has a direct impact on the readability and credibility of the translated text. Therefore, in the translation process, it is necessary to ensure the accurate translation of professional terminology, to maintain the consistency and accuracy of the scientific content, and to avoid causing misunderstandings due to inaccurate translation.2. Easy-to-Understand TranslationScience popularization translation is aimed at the general public, so it is necessary to use simple andeasy-to-understand language to convey the scientific content. At the same time, the translator should pay attention to the cultural differences betweendifferent languages, and use the localized expressions that target readers can understand. For example, in the translation of different units of measurement, the translator can use the equivalent units of the target language to make it easier for readers to understand.3. Language AffinityLanguage affinity refers to the similarity in vocabulary, grammar, syntax and expression between the source and target languages. In the translation of science popularization texts, language affinity is of great significance for improving the readability and fluency of the translated text. Therefore, the translator should pay attention to the languageaffinity between the source and target languages, and choose appropriate translation methods according to the specific situation, such as using the target language's commonly used expressions to replace the lengthy grammar of the source language.III. ConclusionIn summary, the translation of science popularizationtexts is not only a professional translation work, but also a popularization work. The translation strategy proposed in this paper based on the principles of functionalism translation theory, can guide the translators to accurately and effectively translate the scientific content, and make the translated text easy to understand and have language affinity. In the actual translation practice, the translator should pay attention to the combination of theory and practice, work hard to improve language skills and communication skills, and continuously explore and innovate translation methods to promote the dissemination and popularization of scientific knowledgeIn addition to the importance of translation theory, the translator also needs to have a strong understanding of the scientific knowledge they are translating. They need to be familiar with the terminology and jargon used in the specific field to accurately convey the meaning of the text. This requires the translator to not only have expertise in language, but also in the scientific area they are working with.Moreover, the translator needs to consider the target audience for the translated text. The scientific content may need to be simplified for a generalreadership or specialized for professionals. The translator needs to smoothly navigate between the scientific and linguistic contexts, and ensure that the translated text is not only accurate, but also clear and easy to understand for the intended readership.Technology has also played a great role in the translation of scientific content. Machine translation tools have greatly improved and are able to provide fast and convenient translations. However, these tools still lack the ability to accurately convey scientific terminology and context-specific language. Therefore, human translators with scientific expertise are still essential for accurate and effective translation in this field.In conclusion, the translation of scientific contentis a complex and challenging task that requires both linguistic and scientific knowledge, as well as an understanding of the target audience. The translator needs to constantly improve their skills and explore new translation methods to promote the dissemination and popularization of scientific knowledge across different languages and culturesAdditionally, the translator must also be able to work closely with scientists and researchers, as well as editors and publishers, to ensure that the content is accurate and meets the standards of the scientific community. This means being able to understand and interpret technical terminology, as well as being able to convey complex scientific concepts in a clear and concise way.One of the key challenges in translating scientific content is the need to balance accuracy with readability. While it is important to ensure that the content is scientifically accurate, it is equally important to make it accessible and easy to understand for the target audience. This requires the translator to not only have excellent linguistic skills, but also to be able to understand the cultural and social context of the target audience.Another challenge in translating scientific content is the need to keep up with the latest developments and advancements in the field. This requires thetranslator to stay informed and up-to-date on the latest research, discoveries, and trends, and to be able to incorporate this knowledge into their translations. This can be particularly challenging in rapidly evolving fields, such as biotechnology ornanotechnology, where new discoveries are being made on a regular basis.Despite the challenges, the translation of scientific content plays a crucial role in promoting scientific progress and knowledge sharing across different languages and cultures. It helps to break downbarriers and create a more inclusive and interconnected scientific community, where researchers and scientists from different countries and regions can collaborate and share their knowledge and expertise.In conclusion, translating scientific content is a complex and challenging task that requires both linguistic and scientific expertise, as well as an understanding of the target audience. It is an essential part of promoting scientific progress and knowledge sharing, and plays a crucial role in breaking down barriers and creating a more connected and inclusive scientific community. As such, it is an important area of focus for translators andtranslation professionals, who play a vital role in bridging the gap between scientists and the general publicIn conclusion, scientific translation is a challenging task that requires linguistic and scientific expertise, as well as an understanding of the target audience. It is essential for promoting scientific progress and knowledge sharing and plays a vital role in creating a more connected and inclusive scientific community. Translators and translation professionals have an important role to play in bridging the gap between scientists and the general public。
科普翻译之“四种特性”
科普翻译之“四种特性”常明月前言在全球科技文化交流不断加深的背景下，科普作品扮演的角色越来越重要，科普著作的翻译也成为我国普通民众获取外国最新科普智力成果的主要来源。
然而，较之于翻译界更为重视的科技翻译，对科普翻译的重视程度还不够。
许多人以科普作品通俗简单为由，想当然地认为科普翻译要比文学翻译或纯科技翻译容易，“只要粗通英语，又了解一些科学常识，即能胜任科普翻译工作了”(郭建中，2004：14)，导致“科幻、科普翻译历来为我国许多译家所不屑”(方梦之，2005)。
实际上，不少科普作品为了保证将科学内容准确、有效地传达给读者，其语言非常严谨和优美，极具文学性。
可以说，这种严肃的科普译著，较之纯科技著作或文学著作的翻译难度，有时甚至有过之而无不及。
在确保科学性的前提下，译者有必要探讨科普翻译中如何发挥译入语的语言优势，让文学性与科学性互补，同时注重语言的通俗性和趣味性，提高译文的可读性和审美体验。
一、科普文本的特性（郭建中，2004）论述道，科普作品是科技文体的一种变体，是文学和科学相结合的写作体裁，其目的是“普及科学知识、倡导科学方法、传播科学思想、弘扬科学精神”；科普作品应当采取“公众易于理解、接受、参与的方式”。
基于此，概括出科普作品的四大特点：作为传播和普及科学技术知识和科学精神的载体，科学性当然是第一位的。
科普作品是科学和文学的结合，文学性当然是不可或缺的基本特点之一。
许多经典的科普读物，文字非常优美。
第三，通俗性。
科普著作要用通俗易懂的语言，讲述科学知识。
第四，趣味性。
科普读物要吸引一般文化水平的读者，或者有一定文化水平，或者是某一门学科外行的读者，尤其是为少年儿童写的科普读物，就更要写得生动有趣。
二、科学性——忠于原意，传达知识准确（1）数字的直译列数字或列数据是科技说明文本常常会使用到的写作方法，这是一种从数量上说明事物特征或事理特征的方法。
使用数据使行文更加真实、精确、具体，并富有说服力。
目的论视角下的科普文本的汉译
目的论视角下的科普文本的汉译作者：陈茜来源：《资治文摘》2016年第01期【摘要】目前，科普文本的翻译很多，但有关科普翻译的研究相对较少，而有关科普翻译实践的论述更少。
本文通过对日语医学科普文本的翻译实践的反思，探讨了目的论对科普翻译实践的指导作用，即从翻译动机、翻译的预期目的、翻译文本的实际效果来看，目的论在科普文本的翻译的指导上都有明显的优越性。
以期这个结论能对科普文本的翻译实践以及科普文本的翻译研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。
【关键词】目的论；医学科普文本；日译汉一、引言笔者在翻译硕士期间接触到科普翻译，本文的翻译实践文本即是硕士期间课程用材料《武田生药·中药药典》的节选，该药典是由日本武田药品工业株式会社编纂，面向广大日本民众，语言活泼、通俗易懂，明显不同于一般科技文本，属于科普文本。
科普文本意在“科普”二字，因此，译文也应达到“科普”的目的，所以笔者选择功能学派弗米尔“目的论”翻译理论作为翻译实践的指导理论。
本文拟通过对本科普文本的翻译实践的反思，探讨目的论对科普翻译实践的指导作用。
二、目的论概述弗米尔进一步打破了原有对等理论的局限，摆脱了以原语为中心的等值论的束缚，提出以文本目的为翻译活动的第一准则，创立了功能学派的奠基理论——目的论。
在1984年出版的《普通翻译理论原理》一书中，对目的论的基本架构进行了阐述。
目的论影响深远，功能学派因此也被称为目的学派。
该理论认为，翻译是以原文为基础的，有目的和有结果的行为，这一行为必须经过协商来完成；翻译必须遵循一系列法则，其中目的论居于首位，即是说译文取决于翻译的目的。
其核心概念是“决定翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的”。
作者指出目的论的一个非常实际的意义在于对原文在翻译中的地位提出新的概念，忠实原文不是评判翻译的唯一准则，译本面向译入语，应该由译入语文化最终来决定译本的充分性。
而目的概念有三种方式：a.在讨论翻译的过程时，它指过程中的目标。
科普翻译的标准和译者的修养
科普翻译的标准和译者的修养
科普翻译的标准
科普翻译是指将科学知识转化为易于理解的语言，以普及科学知识和提高公众科学素养。
科普翻译的标准需要满足以下几个方面：
1. 准确性：科普翻译要准确传递科学知识的本质和内涵，不能有任何偏差或误导。
2. 简明易懂：科普翻译要使用通俗易懂的语言，避免使用过于专业化的术语或复杂的句式，使读者容易理解。
3. 全面性：科普翻译要全面涵盖科学知识的各个方面，不能局限于某个方面，以便读者获得更完整的科学知识。
4. 科学性：科普翻译要有一定的科学性，不能脱离科学的基本原理和理论，不能存在逻辑矛盾或荒诞的说法。
5. 文化适应性：科普翻译需要考虑到不同文化背景下读者的接受程度，避免使用过于具有本土化的词汇或表达方式。
译者的修养
作为一名科普翻译，译者需要具备以下几个方面的修养：
1. 科学素养：译者需要具备扎实的科学知识，了解科学发展的基本原理和理论，以便准确翻译科学知识。
2. 翻译能力：译者需要具备良好的翻译能力，包括准确表达和语言组织能力，以及对目标语言和文化的深入了解。
3. 专业素养：译者需要了解科普翻译的特点和标准，掌握科普翻译的常用术语和表达方式，以及科普翻译的写作技巧。
4. 责任心：译者需要对自己的翻译质量负责，避免任何可能误导读者的表达方式，以及对读者提出的问题进行及时解答。
5. 团队意识：译者需要积极与团队成员沟通合作，共同完成科普翻译的工作任务，以达到最佳的翻译效果。
总之，科普翻译需要有准确的表达、深入的科学素养和专业的翻译技能，而译者的素养和修养则是保证科普翻译质量的关键因素。
科普著作的文体与翻译
上海翻译
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ｍｓｒｓ ｌｌ Ｕｉ ｔｙ ｉｓ ｏｉｅ ｒ ｉ ｙｅｅａ ｉｂ ． ｌ ａｌ ｔ ｉｐ ｓｌｔｐ ｄｔ ｔｉ ｖ ａｅ ｔ ｅ ， ｍ ｓｂ ｏ ｃ ａ ｍ ’ ｅ
２ ０ 从， ２ ０６ ．
科普著作的文体与翻译
王振平 （ 津 技 学外国 学 ， 津３ ２ ） 天 科 大 语 院 天 ０２ ０２
〔 摘要」 本文在指出翻译理论界对科普翻译认识不足的同时， 分析了科普著作的文体特点， 提出了科普著作的翻译原则， 认为科普翻译应把科技翻译与文学翻译的方法结合起来， 既要体现科技 内容的准确与严密， 又要使人喜闻乐见， 这样才
例３Ｉ ｗ ｄ ） ｄ ｉ ｉｅ ｉｅ ｅ ｉ ｏ ｆｇ ｓ ｎｓ ｗ ｔｓ ｒ ｄ ： （ｏ ｒ ｐ ｔ ｏ ｅ ｔ ｎｒ ｎｎ ｎ ｓ ｔ
ｓｂｅ ｓ ｅ ，ｉ ｔｓｅ ｓ ｅ ｒｉ， ｒ ｉ ｓ ｔ ｕｚ ｏ ｐ ｔ ｉｕｓ ｌｉｄ ａｄ ｖ ｉ ｈ ｒ ｌ ｅ ｓ ｓ ｔ －ｇ ｅ ｎ ｅ ｅ ｎ ｖ ｅ
正式程度最高， 但也经常采用一些修辞手段。科普
ｓ ｉ ｒｉ ｔｇ．ｔ ｔ Ｒｐ Ｗ ｎｌｏｔ ａｉａ ｐｎ ａｎ ｏ Ｉｓ ｉｖ ｉ ｅ ｈ ｎ ｌ ｒｇ ｇ ｏ ＇ ｈ ｒ ｅ ａ ｎ ｋ ｆ ｍ ｅ ｗｒ ． ｓｖ Ｆｂ ａ ０： 在冬天， 林 ｏｄ （ ｉｏ ｒ ｒ ｒ２ ５２） ｌ Ｄ ｃｅ ｅ ｕ ０ ０ ｙ 它（ 蛙） 的体温降到零度 以下， 处于休眠状态， 器官组织
英语科普文章带翻译
英语科普文章带翻译Title: The Science Behind the Formation of Rainbows。
Rainbows are one of the most beautiful natural phenomena that occur in the sky. They have fascinated humans for centuries and have been the subject of many myths and legends. But what is the science behind the formation of rainbows?Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through water droplets in the air. The light is refracted, or bent, as it enters the water droplet, causing it to split into its component colors – red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. This is called dispersion.Once the light is dispersed, it is reflected off the inside of the water droplet and refracted again as it exits the droplet. This causes the colors to bend at slightly different angles, with red light bending the least and violet light bending the most.As the light exits the water droplet, it spreads out into a circular arc of colors. This is what we see as a rainbow. The center of the circle is opposite the sun, and the size of the circle depends on the size of the water droplets in the air.Rainbows can also be seen in other situations where light is refracted and dispersed, such as in the spray of a waterfall or in the mist of a fountain. However, they are most commonly seen after a rain shower when the sun is low in the sky and the air is filled with water droplets.Interestingly, a double rainbow can sometimes be seen. This occurs when the light is reflected twice inside the water droplets, causing a second, fainter rainbow to appear outside the first one. The colors in the second rainbow are reversed, with violet on the outside and red on the inside.In addition to being beautiful, rainbows have also been used for practical purposes. For example, they have been used in navigation and surveying to determine the positionof the sun in the sky.In conclusion, rainbows are a wonderful example of the science of light and color. They are formed when sunlight passes through water droplets in the air and are seen as a circular arc of colors. Understanding the science behind rainbows can help us appreciate their beauty even more.。
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Translation of proper names
Follow the pronunciation of the owners of proper
names.（名从主人） Use the standard pronunciation of the Chinese character.（标准汉语） Adopt the established popular translated names.（约
dead angle president instinct
死角 总统 直觉
Ways of translation
3. Both transliteration and semantic translation
club 俱乐部 台风 浪漫 乌托邦
typhoon
c Utopia
Ways of translation
misunderstanding;
3. It should be well-organized and logical.
Translation of popular science
All living things must, by reason of physiological limitations, die. 原译：由于生理上的局限性的原因，一切生物总 是要死亡的。 改译：由于生理上的局限，一切生物总是要死亡 的。 The black areas must not be fuzzy around the edges. 原译：黑色部分不允许在边沿处模糊。 改译：黑色部分的边沿不应该模糊。
Translation of Popular Science
Researches Confirm: Plants Cry When Hurt
1. Describe the specific features of articles about popular science. 2. How do you think of the translation?
4. Transliteration with semantic translation at the end
beer cigar
Czar
jeep flannel
carbine
card
Ways of translation
5. Symbolical translation with a semantic explanation at the end
Translation of popular science
The gas molecules are later bombarded with calibrated laser beams, …picked by the microphones. 然后用分度激光束轰击气体分子，……由麦克风 接收。
示惊慌。
5. 波恩大学的……就像人们在候诊室消磨时间一样。 6. 这种“警报”是植物单株之间传递的一种化学信息。
Tips on translation of popular science
1. It should be formal and objective;
2. It should be concise without any ambiguity or
3. Is there any room for improvement? How to improve it?
Researches Confirm: Plants Cry When Hurt
How do you think of the following translation?
1. 根据对植物充满压力的生活的最新研究…… 2. 正常生长的水果也会咕噜咕噜。 3. 看来，对植物谈话不如倾听他们的声音更为有益。 4. 茎叶被切开，植物就会在真个切面释放出乙烯气体，以
定俗成）
Ways of translation
1. Pure transliteration
chocolate Sultan nylon morphine khan quinine 巧克力 苏丹 尼龙 吗啡 可汗 奎宁
Ways of translation
2. Pure semantic translation
pyramid
金字塔 十字架 T型台
cross
T-Square
mattock
fret
鹤嘴锄
卐字纹
北京大学
清华大学 湖南理工学院 牛津大学 中国工商银行 交通银行
Peking University
Tsinghua University Hunan Institute of
Science and Technology
Oxford University
ICBC
Bank of Communication
Translation of proper names
Munich
Seoul Rangoon Tokyo Hiroshima Caesar Eden
Bethune
Athens Seattle L’ORÉAL OLAY Mercedes-Benz Ludwig van Beethoven
Translation of proper names