研究生学术英语翻译5
学术英语翻译第五单元

Unit 5全世界的文化发展文化是习得的、在社会范围内传播的习俗、知识、实物以及行为的总和,它包括人类群体的思想、价值、习俗及手工艺品。
尽管不同文化在习俗、手工艺品和语言方面不同,但它们共同拥有某些基本特征。
此外,文化的特征随其发展而变化,并且,文化间会通过科技、商业和艺术成就相互影响。
文化普遍性尽管彼此存在差异,但是在所有的社会团体间形成了一定的基本惯例,这称之为文化的普遍性。
事实上,许多文化的普遍性即是为了满足人类的基本需求,例如人类对食、住和衣的需求所做出的改变。
人类学家乔治•默多克编制了一个文化普遍性的列表,其中包括体育运动、烹饪、丧葬、医药和性别限制。
默多克列出的文化惯例或许是普遍性的,但是其表现方式不尽相同。
比如说,一种社会习俗是可以让人们选择他们自己的结婚对象,另外一种则鼓励父母包办婚姻。
文化普遍性不仅在不同的社会中表现不同,在同一个社会中也会随着时间的推移而产生戏剧性的改变。
在此问题上每一代人每一年中都会发生些改变,大部分的人类文化是通过创新和扩散的过程来改变和发展的.革新所谓革新,就是将一种新的思想或新事物引入文化的过程。
之所以社会学家对革新感兴趣,是因为引进一种新事物能产生潜在的社会效益。
革新有两种形式:发现和发明。
发现涉及将现实中某些方面的存在告知或分享给别人。
DNA分子的发现和土星新卫星的确证都属于发现行为。
在发现过程中,一个重要因素在于把新发现的知识分享给别人。
与此相反,当现存的文化要素中融入一种之前不存在的形式,发明就产生了。
弓箭、机动车以及因特网都是发明的例子。
全球化、传播和技术星巴克那令人熟悉的绿色标牌会吸引你走进这家舒适的咖啡店,在那里,你可以点低因拿铁和肉桂卷,这有什么不同寻常之处呢?这家咖啡厅正好坐落于以前皇帝居住的乾清宫的外面,那是紫禁城的正中央,在2002年,它是25家中国星巴克店中的一家,四年之后,中国已经拥有了90多家星巴克店了。
星巴克在这样一个喝咖啡尚且新鲜的国家(大多数中国人是饮茶的)里的成功是惊人的。
研究生英语翻译Unit1-5

Unit One1."Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done.“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工,在某个专业领域,你可以指望他们把活儿干好。
2."We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people. If it looks like they have these same traits, we'll place a bet on them." It's just a bit riskier.“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。
假如他们看起来有同样特征的话,我们就在他们身上赌一把。
”只是这样有点儿冒险。
3.The business environment is less lone-wolf and competitive, so signs of being collaborative and selfless stand out.“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗,争强好胜,所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。
4.Haut heads strategy and business development for a division of 3M with more than $2.4 billion in annual revenues.他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作,这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。
5."Business happens 24/7/365 which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well," says Haut. "One way that companies win is by getting 'there' faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where 'there' is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast and have the courage to act on their convictions. This requirement needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management."“一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,生意始终在进行,那意味着一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,竞争也同样在进行,”豪特说,“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。
学术英语听力课文翻译unit5

Unit5Suicide on Campus在校园内自杀Anchor: Good morning, everybody. I’m expecting all of you to gather here for the half-hour Early Show. Today, parents and students alike are constantly reminded of the problems like drug and alcohol abuse, and unsafe sex on college campuses. But relatively few are warned about suicide. And suicide is second only to accidents as a leading cause of death among college students.主持人:早上好,大家。
我希望你们都能为了半小时的早期节目集合在这里。
今天,家长和学生都在不断地提醒大学校园里像药物和酒精滥用和不安全的性行为的问题。
但相对较少的人警告说,自杀。
自杀是仅次于大学生意外死亡的主要原因。
Our Early Show correspondent Tracy Smith reports on this very real danger that often goes undiscussed. Hello, Tracy. 我们早期的节目记者特雷西史密斯报道这个经常讨论的非常现实的危险。
你好,特雷西。
Tracy Smith: Hi, Teresa. I know that today’s topic -campus suicides -is obviously weightier than the others we have talked about before. But we cannot give up eating for fear of choking. It is high time we looked at the issue face to face. A study by the American College Health Association showed that 15 percent of students meet the criteria for clinical depression. Although it’s a topic cloaked in stigma and shame, more colleges and universities are choosing to confront it, rather than wait until it’s too late. They have begun to look seriously into the reasons and seek solutions to the problem and actively intervene. Now let’s watch a short film and get some hint of a young college guy’s tragedy.特雷西:嗨,特蕾莎。
研究生学术英语翻译

Deciding on a topic决定一个主题As a college student of science and technology,you are often required to write a literature review about a certain topic,or a 1500-word term paper.In either case,the writing is a complex process which involves choosing a topic,searching for relevant materials,and compiling a reference list.Hence the first thing you need to do is to choose a research topic.作为一个研究科学技术学生,你通常需要写一个关于某一主题的文献综述,或一个1500字的论文。
不管是哪种,写作都是一个复杂的过程,涉及选题,查找资料,编写参考清单。
因此,你首先需要做的是选择一个研究课题。
A topic is what the essay or research paper is about.Choosing a topic for your literature review or research paper requires careful consideration.A topic that is too specialized or the general may bring many problems in terms of the time you can devote to the research or the sources of information available on the topic.How do you choose a topic which is possible to research?There are four principles:主题就是文章或研究论文是与什么有关的。
研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译精编版

Presenting a speech(做演讲)Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
学术综合英语unit1-5课文翻译

Presenting a speech(做演讲)Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
研究生英语课文翻译Unit 5 Take a Lesson from the Economists

Take a Lesson from the EconomistsEconomics is the dismal science:so say the large number of people who heap scorn on the intellectual merits of the discipline,Much of the criticism comes from “pure”or “proper”scientists-physicists,chemists and biologists.Now,economics certainly has its failings.But the general way in which economists approach and describe the world,and how they convey their message about it to others,carries lessons which pure scientists should learn from.经济学是一门忧郁的科学,很多人都嘲笑这个学科获得的智力成果。
这其中的很多批评都来自于所谓的纯科学学科或者合理的科学学科-物理,化学和生物。
当下,经济学当然是有它的不足。
但是经济学家发现和描述世界的方式,以及他们如何向别人传达与之有关的信息,其实是有很多地方值得这些纯科学家学习的。
Economics has inexactitudes and vagueness built into it.The general lack of reliable data about past events makes virtually impossible the accurate measurement of even the most basic economic variables,such as the total volume of output in a country,or the path of consumer spending,or inflation.经济学包含很多不精确性和含糊性。
学术英语 医学 Unit 5 Text A 翻译

Unit 5 Text A身体不适能导致疾病吗?健康是身体、心灵和精神的多维体验。
当我们感到不适时,我们的身体平衡会被打乱,疾病就会迅速来袭。
引起失衡缘由多种多样,如持续承受的压力、忍受的痛苦和尝受的各种心酸等。
我们的饮食习惯、解决冲突的方法、驾驭生活的方式都对我们的健康产生影响,不管是积极的还是消极的。
只要我们不是浑浑噩噩、漫无目的地过活,我们对生活和健康就拥有神奇的掌控力。
我们为什么一定要等到健康危机出现以后才去寻求改变?我们可以采取措施来缓解一些身体疾病,一来我们要关注我们的身体,二来我们还要消除那些可能发生在我们日常生活中的各种失调。
对大多数人而言,我们过活得怎样,我们的身体不断地向我们发送积极和消极的信息。
然而,有些人把自己的生活设为“自动驾驶”模式,并不刻意掌控生活。
他们每天疲于奔命,超负荷运转,无暇顾及自己。
如果身体出现任何状况,他们就忍着。
这就是为什么疾病会不期而至。
当我们考虑何为健康时,我们想到的是无疾病及健康,我们常常将健康与有无症状混为一谈。
健康是一种涉及我们生存的每一方面的状态:身体、心理和精神。
为了达到真正的健康,我们应该突破以往的生理及心理极限,这样我们才能感受到更多的平衡和健康。
当我们处于健康状态时,我们充满能量和活力。
健康的人步态矫健,举手投足间可见其心态温情平和。
不适的文化特征我们生活在一个充满困惑的时代。
人心受到蛊惑,受各种歪理邪说的感染,有半真半假的报道、有恐怖骇人的杜撰、还有赤裸无耻的欺骗。
可悲的是,有些谎言其实是一种自欺。
我们受蛊惑,身陷迷茫是因为我们活得浑浑噩噩,被逼得东奔西撞、晕头转向,不再用心于我们的内心真实和身外现实。
任何职业、宗教或社会似乎对此都不能置身度,具有完全的免疫力。
专家和骗子都在争相出招蛊惑人心,彷徨迷茫的幻影充斥着社会和媒体的各个方面。
虚假这种病毒已经传播到地球的每一个角落,并深深根植于我们的思想里, 似乎无人能够完全幸免于这种瘟疾。
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Definition定义An academic essay,also called a research article,differs from an ordinary essay in that it consists of the review of previous studies on a particular topic and one’s own research.In most cases it is a kind of documented report from the writer’s first-hand acquisition,synthesis and interpretation of information,data and findings.A typical academic essay includes five parts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusion and reference.一个学术论文,也被称为一个研究文章,不同于普通的文章,它由一个特定主题的对前人研究的回顾和自己的研究组成。
在大多数情况下,它是一个信息综合、数据和结果都由作家第一手采集和解释的书面报告。
一个典型的学术论文包括五个部分,即,摘要,介绍,主体,结论和参考文献。
Two types of research paper两种类型的研究论文There are two major kinds of academic paper:primary research paper and secondary research paper.A primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your own.In most cases you need to conduct a survey or an experiment original ideas to obtain new findings.Hence it is sometimes called “survey-or-experiment-based research”.A secondary research paper,however,involves gathering and analyzing the research findings from other people’s research.To illustrate your argument,you need to borrow and use evidence and findings available on the topic in the library or on the Internet.Hence it is sometimes called”library-or-Internet-based research”.学术论文主要有两大类:初次研究和二次研究。
初次研究是通过实地调查研究对象的一门学科,需要提出您自己的独到的见解和信息。
在大多数情况下,你需要做一个调查或有创意的实验获得新的发现。
因此,初次研究有时也叫“调查或实验研究”。
二次研究的论文,但是,包括从其他人的研究中收集和分析研究结果。
为了说明你的论点,你需要在图书馆或在互联网上发现相关主题的可借鉴和使用的证据。
因此,二次研究有时被称为“图书馆或互联网基础研究”。
Writing an introduction写一个介绍The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to give a clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author is.An introduction usually includes the following elements:引言部分是一篇研究论文的开始,其主要目的是对文章的容和作者的态度作一个清晰的概述,介绍通常包括以下几个方面:1)Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.2)Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.3)Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.4)Review the previous related studies and point out their limitation if necessary.5)State the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.6)Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.7)Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.8)Explain how the essay will be organized(the outline of the essay).1)介绍研究论文所关注的有关话题或问题。
2)给出了一个主题和相关的关键术语的明确的定义。
3)提供相关的背景信息/话题背景。
4)回顾以前的相关研究,如果必要的话,并指出其局限性。
5)介绍了本文可能使用的理论观点。
6)介绍了本文可能使用的理论观点。
7)说明你的主题的选择或你的研究的原因。
8)解释文章将如何组织(论文的提纲)。
Of course not all research papers must contain all these elements.A primary research essay,for example,differs from a secondary research one in that the literature review of the latter should be general as you will give more details in the body section where previous findings will be used to support your arguments.However,the introduction section usually goes from the general to the specific.Itstarts with the information of the topic in the broad context and then narrows down to the information more specifically related to the length of the paper and requirements of different journals(or conferences).当然不是所有的论文必须包含所有这些元素。
例如一个初次的研究论文,不同于二次的研究,后者的文献综述你一般应该是在以前的研究结果将被用来支持你的论点的主体部分会给更多的细节。
然而,绪论部分通常是从一般到特殊,首先是大背景下的主题信息,然后缩小信息到更具体的相关论文和期刊(或会议)要求的不同的长度。
Stating the purpose of writing the essay is important.Its function is to make sure the readers know what you are trying to achieve by writing this essay.This includes establishing the topic and explaining what you will do with the topic,for example:说明写文章的目的是很重要的。
它的功能是要确保读者知道你试图通过写这篇文章来达到什么目的。
这包括建立这个主题,并解释你将在这一主题做什么,例如:1)This essay will focus on the most common use of keyhole surgery which is as an intervention in cases of colon cancer in Hong Kong.2)The purpose of this essay is to examine the impact on Shanghai of the commercial application of maglev trains.3)The goal of this essay is to examine the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of teenagers.1)这篇文章将集中在最常见的用途为结肠癌患者的干预的锁孔手术上。
2)这篇文章的目的是研究磁悬浮列车对的商业应用的影响。
3)这篇文章的目的是研究经常性消费快餐对青少年健康的影响。
Hence the common format for making the statement of purpose:因此,制定目的声明的通用格式:Writing the body of a secondary research essay写二级研究论文的正文Definition定义The body section is the major part of an essay.Its structure varies from essay to essay.The structure of a secondary research essay will be simpler as you do not have to conduct an experiment or survey of your own or carry out an empirical study.What you do is to use recent findings and data available on the Internet to illustrate your ideas.Hence the steps are:正文部分是文章的主要部分。