2009年中国科学院研究生院硕士研究生《经济学》入学试题
【最新完整版】人大2009年经济学综合试题答案
中国人民大学2009年研究生入学考试专业课试题科目：经济学综合一、简答题1、简述影响利润率和平均利润率的因素。
答：在资本主义生产过程中，资本家无偿地占有工人的剩余劳动，从生产过程中获得了剩余价值。
当不把剩余价值看作是雇佣工人剩余劳动的产物，而是把它看作是全部预付资本的产物或增加额时，剩余价值便转化为利润。
这样，商品价值就等于成本价格加利润。
利润率是剩余价值与全部预付资本的比率。
用p'代表利润率，c代表全部预付资本，利润率是：p'=m／c，影响利润率的主要因素如下：（1）剩余价值率。
在预付资本量和资本有机构成不变的条件下，利润率与剩余价值率成正比例变化。
（2）资本的有机构成，即不变资本与可变资本的比例（c:v）。
在剩余价值率和劳动力价值不变的条件下，利润率与资本有机构成反比例变化。
（3）资本周转速度。
在其他条件不变时，在一年中资本周转的次数越多，资本的年剩余价值率和年利润率就越高。
（4）不变资本的节省状况。
在剩余价值率和剩余价值量不变的情况下，利润率的高低和不变资本的节省成正比例变化。
在资本主义生产过程中，投资于不同生产部门的资本家为了获得更高的利润率，相互之间必然展开以资本转移为手段的激烈竞争。
原先利润率高的部门由于大量资本的涌入利润率下降；原先利润率低的部门由于大量资本撤出利润率上升。
这种利润率的变动要一直到两个部门的利润率大体平均的时候才暂时地停止下来。
这样，便形成了平均利润。
平均利润率是把社会总资本作为一个整体看待时所得到的利润率，可用公式表示为：平均利润率=剩余价值总额／社会总资本。
平均利润率的高低取决于两个因素：（1）各部门的利润率水平。
各个部门的利润率水平与平均利润率呈正比例变化。
（2）社会总资本在各部门之间的分配。
如果投人利润率高的部门的资本在社会总资本中所占的比重大，平均利润率水平就较高；反之则较低。
2、说明社会主义市场经济条件下，公有制经济和非公有制经济的关系。
2009年北京师范大学987经济学原理考研真题
北京师范大学987经济学原理2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题院（系、所）：管理学院科目代码：987 科目名称：经济学原理一、名词解释（40分，每小题8分）1、经济危机2、公共地悲剧3、Paul Krugman4、法定准备率5、无谓损失二、简答题（50分，每小题10分）6、税收的代价是什么？7、汇率对经济的影响有哪些？8、市场势力的低效率表现在哪些方面？9、“看不见的手”是如何调节经济运行的？10、失业的危害性表现在哪些方面？三、论述题（60分，每小题30分）11、我国应对经济危机，保证经济稳定增长采取的货币政策和财政政策分析。
12、试论公平和效率的权衡取舍。
北京师范大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试经济学真题及答案详解一、名词解释（共40分，每小题8分）：1. 经济危机2．公共地悲剧：有限的资源注定因自由进用和不受限的要求而被过度剥削。
这样的情况之所以会发生源自于每一个个体都企求扩大自身可使用的资源，然而资源耗损的代价却转嫁所有可使用资源的人们。
3．Paul Krugman4．法定准备金率：中央银行对商业银行吸收的存款规定一个最低限度的不得用于放贷的准备金为法定准备金（Required Reserve Ratio），法定准备金占银行全部存款的比率。
5．无谓损失：又为社会净损失（deadweight loss），是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态而引起的社会成本, 也就是当偏离竞争均衡时, 所损失的消费者剩余和生产者剩余，由于垄断、关税、配额、税收或其他扭曲等因素引起的生产者和消费者都得不到的那部分，使资源得不到最佳限度的分配。
二．简答题（50分，每小题10分）6．税收的代价是什么？答：税收的代价主要体现为税收负担，特别是税负的额外负担，对经济的损害最大。
税收额外负担，亦称“税收成本负担”或“税收拖累”，是指课说除了给纳税人带来正常的经济负担之外，对资源配置和经济运行产生的不良影响。
即：税收造成了价格的扭曲，使生产者得到的价格低于消费者支付的价格，这样，价格便不能真实反映边际成本和边际效用。
2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题
2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题一：名词解释1：粗差2：系统误差3：偶然误差4水准测量的原理5：验潮站6：4D产品7：数字高程模型8：等高线3-8一定是，1，2好像有一个，不确定。
其它的就想不起来了。
二：简答题1：偶然误差的特性2：GPS测量中的误差来源3：光电测距仪测定的距离进行哪几方面的改正计算4：计算机中的坐标与实地中的坐标如何转换5：三角高程测量的方法1-4一定是，第5个就是两种情况之一三：论述题（5选2）1：各种坐标系的定义；原点，X轴，Y轴是如何规定的。
2：结合所学专业，论述本专业的现状和发展前景。
一、中国遥感技术应用现状1957年第一颗人造地球卫星升空标志着人类进入了太空时代，从此人类以崭新的角度开始重新认识自己赖以生存的地球。
空间信息技术是本世纪60年代发展起来的一门新兴的科学技术，遥感技术，包括地理信息系统和全球定位系统，则是对地观测的重要手段。
中国的遥感技术从70年代起步，经过十几年的艰苦努力，已发展到目前的实用化和国际化阶段，具体表现在具备了为国民经济建设服务的实用化能力和全方位地开展国际合作使其走向世界的国际化能力。
1为国民经济可持续发展提供科学的决策依据2具有对重大自然灾害灾情进行动态监测和评估的能力中国是自然灾害频繁且严重的国家，每年因灾害所造成的损失高达上千亿元人民币。
对重大灾害进行动态监测和灾情评估，减轻自然灾害所造成的损失是遥感技术应用的重要领域。
3利用遥感技术进行农作物估产和林业资源调查4地质矿产资源遥感调查此外，近年来发展起来的干涉测量雷达技术已经在三峡大坝等大型工程的环境监测和油气区地面沉降等应用领域显示出巨大的应用潜力。
二、中国遥感技术应用展望“九五”期间，中国国家科委已经把“遥感、地理信息系统及全球定位系统技术综合应用研究”列为“九五”国家科技攻关重中之重项目，至此遥感信息技术已连续四个五年计划被列入国家优先项目，说明了国家对遥感事业的重视。
可以预见，该项目的实施，可以有效地将这一高新技术广泛地应用于国民经济建设的各个方面，使其走上产业化发展的道路。
中科院地理所836经济地理学历年真题（2004-2013）
2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：经济地理学一、名词解释（每小题6分，共30分）1.聚落地理学2.配第克拉克理论3.农业区域化4.工业区域结构5.专门化指数二、简述题（每小题20分，共60分）1.简述城市间相互作用力的引力模式。
2.简述并图示信息传播空间的一种类型。
3.简述全球经济化对区域经济化的影响。
三、论述题（每小题30分，共60分）1.为什么说劳动力地域分工学说是经济区划的理论基础？2.试述公司总部的区位需求及转变，并论述我国公司总部的迁移情况。
2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：经济地理学一、名词解释（每小题6分，共30分）1.通达指数2.集聚利益3.区位商4.土地适宜性5.跨国公司二、简述题（每小题20分，共60分）1.简述并图示城市化进程的一般规律。
2.简述技术创新对区域经济竞争力的影响。
3.简述企业问卷调查法的目的与问卷设计原则。
三、论述题（每小题30分，共60分）1.附图-1是我国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要中提出的我国城市化战略格局示意图，请运用区域空间结构的理论模式进行评述。
2.论述发展中国家在经济全球化中的收益，并结合国际金融危机对经济全球化的负面影响进行评论。
2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：经济地理学（学长回忆版）一、名词解释（每小题5分，共30分）1.中心性2.杜能圈3.生产者服务业4.门槛人口二、简述题（每小题20分，共60分）1.简述零售业区位选择的基本要素。
2.简述空间相互作用的基本理论及一般测度模式。
3.简述投入-产出模型在区域和城市经济过程及预测中的应用领域。
三、论述题（每小题30分，共60分）1.知识经济时代交通运输对区位决策的影响，并举例说明。
2.《中国中央关于制定十二五规划的建议》中提到将“缩小区域收入差异”作为“十二五”的目标之一，试用区域经济差异的相关理论评述之。
2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：经济地理学一、名词解释（每小题5分，共30分）1.产业集群2.空间管制3.区域创新网络4.循环累计因果理论5.农业生态系统6.连接度二、简述题（每小题20分，共60分）1.简述距离衰减原理的基本内容以及在产业布局中的应用。
2009年中国人民大学经济学综合考研真题及解析
2009年中国人民大学经济学综合考研真题及解析育明教育：中国人民大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题解析科目代号:802 招生专业:经济学各专业考试科目：经济学综合一、简答题1、简述影响利润率和平均利润率的因素答：在资本主义生产过程中，资本家无偿地占有工人的剩余劳动，从生产过程中获得了剩余价值。
当不把剩余价值看作是雇佣工人剩余劳动的产物，而是把它看作是全部预付资本的产物或增加额时，剩余价值便转化为利润。
这样，商品价值就等于成本价格加利润。
利润率是剩余价值与全部预付资本的比率。
用p'代表利润率，c代表全部预付资本，利润率是：p'=m／c，影响利润率的主要因素如下：（1）剩余价值率。
在预付资本量和资本有机构成不变的条件下，利润率与剩余价值率成正比例变化。
（2）资本的有机构成，即不变资本与可变资本的比例（c:v）。
在剩余价值率和劳动力价值不变的条件下，利润率与资本有机构成反比例变化。
（3）资本周转速度。
在其他条件不变时，在一年中资本周转的次数越多，资本的年剩余价值率和年利润率就越高。
（4）不变资本的节省状况。
在剩余价值率和剩余价值量不变的情况下，利润率的高低和不变资本的节省成正比例变化。
在资本主义生产过程中，投资于不同生产部门的资本家为了获得更高的利润率，相互之间必然展开以资本转移为手段的激烈竞争。
原先利润率高的部门由于大量资本的涌入利润率下降；原先利润率低的部门由于大量资本撤出利润率上升。
这种利润率的变动要一直到两个部门的利润率大体平均的时候才暂时地停止下来。
这样，便形成了平均利润。
平均利润率是把社会总资本作为一个整体看待时所得到的利润率，可用公式表示为：平均利润率=剩余价值总额／社会总资本。
平均利润率的高低取决于两个因素：（1）各部门的利润率水平。
各个部门的利润率水平与平均利润率呈正比例变化。
（2）社会总资本在各部门之间的分配。
如果投人利润率高的部门的资本在社会总资本中所占的比重大，平均利润率水平就较高；反之则较低。
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题加答案
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。
中国科学院867经济学考研真题及笔记
中国科学院867经济学考研真题及笔记2021年中国科学院《867经济学》考研全套目录•中国科学院大学北京市培养单位《867经济学》考研真题与模拟试题详解•全国名校经济学考研试卷分析及真题详解（含北大清华人大复旦等名校）•全国名校经济学考研试卷分析及真题详解（含中央财大、武汉大学等名校）•全国名校经济学考研真题详解说明：本部分收录了本科目近年考研真题，提供了答案及详解，并对常考知识点进行了归纳整理。
此外提供了相关院校考研真题，以供参考。
2．教材教辅•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）名校考研真题详解•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•曼昆《宏观经济学》（第9版）网授精讲班【47课时】•平狄克《微观经济学》（第9版）笔记和课后习题详解•平狄克《微观经济学》（第9版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。
•试看部分内容考研真题精选一、名词解释1基尼系数[中央财经大学2017研；中南财经政法大学2019研]答：基尼系数是意大利经济学家基尼根据洛伦兹曲线于1922年提出的定量测定收入分配差异程度的指标。
它的经济含义是：在全部居民收入中用于不平均分配的百分比。
基尼系数最小等于0，表示收入分配绝对平均；最大等于1，表示收入分配绝对不平均；实际的基尼系数介于0和1之间。
联合国有关组织规定：若低于0.2表示收入高度平均；0.2～0.3表示比较平均；0.3～0.4表示相对合理；0.4～0.5表示收入差距较大；0.6以上表示收入差距悬殊。
图1 洛伦兹曲线如图1所示，洛伦兹首先将一国总人口按收入由低到高排序，然后考虑收入最低的任意百分比人口所得到的收入百分比。
最后，将这样得到的人口累计百分比和收入累计百分比的对应关系描绘在图形上，即得到洛伦兹曲线。
图中横轴OH表示人口（按收入由低到高分组）的累计百分比，纵轴OM表示收入的累计百分比，ODL为该图的洛伦兹曲线，以将洛伦兹曲线与45°线之间的部分A叫做“不平等面积”，OHL与45°线之间的面积A＋B就是“完全不平等面积”，不平等面积与完全不平等面积之比，称为基尼系数，是衡量一个国家贫富差距的标准。
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《微观经济学》试题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《微观经济学》试题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试《微观经济学》试题
《微观经济学》
一、名词解释（每题3分, 共12分）
1、吉芬商品,
2、效用函数
3、寡头垄断
4、斯勒茨基替代效用
二、简答题（每题7分，共28分）
1、收入分配差距的扩大对不同类别商品（奢侈品和必需品）市场需求的影响有何不同？简要讨论其对社会资源配置的影响。
2、设某企业的生产函数为Y=K0.6L0.7，请问它是否可以按边际产品的价值支付要素报酬？说明理由，并推导证明。
3、简述完全竞争和完全垄断条件下市场均衡状况的差异，并在同一张图上作图分析两者福利的差异。
4、在同一个地区有两个面积相同的牧场，A牧场为社区公共牧场，
B 牧场为私人牧场。
请分析这两类牧场放牧数量是否有差异，并给出简短的理由。
三、综合题（每题20分，共60分），
1．证明下面的两个效用函数给商品X和Y带来的是相同的需求函数。
1）U(X, Y)= log(X)+ log(Y)- A9 N: b7 P6 |
2）U(X, Y)=(XY)0.5$ V7 E1 {2 H) h, N9 U |
2．假设有一小农户种植小麦，其生产小麦的成本为：。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
中国科学院研究生院
2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题。
试题名称：经济学
（满分：150分）
一、选择题（请选择一个最佳答案填入题前括号。
每小题4分，共计40分）
（）1．如果商品甲和商品乙是替代品，则甲的价格下降将造成：
A.甲的需求曲线向右移动；
B.甲的需求曲线向左移动；
C.乙的需求曲线向右移动；
D.乙的需求曲线向左移动。
（）2．产品X的需求可用如下公式估计：Q d=7000-4P X-2P Y+P Z-0.1M，P X为该产品的价格，P Y、P Z为相关产品Y、Z的价格，M为居民收入，如下说法哪种是正确的：
A.产品X为正常品；
B.产品X与产品Y为替代品；
C.产品X与产品Z为替代品；
D.以上都不正确。
（）3．市场上某产品存在超额需求是由于：
A.该产品价格超过均衡价格；
B.该产品是优质品；
C.该产品供不应求；
D.该产品价格低于均衡价格。
（）4．厂商在工资率下降的时候一般倾向于增雇工人，假如对工人的需求缺乏价格弹性，工资率的下降将导致工资总额：
A.减少；
B.不变；
C.增加；
D.无法确定。
（）5．两种商品中，若当其中一种的价格变化时，这两种商品的购买量同时增加或减少，则两者的需求交叉价格弹性系数为：
A.负；
B.正；
C.0；
D.1。
（）6．蛛网模型以如下哪一种假定为前提：
A.需求量变动存在时滞；
B.生产者按照本期的价格决定下一期的供给量；
C.需求量对价格缺乏弹性；
D.供给量对价格缺乏弹性。
（）7．X和Y是完全替代的，且一单位X和一单位Y的效用相同。
X每单位需4元，Y 每单位需6元，消费者均衡为：
A.全部购买X；
B.全部购买Y；
C.购买X、Y的比例为4：6；
D.购买X、Y的比例为6：4。
（）8．某人消费两种商品X、Y，已经满足消费者均衡条件，假定现在X的价格下降，而Y价格不变，如果当他重新达到均衡时购买Y的数量增加，则：
A.X商品的需求价格弹性大于1；
B.X商品的需求价格弹性小于1；
C.Y商品的需求价格弹性大于1；
D.Y商品的需求价格弹性小于1。
（）9．假定资本不变，劳动投入可变，当劳动边际产量为0时：
A.劳动的平均产量最大；
B.劳动的平均产量最小；
C.资本的边际产量最大；
D.资本的平均产量最大；
（）10．某公司经过一年的经营，销售收入为18000元，支出为8000元，并把在其他投资市场上有10%投资回报率的50000元自有资金投入本公司使用，公司该年的经
济利润为：
A.–40000；
B.18000；
C.10000；
D.5000。
（）11．如果规模报酬不变，单位时间里增加了20%的劳动使用量；但保持资本量不变，则产出将：
A.增加20%；
B.减少20%；
C.增加大于20%；
D.增加小于20%。
（）12．假如增加一单位产量的边际成本大于产量增加前的平均变动成本，那么在产量增加后平均总成本将：
A.减少；
B.增加；
C.不变；
D.都有可能。
（）13．已知产量为500单位时，平均成本是2元，产量增加到550单位时，平均成本等于2.50元，在这个产量变化范围内，边际成本将：
A.随着产量的增加而上升，并在数值上大于平均成本；
B.随着产量的增加而上升，并在数值上小于平均成本；
C.随着产量的增加而下降，并在数值上小于平均成本；
D.随着产量的增加而下降，并在数值上大于平均成本。
（）14．完全竞争市场中厂商需求曲线为水平，意味着：
A.厂商提高价格，需求量将为0；
B.厂商不愿也不会降低价格；
C.在市价水平上，厂商愿意生产多少就能销售多少；
D.以上都正确。
（）15．在完全竞争的市场中，出现下列哪种情形时，企业应停产：
A.产品的价格小于平均成本的最低点；
B.产品的价格大于平均成本的最低点；
C.产品的价格小于平均变动成本的最低点；
D.产品的价格大于平均变动成本的最低点。
（）16．当一种产品边际收入为负值时，最有可能出现的情况是：
A.该产品需求价格弹性的绝对值大于1；
B.该产品需求价格弹性的绝对值小于1；
C.该产品需求收入弹性大于0；
D.该产品需求收入弹性小于0。
（）17．当厂商按照消费者购买商品的数量来确定价格的时候，它实行的是：
A.二级差别定价；
B.三级差别定价；
C.一级差别定价；
D.无差别定价。
（）18．如果市场上所有消费者的需求曲线都相同，厂商的边际成本为0，当实行两步收费时，为获得最大利润，使用费（P）应：
A.大于0；
B.小于0； C；等于0； D.不确定。
（ ）19．以下哪一项不能完全包括在国民收入之内：
A.企业销售收入；
B.个人租金收入；
C.雇员报酬；
D.个人所得税。
（ ）20．一国的国民生产总值小于国内生产总值，表示国外公民从该国取得的收入比该
国公民从国外取得的收入：
A.大；
B.可能大也可能小；
C.相等；
D.小。
二、简答题（每小题10分，共计40分）
1.说明经济学一般要求无差异曲线凸向原点的原因。
2.当厂商生产函数为如下形式时：5050..L K Q =，说明该厂商的总产量曲线、边际产量曲线（均假定资本不变、劳动可变）和长期平均成本曲线的基本形状，并说明原因。
3.CD 生产函数（β
αL AK Q =）一般假定α、β大于0并且小于1，为什么作如此假定？ 4.说明长期平均成本曲线与短期平均成本曲线的关系。
5.说明实行最高限价对消费者剩余和生产者剩余的影响。
6.说明垄断竞争厂商为何面临两条需求曲线。
7.规模报酬递增与边际报酬递减法则是否矛盾，为什么？
8.简要说明GDP 的三种计算方法。
三、计算题（每小题25分，共计50分）
1.某消费者的效用函数为U=XY ， P X =1，P Y =2，M=40，现在P Y 下降到1元，试问：
（1）Y 价格下降将增加多少对Y 的消费量；
（2）用希克斯方法计算替代效应、收入效应各为多少；
（3）用斯卢斯基方法（Slutsky ）计算替代效应、收入效应各为多少。
2.某垄断者的产品在两个子市场出售，其成本函数以及两个市场的需求函数为：
（1）实行三级价格分歧，利润最大时的两个市场的价格、销售量以及总利润；
（2）如果价格只能相同，求利润最大时的价格、销售量以及总利润。
3.假设一个垄断厂商面临的需求曲线为P=10-3Q ，成本函数为TC=Q2+2Q 。
（1）利润最大时的产量、价格、利润；
（2）如果政府准备对该垄断厂商采取限价措施，使其产量达到完全竞争水平，则限价应为
多少；
（3）如果政府打算征收一笔固定的调节税，以把厂商的经济利润都拿走，税额应为多少？ 2
21
124.0184.03210P Q P Q Q
Q TC -=-=+=
4.假设在一个完全竞争市场中，需求函数为Q=3000-20P，而每家企业的长期成本函数都相
同，为LC=Q3-8Q2+20Q。
（1）试求该市场达到长期均衡状态时的价格
（2）市场达到长期均衡时，市场交易量是多少？市场中容纳了多少家企业？
四、运用经济学理论分析问题（共计20分）
1. 用无差异曲线和预算线分析比较以下两种工资方案对工人工作时间的影响，说明哪种方
案能有效的激励工人延长工作时间：
a 8小时以内工资不变，为10元，超过8小时，每小时15元；
b 整体提高工资水平，每小时15元。
2.如下哪种方法给消费者带来更高的效用？为什么？试用无差异曲线和预算线进行分析。
a免费发给消费者一定量实物；
b 发给消费者按市场价格计算的与这些实物等价的现金（假定为100元）；
c 发给消费者价值100元，只能在一家超市使用的购物券。