解读美国文化传播中个人英雄主义范式的类型和发展
论美国个人英雄主义的嬗变——以电影《奇异博士》为例
68外国电影评论Forein Film Review 电影《奇异博士》海报电影作为文化的载体和传播者，是国家主流意识形态和价值观的体现。
美国超级英雄电影作为好莱坞电影的新宠儿，除了给观众带来了新的观影体验和视觉盛宴外，也将其体现的主流意识形态和文化价值观传播至世界各地。
其中的个人英雄主义表现得极为淋漓尽致，是美国超级英雄系列电影经久不衰的主题。
2016年11年4日在全球隆重上映的《奇异博士》是该系列电影的典型代表，映射出美国个人英雄主义的发展及演变。
一、 美国个人英雄主义的缘起根据字典解释，英雄主义是指个人在为实现民族事业和个人理想，而积极克服期间发生的矛盾和障碍作出巨大牺牲和努力时所表现出的顽强不屈和自我奉献的精神。
美国的个人英雄主义价值观深深植根于美国主流文化的沃土，有其浓郁的文学情结和深远的缘由。
（一）美国个人英雄主义的历史渊源1620年，一批在英国失去土地的农民、生活艰苦的工人以及受到宗教迫害的清教徒乘“五月花号”逃到北美大陆并签署《五月花公约》。
英国森严的社会等级制度及贵族阶层的特权压迫，使得美国的开拓者们立意追求平等及个人自由。
对个人权力的崇尚为美国个人英雄主义的产生提供了肥沃的土壤。
“西进运动”更滋生了开拓者拓宽疆土的野心，这些为自由和权力而战的“英雄们”即为美国富于传奇的西部牛仔。
有人说牛仔精神是美国精神的代表，他们是开拓进取、勇敢自由和“美国梦”的象征。
可以说，土生土长的美国西部牛仔英雄是美国个人英雄主义的原型和核心精神所在，奠定了好莱坞银幕上的英雄形象。
（二）美国个人英雄主义的文化渊源人类自古代就对英雄有解不开的情缘。
在中国，有后羿射日、夸父逐日、大禹治水等英雄传说；在欧洲，有古希腊的《荷马史诗》中的阿喀琉斯、赫克托耳、奥德修斯等一系列英雄；古英格兰史诗中《贝奥武甫》中的贝奥武甫被认为是个人英雄主义的化身。
【作者简介】陈小丽，女，河南洛阳人，塔里木大学人文学院讲师，博士。
论美国个人英雄主义的嬗变——以电影《奇异博士》为例陈小丽2017年第09期传统文学的影响力意义深远，欧洲的文化是在“两希”文化——古希腊罗马文化和希伯来文化上融合而成的，而美国文化是在欧洲文化的基础上构建的，欧洲人的个人主义精神和英雄主义传承给了美国。
《2024年中美影视中的英雄主义比较》范文
《中美影视中的英雄主义比较》篇一一、引言影视作品是文化和价值观的重要传播途径。
在不同的文化和国别背景下，电影和电视剧展现了各种各样的主题和情感，其中包括丰富的英雄主义情节。
本篇文章旨在深入比较中美影视中英雄主义的表现形式和内涵，探讨其背后的文化差异和价值观念。
二、中美影视中的英雄主义表现形式（一）美国影视中的英雄主义美国影视作品中的英雄形象往往具有强烈的个人主义色彩。
这些英雄往往具备超凡的勇气、智慧和力量，以保护他人和维护正义为己任。
他们往往面对的是复杂的社会问题和个人挑战，通过自己的努力和智慧解决问题，实现自我价值。
如《复仇者联盟》中的超级英雄们，他们各自拥有超能力，为了保护世界而集结。
（二）中国影视中的英雄主义中国影视作品中的英雄形象则更注重集体主义和家国情怀。
这些英雄往往以国家和民族利益为重，为了维护社会秩序和民族尊严而奋斗。
他们往往具有高尚的品德和道德情操，通过自己的行动来影响和激励他人。
如《战狼》中的主人公，他为了维护国家的尊严和利益，不惜冒着生命危险去执行任务。
三、中美英雄主义的差异和原因（一）文化差异文化背景的不同是造成中美英雄主义差异的主要原因之一。
美国文化注重个人主义和自由，因此其影视作品中的英雄往往更加注重个人能力和自我实现。
而中国文化注重集体主义和家庭观念，因此其影视作品中的英雄往往更注重家国情怀和社会责任。
（二）价值观念的差异价值观念的不同也是造成中美英雄主义差异的原因之一。
美国影视作品强调个人权利、自由和平等，而中国影视作品则强调团结、集体和个人对于社会的贡献。
这种价值观念的差异导致了两国影视作品在表现英雄主义时，对于角色的定位、情感和动作的展现有所不同。
四、总结综合来看，中美影视中的英雄主义各有其特点和内涵。
美国的英雄主义注重个人能力和自我实现，强调个人的价值和尊严；而中国的英雄主义则更注重集体和社会利益，强调个人对于社会的贡献和责任。
这些差异反映了不同文化和价值观念的影响，也体现了不同国家在处理社会问题和价值取向上的不同方式。
浅析好莱坞电影的美国个人英雄主义
浅析好莱坞电影的美国个人英雄主义好莱坞电影一直以来都是美国文化的重要组成部分，而美国个人英雄主义也是好莱坞电影中常见的主题之一。
从《拯救大兵瑞恩》到《阿凡达》，好莱坞电影中充斥着个人英雄的形象，这种英雄形象反映了美国社会价值观和观众的审美需求。
本文将从历史、文化和电影审美角度出发，浅析好莱坞电影中的美国个人英雄主义。
首先要了解好莱坞电影中个人英雄主义的起源和发展。
个人英雄主义在好莱坞电影中的出现可以追溯到美国电影的早期历史。
20世纪初期，美国电影产业兴起，好莱坞成为了世界电影的中心。
在这个时期，英国文学中的骑士精神和传统西部片的影响下，好莱坞电影中开始出现了个人英雄形象。
这些英雄往往是勇敢、正直、无所畏惧的人物，他们用自己的勇气和智慧解决问题，成为了观众心中的偶像。
美国个人英雄主义在好莱坞电影中的表现与美国文化密不可分。
美国是一个个人主义文化非常浓厚的国家，个人英雄主义是美国价值体系的一部分。
在美国文化中，强调个人的勇敢、自立和无畏，这也体现在好莱坞电影中。
经典的《勇敢的心》中的威廉·华莱士就是一个典型的英雄形象，他勇敢地反抗了英格兰的压迫，成为了苏格兰人的领袖。
这种英雄形象与美国文化中崇尚勇气和自由的价值观相契合，因此深受美国观众的欢迎。
好莱坞电影中的个人英雄主义也受到了观众审美需求的影响。
观众往往希望在电影中看到一个个性鲜明、正直勇敢的英雄形象，这种形象能够激发他们的情感共鸣和情感投射。
好莱坞电影制作方知道观众的这种需求，因此在影片中塑造了大量的个人英雄形象，从而吸引观众的注意力和情感。
《速度与激情》系列电影中的多米尼克·托莱托就是一个受观众喜爱的英雄形象，他勇敢、义气、无所畏惧，成为了影迷们心中的英雄。
好莱坞电影中的个人英雄主义也受到了美国历史和社会事件的影响。
在美国历史上，有许多英雄人物，他们在关键时刻挺身而出，以自己的勇气和智慧改变了历史进程。
好莱坞电影就常常根据这些历史事件改编电影，塑造英雄形象，为观众呈现。
论美国文化中的个人英雄主义
谈 到美 国 ，首先 映入 脑海 的是 有着 各 种酷 炫 特 效 的商 业 大片 、 要性 ，一切 以人 为 本 。鼓励 个 人 依 靠 自身 的能 力 创造 自由美 好 的
令 人 热血沸 腾 的个 人 英 雄 主义 、嚼着 口香 糖 唱 Ｈ Ｉ Ｐ—Ｈ Ｏ Ｐ的滑 板 生 活并且 造福 社会 ，惠及 人类 。美 国人从 小 推 崇 的就 是个 人 奋 斗 ， 少 年 、广袤 的荒 原 上 飞速 行 驶 的 线条 粗 犷 的大 皮 卡 、笔直 的公 路 在激 烈无情 的社 会 竞 争 中取 胜 ，取 得 安 全 感 和成 就 感 ，成 为 本 行 遥 遥延 伸 到地平 线 ……我 对美 国 的印象 大多是 由电影 中而来 。 于美 国文化 里 的个人 英雄 主义 又是 如何 而来 的呢？ 业 的先锋 和领袖 。同欧 洲 和 日本 相 比 ，美 国 的 自由放 任 经 济 思 想 我没 去过美 国 ，也从 不 向往 。然 而 ，我 格 外 好 奇 的是 ，深 植 更加 强调个 人 和 企 业 的 自力 更 生 ，而 不是 依 赖 政府 和 社 会 保 障 ，
主 角不 管是 平 民还 是 总 统 ，都是 单 枪 匹 马 独 来独 往 ；不 管 主 角 在 长 环境 和历史 发展 过程 的影 响 ，美 国人 往 往 富 有 冒险 精 神 和 创 新
美国电影文化中的个人英雄主义
美 国 电影 业 是 美 国 文 化 产 业 的 主 要 代 表 ， 是 传 播 美 国文 化 的
重要途径， 也是维护和提升美 国形象 的重要手段和最佳渠道 。 好莱 坞 电影早 己超 出其表面价值，是美国输 出生活方式价值观念和思 维方式的工具 。个人英雄主义是源 自于我们 内心对生活环境 的忧 虑和畏惧 ， 所 以期 待 那 些 拥 有 绝 对 好 品质 ， 总 能 在 危 险 关 头 给 与 保 护 和 支 持 的英 雄 。 １ ９ ６ １ 年 ６月 ， 美 国导演达利 尔． 柴 纳 尔 在 英 国 《 电影及 电影制作》 上发表文章， 称好莱坞 电影是“ 铁盒里 的大使 ” ， 他指 出这些圆盒子里装有卷得很紧的一卷卷印着美 国电影制片者 事 的无 能 。 电影 背后 ， 深 深 隐 藏 着 对 东 方文 化和 第三 世 界 文 化 的鄙 思想 ， 想 象和创作才 能走遍世界 的影片 。 美国电影里 的个人英雄主 视 和 嘲 笑 。 义 无 事 不 在 的 出现 在 美 国 的 各 种 电 影 里 。 四、 文 艺片 与 剧 情 片 科 幻 片 《 当幸福来敲 门》 《 阿甘正传》 这类励志温馨 的影片也带 有很 《 超人》 、《 蝙 蝠侠》 、《 蜘蛛侠》 等 就是带有科幻色 彩 的、 且将 浓 的美 国气 息 。 这里 面 的 主角 并 不 是 传 统 定 义 里 的 英 雄 ， 他 们 是 没 个人理想与英雄品质完美结合的超级英雄 。超级英雄们不是天生 有 超 能 力 的 平 凡 人 ， 但 是 他们 有 一 种 坚 持 ， 一种信 念， 这 使 得 他 们 就是英雄 ， 但 是他们都有常人所没有 的特异功能 。 他们 既过着正常 变 得 不 平 凡 。 《 阿 甘 正 传》 这是 一 一 部 典 型 的 美 国主 流 文 化 电 影 ， 故 事 人 的 生活 ， 又 做 了 英 雄 该 做 的 事 情 。打 击 犯 罪 ， 保 护群众 ， 伸 张 正 背 景 是 将 美 国六 十 年 代 起 到 九 十 年代 发 生 的各 种 大 事 戏 剧 性 的 串 义， 他们 具有 强烈的爱 国精 神 ， 又赋有责任感 ， 强 烈的宗教信仰使 联 在 了一 起 ， 这 让大 家对 美 国 的历 史 进 行 了重 温 。 阿 甘 是 一 个 智 商 得他们有神圣 的使命感 。 正如蜘蛛侠 中的台词一样“ 强大 的力量伴 只有 ７ ５的低 能儿 ， 他 在学校里 常被 别人嘲笑和欺 负， 但他 仍然对 随着 巨大的责任。 ” 作 为世界唯一超级大 国， 他们相信美 国必须拯 人 善 良热 心 ， 怀 揣 这 一 颗 质 朴 的心 。 他 和 常人 一 样 ， 有 自己 的理 想 ，
美国个人英雄主义的价值分析
美国个人英雄主义的价值分析【摘要】随着经济全球化的不断加快，中国与世界其他国家之间的联系越来越紧密。
尤其是作为世界上最为发达的国家——美国，中国与其在经济，政治，文化等不同领域的合作与交流越来越频繁。
虽然两国之间在各方面都取得了一定的成果，但由于地域文化的限制，我们对美国的价值体系仍不免陌生。
因此，本文着重于研究一种典型而又普遍的美国人的价值观——个人英雄主义价值观。
本文主要通过查阅书籍资料，进行分析整合，以求对美国个人英雄主义价值观的发源以及原因，发展与深化，在各个领域的渗透以及它与中国传统的集体主义价值观的比较等方面有一个较为明确的认识，以期中国人能够对美国文化，价值观有一个更好的理解，这样我们可以增强相互之间的信任与友谊，消除不必要的偏见与误会，更好促进中美的跨文化交往，更好地为建设和谐世界做贡献。
【关键词】美国个人英雄主义牛仔文化自由个人An Analysis on Value of Individualistic Heroism in USA 【Abstract】With the rapidly accelerating globalization, china has tighter and tighter relationship with other countries especially with America, the most developed nation in the whole world. They have cooperation and communication in the field of economy, politics along with culture. Although two countries have made great achievements in many aspects, we are still very unfamiliar with each other’s value system. Therefore, it is necessary for us to get familiar with the individualistic heroism---one of the most representative values in America.This paper aims to analyze its formation, development in various aspects and the comparison with china’s collectivism in order to let Chinese have a good understanding on American culture and its values, which, in a sense, can enhance mutual trust and friendship, eliminate prejudice and misunderstanding, and facilitate the proceedings of the cross-cultural communication between China and America and then promote the construction of a harmonious world..【Key Words】individualistic heroism cowboy culture freedom individualismContents1. Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12. Analysis of historical background of the individualistic heroism in USA------------ 2 2.1 Foundation of America ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2 2.2 Development of the western America------------------------------------------------ 32.2.1 The cultures and spirits of West Cowboys-------------------------------------32.2.2 The Two Types of West Cowboys-----------------------------------------------------43. Extension and development of the individualistic heroism in American society---4 3.1 Value of individualistic heroism on economy--------------------------------------4 3.2 Value of individualistic heroism on entertainment---------------------------------4 3.3 Value of individualistic heroism on politics----------------------------------------53.4 Value of i ndi vidualis ti c heroi sm on lit erat ure------------------------------54.Impact on America--------------------------------------------------------------------------54.2 Positive impact--------------------------------------------------------------------------------64.1 Negative impact------------------------------------------------------------------------65. Comparison between China and USA on value ----------------------------------------7 5.1 USA: individualistic heroism --------------------------------------------------------75.2 China: collectivism --------------------------------------------------------------------76.Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------87. Works Cited-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9An Analysis on Value of Individualistic Heroism in USA1. IntroductionWhen we talk about values, different people have their different definitions. American sociologist Talcott Parsons defined values like this: "values is one of the factors in the society that people have their consensus to accept the symbolic system (cultural system) , it is also the standard in all kinds of choices or actions. "Generally speaking, values should include factors as followed: Firstly, the value is an abstract thinking, and experience of life, it is the criteria for people to judge their own words and deeds; Secondly, the values is the standard for people to appreciate or identification; thirdly, values is to choose a standard action, but not the purpose of action, it is the unwritten norms of the invisible rules. Every society, every nation has its own traditional values, different social have different values. Formation of values of a nation affected by many factors, such as natural environment, social, political, historical, cultural, great, etc. And so does American valuesUSA，the most developed country in the world, in the most time, is used to manifesting its freedom, aggressiveness, individualism, and absolute confidence. These characters above can be concluded to be a formal term individualistic heroism. For the government of United States, it shows such characters many times in the world’s stage. No matter what in the case of Iraq War, or in the case of international financial summits, or in the case of the important political events such as General Assembly, America always plays a pivotal role in saving the whole world with its own strength. Additionally, in spite of the government of the United States, Americans show the individualistic heroism in their daily life as well. There is no exaggeration to say that individualistic heroism ingrains in their bloods from generations to generations.Thanks to the globalization, and with Chinese constant expansion of the opening up to the outside world, the connections and interactions between China and the rest of the world become tighter and tighter. In the field of economy, during our President Hu Jingtao’s visit to America, China purchased 200 airplanes and they signed a big deal which was nearly 45billion dollars. Besides, Shanghai has commenced to the construction of the Disney Land, the biggest and most profitable recreational park in the US. And in the field of education, the University of Shanghai has reached a deal with the University of New York that in 2013 Shanghai will open a jointly university between these two excellent college. Although two countries have made great achievements in many aspects, we are still very unfamiliar with each other’s value system. Therefore, based on the situations above, having a better understanding of America especially its core values do benefit to the communications and cooperation between China and US. And through the long-time research from the Internet as well as written documents, I find that the value called the Individualistic Heroism is the most obvious and notable value in America, which is awfully worthy of fathoming.Thus, this paper aims to analyze the backgrounds and reasons of the formation and the development of the individualistic heroism in USA. Besides, this paper also tries to find the ranges of the values including its impacts in many aspects. I hope, after finishing this paper, Chinese can have a better understanding of American value—individualistic heroism that is extremely differentfrom Chinese core value. Accordingly, Chinese can gain a more specific understanding of the whole America; thereby we can establish a much friendlier tie to America.2. Analysis of historical background of the individualistic heroism in USA2.1 Foundation of AmericaIn the book A Concise History of America and Its People made by James Kirby Martin,The first settlers of America were largely puritans from Europe, and the characters of the founder fathers as well as other first settlers were much more independent and more gallant than other Europeans, and they want to be free from the monarchy system. Their spirits are accepted and appreciated by the people in the North American and then passed on from generations to generations in this country.（12）The similar but more specific opinion on the origin of the individualistic heroism can be easily found in other historical works. According to the book An Introduction to American Culture,The earliest settlers came to the North American continent to establish colonies which were free from the controls that existed in European societies. They wanted to escape from the controls placed on many aspects of their lives by kings and governments, priests and churches, noblemen and aristocrats. To a great extent, they succeeded. In 1776, the British colonial settlers declared their independence from England and established a new nation, the United States of America. In so doing, they defied the king of England and declared that the power to govern would lie in the hands of the people. They were now free from the power of the kings. In 1789, when they wrote the Constitution for their new nation, they separated church and state so that there would never be a government-supported church. This greatly limited the power of the church. Also, in writing the Constitution they expressly forbade titles of nobility to ensure that an aristocratic society would not develop. There would be no ruling class of noblemen in the new nation. (29)Also in this book, the editors point out that the historic decisions made by those first settlers have had a profound effect on the shaping of the American character. By limiting the power of the government and the churches and eliminating a formal aristocracy, the settlers created a climate of freedom where the emphasis was on the individual. The United States came to be associated in their minds with the concept of individual freedom. This is probably the most basic of all the American values. Scholars and outside observers often call this value individualism, but many Americans use the word freedom. It is one of the most respected and popular words in the United States today. In brief, I think the birth of the value of individualistic heroism can be concluded by Liang(梁汉平) that America is a young country and its core value is individualistic heroism that is ingrained in its social history(3).2. 2 Development of the western AmericaAs far as I am concerned, if we can say the foundation of the United States plays a vital role in forming the individualistic heroism, the frontier development in the western America has largelyexpedited this value’s proceedings. In the article of Datesman, Maryanne Kearny, we clearly learn that the development of western America influenced the values of individualistic heroism a lot. “Individualism has perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage of America. Throughout their history, Americans have tended to view the frontier settler as the model of the free individual.” (73)2.2.1 The cultures and spirits of West CowboysObviously, as many documents have mentioned, among these settlers, cowboy plays an important role in the formation of Individualistic heroism. According to Li (李青), after the American Civil War, a huge rise of cattle world has formed gradually in the Midwest of USA, and cowboys began to appear in the American historic stage. Although cowboys have already extinguished now in America, their spirits passed on among Americans. Since Americans revere to cowboys, the outstanding in America in eve ry walks of life are often called “cowboys”.(90) His words remind me of Robert Kincaid, the hero in the best-seller the bridges of Madison County has been called cowboy for more than three times.And in the light of Datesman,Many people from the president of America to the common people in this country are still fascinated by the frontier because it has been particularly important in shaping American values. When Ronald Regan was president in the 1980s, he liked to recall the image of life on the frontier. He was often photographed on his western ranch—chopping wood or riding horse, and wearing his cowboy hat. President George W. Bush reinforced this cowboy image by inviting members of the press to photograph him on his Texas ranch, wearing his cowboy boots and hat. (73)2.2.2 The Two Types of West CowboysAs far as I’m concerned, with the foundation and being stronger of United States, Americans began to develop their continent. And during this period, cowboy serves as an important role in forming and affecting American core values, namely, individualistic heroism. In the book made by Martin James Kirby,While most American have a more balanced view of the settling of the West, many Americans still see aspects of the frontier, its people, and their beliefs as inspiring examples of traditional American values in their original and purest form. How did the frontier movement, which lasted more than two centuries, help to shape these basic American values. And the self-reliant frontiersman has been idealized by Americans who have made him the model of the classic American male hero with rugged individualism. This hero is a man who has been made physically tough and rugged by the conditions of frontier life. He is skilled with guns and other weapons. He needs no help from others. Often, he appears in stories as along, unmarried, and without children. Standing alone, he can meet all the dangers which life on the frontier brings. He is strong enough to extend his protection beyond himself to others.(75)In the western development, there are two types of heroic rugged individualists. Each is drawn from a different stage of life on the frontier. In the early frontier, which existed before the Civil War of the 1860s, the main struggle was man against the wilderness. Daniel Boone is probably the best-known hero of this era. Boone explored the wilderness country of Kentucky in the 1760s and1770s. On one trip, he stayed in the wilderness for two years, successfully matching his strength and skills against the dangers of untamed nature and hostile Native Americans. In 1778, Boone was captured by Native Americans who were so impressed with his physical strength and skills that they made him a member of their tribe. Later, he succeeded in making a daring escape. Boo ne’s heroic strength is seen primarily in his ability to master the harsh challenges of the wilderness. Although he had to fight against Indians from time to time, he is admired mainly as a survivor and conqueror of the wilderness, not as a fighter. The second type of heroic rugged individualist is drawn from the last phase of the western frontier, which lasted from the 1860s until the 1890s. By this time, the wilderness was largely conquered. The struggle now was no longer man against nature, but man against man. Cattlemen and cowboys fought against farmers, outlaws, Native Americans, and each other for control of the remaining western lands. The traditions of law and order were not yet well established, and physical violence was frequent. The frontie r became known as “the Wild West”. It is not surprising, then, that the hero drawn from this period is primarily a fighter. He is admired for his ability to bear other men in fistfights, or to win in a gunfight. The principal source of his heroism is his physical prowess and he is strong enough to defeat two or three ordinary men at time. This rugged individualist is typically a defender of good against evil. (114-117)3.Extension and development of the individualistic heroism in American society3.1 Value of individualistic heroism on economyThe value of individualistic heroism is clearly reflected on many respects including in the field of economy, entertainment as well as politics along with literature. For an instance, Steven Jobs is the represent of the individualistic heroism in the realm of economy. In the world of apple Inc., he is the absolute king that no one can replace of. He acts as a hero, rescuing the whole company with his own force. After he returned, the Apple Inc. had a renascence. For example, since 2007, Apple published iphone, now the company’s ally in the rate of the mobile phone market ranks second, only after Nokia. As Jeffrey S. Young mentioned in the book of Icon Steve Jobs: The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business, Steven Jobs has always had charisma and inspirational talent and also many of Jobs' blunders came from trusting his own instincts above everything else. He is filled up with confidence and also armed with the adventurous and hard-working spirits.3.2Value of individualistic heroism on entertainmentBesides, in the realm of film, Hollywood presents us myriads of individualistic heroes such as superman, the most typical image who saves the whole world by means of himself. In my opinion, to a large degree, it embodies Americans’ core values-- Americans uphold those who are independent of the existing rules and systems while are brave and capable enough to save a city even a country or a world with its own strength. In the Qi’s (齐瑾) viewpoint, film reveals strong personal heroism image of the deep personal reflection of American values.3.3Value of individualistic heroism on politicsIn the realm of politics, Abraham Lincoln, in my eyes, can be a representative. Robert Neely Bellah pointed out that “ if we turn from the mythical heroes of fiction to a mythic, but historicallyreal hero, Abraham Lincoln. In many respects, Lincoln conforms perfectly to the archetype of the lonely, individualistic hero. He was a self-made man, who never comfortable with the eastern upper cla sses”(35). But it is this man that was called “captain”by Whiteman and it is this man that emancipated slaves from shackles and also it is this man that made great contributions to maintain the unification of USA .3.4 Value of individualistic heroism on literatureIn the field of the literature, American individualism as ethnic identity and become the natural rights of Americans that America is a national law of the jungle is not too much, especially Americans, believe in social Darwinism, which the United States evolved as a rugged individualism (rugged individualism). American tycoon, those in power see themselves as social development to adapt to the winner of every American is not far behind, have struggled to climb the highest levels of society, be come the winner, Mark • Twain (Mark Twain, 1835-1919) the second half of the 19th century, industrialization period, known as the "Gilded Age" (Gilded Age), the name of the same name from his novel "The Gilded Age."The generation of rugged individualism, immediately acclaimed, especially the large business owners who won the applause, because it just provide them with the theoretical basis of exploitation of others. U.S. steel magnate card is based (Andrew Carnegie) is a die-hard followers of social Darwinism. He was born in civilian homes, 14 years old to start work by the boss of her, step by step to become the overlord of the U.S. steel industry. In 1889 he published "On the Wealth" (Wealth) of a text, which shows him in the eyes of free competition and rugged individualism, followed the publication of "card is based autobiography," summed up the secret of his success. Card is based on free competition law also provided a detailed explanation, he believes that the implementation of completely free competition individualism, "the first day from the community, those capable of hard-working people who are incompetent and lazy: you not hard, no gain. "However, this rugged individualism shaped the Road Great results are predictable, it's the cruelty of ordinary people's rejection by the United States, the U.S. 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt (Franklin D. Roosevelt) had attempting to "New Deal" (the New Deal) and equality of opportunity to restore the true face of individualism in the past, but this American-style rugged individualism has been praised by many Americans to become Americans, an important component of values.4. Impact on America4.1 Positive impactAlso written by Robert Neely Bellah, “individualism is not selfishness. Indeed, it is a kind of heroic selflessness”(35). Nevertheless, I believe that each coin has two sides, so does American values—individualistic heroism. It can be defined to be the person who are independent of government, free from the secular rules and laws, but bravely strive for the justice. On the other hand, this value has its negative effects. Usually, individual hero no matter who likes the cowboy or no matter who likes the hard-boiled detective, they cannot fully belong to society and conflict with the social orders. In addition, as the most developed country in the world, America inclines to be the global police, wading in other countries’ business, which is another negative effect of this core values. As the book The Further of American Foreign Police claimed that “a doc trine of hegemony would make the goal of U.S. foreign police the maintenance of America’s relative advantage. Itwould seek to prolong the unimportant moment and make it an era. And it would prevent the emergence of new adversaries that could not only threaten U.S. interests, but destroy the United States”(24). This value with full of confidence leads America to be the world’s police. America wage wars such as the Vietnam War, Iraqi war only to strive for its own sake. This hegemony here is the reverse side of the coin which is not only beneficial to the less developed country, but also do not good to America itself along with the whole world. They are one of the reflections of the negative effects of the Individualistic Heroism. In addition, according to the book An Introduction to American Culture,Some people in America worry about the impact of these individualistic heroes appearing in the screens excessively on the lives and imagination of young people. Through movies and television programs, this Wild West hero has helped shape the American idea of “macho,” or male, strength. For the most part, almost all American male heroes on television and in movies have traditionally had the common ability to demonstrate their strength through physical violence. Once the western macho hero had been created, the model for this hero was used in other settings—for soldiers in battle, and tough detectives and policemen fighting crime. From the cowboy heroes to Rambo and the Terminator, these heroes can fight with their fists or with their guns, or both. Although there are movie and TV heroes who are respected more for their intelligence and sensitivity than their physical prowess, these classic macho male heroes still dominate much of American entertainment and video games. Many young people have become desensitized to the sight of violence and killings by the effect of the macho spirits in the screens. In the 1990s, guns became a critical issue when there were shootings in several public schools. It is all too easy for teenagers to get guns, and they are much more at risk of being killed by guns than adults are. The problem is particularly had in the inner cities, where a number of young gang members carry guns. However, several of the most shocking incidents occurred in normally peaceful suburban communities, and now many schools require students to pass through metal detectors as they enter school buildings. It is all too easy for teenagers to get guns, and they are much more at risk of being killed by gun than adults are. The problem is particularly bad in the inner cities, where a number of young gang members carry guns. (76) Another effect for the individualistic heroism is their self-expression. Many people who dealt with the Americans say that Americans are too assertive, good self-expression, and unfettered freedom of thought, the pursuit of individuality, which is their natural expression of Individualism. After World War II, the United States unprecedented economic prosperity, but racism against blacks is unprecedented flooding, repression of McCarthyism enlightened people that the Americans can not free speech and action, a group of active thinking, the pursuit of individuality, advocates self-expression, self-realization Young people from the political and social life began to separate, traditional culture and customs of the formation and phase inversion of the Counter Culture (Counterculture), "Beat Generation" (the Beat Generation) is one of them, they are dissatisfied with society, contempt for traditional culture, in dress and behavior exclude the conventional, long-term traces at the bottom of society, the social circles and form a unique philosophy of life, the poet Ginsberg (Allen Ginsberg) is such an alternative figure, he had long hair, wearing dirty clothes, drugs , out of the lower classes, trying to express themselves through their own work, his poem "Howl" (Howl) reflects the utopian thinking of the future peace and prosperity.4.2 Negative impactAmerican counter-culture culminated in the 60's, in addition to the basic content of the performance of self-expression, also included the love of personal liberation, sexual liberation, drugs, anti-war, anti-racist, and many other content. Hippies (Hippies) is another representative of anti-mainstream culture, they also have long hair, beards, drug abuse, with fancy dress, live in groups, as an expression of the existing social system, the negation of the material and ideas. Hippies are actually the continuation of "Beat Generation". In the late '60s, there has a loose organization of radical youth there, its members called" easy Pishi "(Yippies), their collective refusal to comply with laws requiring individual freedom against the Vietnam War (Vietnam War ) is known, and repeatedly clashed with police. To 70’s, American society has emerged "me generation" (Me Generation), which is an extreme self-expression of the "generation" of things. They have public, political life, insensitive, and placing the expense of social morality, into a lightly on to meet the pursuit of self-expression; the late 70s, appeared in the United States known as the "punk (Punk)" group of people who the quirky clothes, hair style, like the piercing loud music, wanting individuality, and the expression of social rebellion.parison between China and USA on value5.1 USA: individualistic heroismCompared with European countries, the American heroism culture is as young as the country. As a nation of immigrants, the “heroes” can not help having the shadow of the heroic culture of the Old World. However, since the first day of its establishment, this young nation has been exploiting the boundary with the rapid expansion of national strength. The heroes that it shapes generally have similar characteristics regardless of the “Yankee” or cowboy and regardless of white settlers of the westward expansion or American soldiers of expeditions overseas: individualism, aggressiveness and absolute self-confidence. Western films all the rage are almost a pattern: a hero conquers the world single-handedly, finally retires after winning the merit and then quietly disappears. The heroes in the modern version of American movies, of course, have varied shapes with different backgrounds, but the essence of the “American hero” is only one shape: Americans own st yle, but only he sometimes dresses in cowboy clothes, sometimes wears the helmet of the Vietnam War, and sometimes is dressed as spider-Man or even appearance of the aliens.Individual heroism should be divided into two parts: one is individualism and the other is hero. Individualism, in fact, is an important part of American culture, for they believed that the existence and development and free stretch of individuals are the most important core. For heroism, in fact, it is derived from anxiety and fear of our own living environment and humanistic concept, which is the induction of the unknown world and the survival crisis from the bottom of the heart. However, the heroes always own all good qualities that we expect, and always give the most favorable supporting and protection at the most dangerous moment. Dignifiedly speaking, the hero is actually a perfect positioning of our own for ourselves, but we never reach that standard, so there must be the heroic image in the sense to come out and give a comfort to our hearts. Americans seem aware of this point deeply, and it can be seen that all films of the American heroism will be involved in kinship, love, friendship, failure, frustration, enlightenment, rouse, and ultimate defeat of the sinister.5.2 China: collectivismWhat the author wrote before are all about American values and with China’s opening up to the outside world, China and America need each other more than before. Thus, knowing the different。
从好莱坞电影看美国的个人英雄主义价值观
从好莱坞电影看美国的个人英雄主义价值观从好莱坞电影看美国的个人英雄主义价值观引言电影作为一种重要的文化载体，不仅反映了社会的变革和发展，同时也代表了一种国家的文化价值观。
美国好莱坞电影以其强大的影响力在世界范围内都备受关注。
在美国电影中，个人英雄主义价值观无疑是一种重要的文化特征。
本文将从好莱坞电影中探讨美国个人英雄主义价值观的内涵和特点，以及这种价值观对美国社会和个人的影响。
一、个人英雄主义的定义和特点个人英雄主义是指个体追求卓越、追求自我实现的一种价值观念。
与集体主义相对应，个人英雄主义强调个人的独立性、自由意志和成就。
在美国社会中，这种价值观受到广泛的认同和推崇，并在好莱坞电影中得到了充分的体现。
首先，个人英雄主义强调个体的勇气和担当精神。
在好莱坞电影中，我们常常看到主人公在面对困难和危险时能够毫不犹豫地挺身而出，勇往直前。
无论是超级英雄电影中的蜘蛛侠、钢铁侠，还是战争片中的士兵，他们都展现了敢于冲锋陷阵、保护国家和人民的英勇精神。
其次，个人英雄主义注重个体的自我实现和价值追求。
好莱坞电影中涌现出许多代表个人英雄主义的形象，他们通过坚持自己的理想和梦想，最终实现了自我价值的升华。
例如，电影《摔跤吧！爸爸》中的主人公马哈维尔通过摔跤成为了国家级的冠军，同时也实现了自我的成长和价值的重塑。
最后，个人英雄主义强调个体的独立性和自由意志。
美国是一个重视个体自由和权利的国家，这种价值观也在好莱坞电影中得到了充分的展示。
电影角色经常扮演着个体与社会规范和权威对抗的角色，他们通过追求自由意志和个人选择，最终获得了成功和幸福。
《肖申克的救赎》中的安迪，就是一个积极追求个体自由的典型角色。
二、好莱坞电影中个人英雄主义的体现好莱坞电影以其独特的叙事方式和强大的视觉效果，成功地将个人英雄主义价值观展示给观众。
在众多的好莱坞电影中，不乏那些经典的形象和故事，充分体现了美国个人英雄主义价值观。
首先，超级英雄电影是好莱坞电影中个人英雄主义的最佳代表。
从好莱坞电影浅谈美国个人英雄主义
2.2个人英雄主义的分类
2 平民英雄
代表电影：变形金刚，环太平洋等。 当人们对超能力审美疲劳时，好莱坞就造就了 平民英雄。退去光辉的平民英雄没有遥可及的 超能力，却多了几分人性的光辉，多了几分真 实，有血有肉，敢爱敢恨，原来英雄也有喜怒 哀乐，也有辛酸苦辣，这就使英雄更加平易近 人，更加温柔可爱。
6
2.3个人英雄主义的分类
33 英雄背后的人物
代表电影：拆弹部队 等。 美国电影中的超级英雄，以一敌百不在话下。 但倘若只凭英雄一人之力，拯救地球却也是不 可能的。因此在众多的个人英雄主义电影中， 有无数的科学家，士兵，政府人员，普通人等 等，在邪恶势力面前，不怯弱，不屈服，发挥 出自身所有的光和热与灾厄做斗争，甚至不惜 牺牲自己宝贵的生命。
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1.2个人英雄主义电影
排名 1 2 3 4
个人英雄主义电影向来具有强 大的票房号召力，仅以2013年 个人英雄主 $1,215,439,994 钢铁侠3 全球票房榜为例。前十名中个 2013年全球前十票房分布图 义 $918,405,655 卑鄙的我 2 人英雄主义电影就霸占了第 动画片 1,6,8名。 $788,679,850 速度与激情6 科幻片
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个人英雄主义的产生
2
1.1个人英雄主义电影
谈到个人英雄主义，就不能不提到美国，美国是一个崇 尚英雄的国度，美国人热爱英雄，也缺少英雄。 个人英雄主义源于我们对于自身生存环境的忧虑和畏 惧, 是发自内心深处对未知世界和生存危机的感应, 是对 拥有优秀品德, 过人的能力, 能在最危险的关头支持和保 护他人的期待。 但是个人理想和英雄品质完美重合的人在现实中是不存 在的, 所以美国人就虚构一个个了完美的英雄形象给予 人们心灵的抚慰。美国人把这种模式根深蒂固地反映在 缔造的电影王国里，并通过各种类型的电影：动作片， 冒险片，科幻片，西部片等寻找英雄的影子。
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三、英雄类型在发展中的变化
唯物主义历史史观告诉我们：英雄总是赖于特定的现 实环境，不同的文化背景、历史时代和价值体系而出现和 存在的，都是集体无意识下某个时代的产物，在社会高度 发展的今天美国英雄必须保持美国原型英雄的本质特征， 符合美国主流文化和价值观念的发展才能被美国民众认可， 英雄精神才能随着社会的发展代代传承，对美国中的英雄 形象类型概括分析我们不难看出以下特点。 １ 英雄范式由单一化到多元化：美国英雄范式在原型 基础上演进出多种多样范式，从一开始的道德先锋到以后 形形色色的人物，英雄种类层出不穷，涵盖各行各业、地
０ １ ２年第 １ ７期 ／ 电影文学 ０ ４ ２２
ＭＯ Ｖ Ｉ ＥＬ Ｉ Ｔ Ｅ Ｒ Ａ Ｔ Ｕ Ｒ Ｅ
新锐视点
二、银幕英雄形象类型
如果说美国电影中原型英雄是比较相似的，那银幕上 林林总总的英雄范式却是不尽相同的。美国的原型英雄在 不同时代以现实为参照，通过艺术创作在无意识中被激活 转变为艺术形象出现。在文学艺术作品中都塑造出了具有 鲜明社会和民族特点的英雄形象，他们或许仅具有原型英 雄的一个或几个出众的特征，但足以成就出丰功伟绩。银 幕上也因此出现了不同种英雄范式，概括起来有如下几种。 １ 道德英雄：这是美国最传统的英雄范式，道德英雄总 是有强烈的责任感和正义感，是良好秩序和传统道德的捍卫 者，情操高尚、疾恶如仇，敢于和邪恶势力作斗争，总会被 设定在一个大是大非的场景下伸张正义，除暴安良，终结者 系列里阿诺．施瓦辛格演的正义机器人、指环王系列里对抗 索伦的义军和各个种族的英雄们都是惩恶扬善的代表。 ２ 超能英雄：多出现漫画科幻作品中— — —超人、蜘蛛 侠、钢铁侠、猫女等就属此类。这样的英雄多数天生身怀 异能，或者后天另有奇遇使得自己拥有和别人不一样的强 大力量，当然 “ 能力越大，责任也更大” ，往往担起了拯救 世界，解救万民的重担。 ３ 平民英雄：多数是出身草根，没有强健的体魄、非 凡的本领，就是现实社会中做普通的人，甚至还没有想当 英雄的准备，却阴差阳错地担起了大任，以一己之力对抗 犯罪分子，担当拯救一座城市的重任。他们甚至在生活中 遭遇危机，充满无奈；工作上也屡遭挫折，但一遇到危难 时刻，便会挺身而出，不屈不挠、出生入死、全心全意地 为美国人民服务；他们机智灵活、大智大勇地与一切犯罪 分子作斗争，舍生忘死地保护美国人民的生命财产安全。 这类英雄更多地体现平民的本色，强调个性的存在和人性 的光辉。《 虎胆龙威》 里的落魄警探、 《 生死狙击》 里遭诬 陷的大兵、《 ２ ０ １ ２ 》 里专家教授等形象就是这样的代表。 ４ 另类英雄：本身并不具备原型英雄的特质，甚至有 的还是和原型完全对立的反面人物，通过特定的场景和难 忘的经历后受美国精神的感召自我救赎，从而实现自我、 成就他人的英雄也在影片中屡见不鲜，让人觉得即便是坏 人也坏得让人怜悯，他们的改变也是那么的顺理成章。如 昆汀黑帮片里的人物、《 性书大亨》 里颇受争议的主角福林 特等。这些另类角色之所以成为英雄，不是因为他们本身 就具有英雄特质，反而多数就是因为他们在身处与传统英 雄完全相反的身份下却能做到的只有英雄才能有的所作所 为，这种反衬的手法和角色从不同的角度阐述和传播了英 雄主义，令人难以置信却又顺理成章地把英雄主义一荣格的原型理论的定义：原型是人类长期的心理 积淀中未被直接感知到的集体无意识的显现。综观美国电 影中的英雄形象我们不难发现，英雄之所以是英雄，受人 景仰，是因为他们都符合本国原型英雄的基本特征，这些 反复出现的以本国文化和价值观为载体的原型特征作为潜 在的无意识进入创作过程，又一次次通过英雄人物塑造和 故事发展过程得到外化，以英雄为范例，以身作则地为大 众树立了美德的楷模和行为的榜样，激励鼓舞人们在社会 发展的各个阶段建功立业、有所作为。这些原型特质表现 在以下几个方面。 １ 强健的外形和气质：强健的体魄和硬朗的气质是原 型英雄必备的自然身体条件。这从美国影视中的男性主演 的形象中就可以看出来，如好莱坞大片中史泰龙、施瓦辛 格、布鲁斯威利斯等都是因为首先具有出众的体格和外形 才成为英雄主角的最佳人选，且是极具票房号召力的演员。 因为在早期的西方英雄身上强健的肌肉代表了强大的力量， 硬朗的气质代表着坚毅的心灵，这种源于西方古代神话中 人们塑造的天界众神的典型形象和特征很早就深入人心传 承至今了。 ２ 独特的性格和魅力：英雄人物和普通大众的不同， 都很有自己独特的性格，我行我素、不惧危难，果断刚毅、 机智勇敢、信念坚定、心地善良、乐于助人。即使身处在 险境也能临危不惧、应对自如，周围的人们也可以总得到
新锐视点
ＭＯ Ｖ Ｉ ＥＬ Ｉ Ｔ Ｅ Ｒ Ａ Ｔ Ｕ Ｒ Ｅ
解读美国文化传播中 个人英雄主义范式的类型和发展
■ 李丽珍
（ 华北水利水电学院外国语学院，河南 郑州 ４ ５ ０ ０ ０ ３ ）
［ 摘 要］ 美国电影反映着美国主流价值观和社会意识形态，是美国文化对内传播、对外渗透的重要方式。本文 从美国电影中个人英雄主义价值观传播中对英雄范式塑造的共同点入手，分析总结了美国英雄主义文化传播过程 中原型英雄的形象特征和不同英雄范式在社会发展中的变化，指出各类英雄范式都有其本质的文化特征，反映其 存在年代的社会文化和意识，并随社会发展、集体意识更新和全球文化交流的发展演进。 ［ 关键词］ 文化传播；英雄主义；英雄范式 个人英雄主义影片在美国电影中一直是长盛不衰的题 材，银幕上塑造的英雄形象也以其鲜明的个性、高尚的情 操、过人的本领和不凡的功业等众多特征深受民众喜爱， 这些英雄的言行举止、装备服饰和动人故事也成了一个个 时代的象征，影响了一代又一代人的成长。甚至主创和塑 造这些英雄人物的作家、演员也爱屋及乌的受到追捧。众 所周知，电影作为美国文化的一部分，贯穿着美国主流价 值观，反映了美国社会英雄情结等意识形态，不仅是美国 文化重要组成部分，也是美国文化对内传播、对外渗透的 主要方式之一。概括分析美国银幕上的那些个人英雄形象， 我们不难看出众多种类英雄既具有美国本土原型英雄的本 质特征，同时又在其基础上演进成不同的英雄范式，并且 随着时代的发展和社会意识的进步，各种英雄的特质和范 型也在发展变化。 英雄给予的及时援手和安全保护。这些英雄总会有非凡的 魅力吸引众人追随左右。电影 《 角斗士》 里的马克西姆斯 就是这样的典型，不管是作为在位的将军统帅还是地位低 下角斗士都能展现出非凡的气度和胸襟去征服众人，让人 情不自禁地被吸引去追随。那种不论声名显赫还是遭遇坎 坷时的淡定从容的心态和气质，为国为民的勇气和决心， 总能感染 身 边 的 将 士 和 战 友 抛 开 一 切 的 为 之 追 随，为 之 牺牲。 ３ 挑战厄运和战胜邪恶的能力：同挫折争胜负斗争、 同邪恶作斗争一直是美国英雄的必经之路，战胜邪恶和厄 运的能力也是英雄必须具备的基本功。一直过着顺利生活 的人在美国影视中不能看做是合格的英雄。崇尚牛仔精神 的美国人更喜欢经过自己双手、遭遇坎坷争取来的成就， 这样的成功才更有价值和激励意义。我们可以看到几乎每 部电影中的英雄都不会一帆风顺，都要经历事业的挫折、 朋友的背叛、亲人的误解、内心的挣扎等种种磨炼，而后 才能完美解决，或许人们看美国英雄的成功多半不是得到 了什么，而是为了最后的成功都做了些什么，而这个过程 才真正鼓舞人心，引人入胜。 ４ 追求事业成功和家庭幸福的观念：美国人相信人人 自由平等，相信奋斗和竞争能带来成功，他们追去事业上 的成就，追求个人价值在社会中的最大化实现，也从不看 好那些对家魔和朋友缺少责任感的人。这反映出美国人对 事业有成和家庭和睦的美国式理想和愿望。电影中很多时 候英雄完成使命后，他做的第一件事情便是给妻子打电话， 给家人朋友温馨的相拥。《 地铁劫案》 里的地铁调度员加博 拯救了危难，解救了人质还得到了市长的嘉奖，在最风光 的时刻却要求徒步回家，还不忘拐进超市给妻子买上一加 仑牛奶，当妻子看到凯旋的丈夫，与他热情相拥时，温馨 的音乐、感人的画面深深印入了观众脑海，也成了很多人 喜欢这些英雄的原因。 ５ 自我救赎和拯救他 人 的 精 神：美 国 社 会 中 传 统 基 督教文化的深 入 根 植 和 密 切 影 响 成 为 美 国 精 神 的 核 心。 美国式的英雄主义里必 定 包 含 救 赎 主 义 和 拯 救 精 神，当 电影里主角 一 次 次 超 越 自 我、一次次灵魂升华、一次次 拯救世界、一次次成就他人的时候，救赎精神为他们的头 顶戴上了天使的光环，这也正想大多数国家和民族认可原 型英雄的一样，只有有利于人民、有益于社会的英雄才是 真英雄。
跨各个领域，有的精干，有的愚钝，有的高贵，有的潦倒， 有的庄重，有的滑稽，有的先前甚至还是劣迹斑斑的坏蛋。 在银幕设定的故事场景也由单维的正邪斗法转向更加复杂 的情景冲突中。英雄不再只会维护正义斗败邪恶，匡扶社 稷、造福人类才算成功，简单的超越自己、救赎自我、成 就他人、回报社会等都是成功的标志，都可以是人物当上 英雄的资本。 ２ 英雄人物由平面化到立体化：随着社会发展和人们 心理的诉求，人们心目中的英雄形象不能总是只会和邪恶 斗争直至胜利的战士，人们渴望英雄人物全能全才，在各个 多方面都能满足心理上对英雄的期盼，在英雄人物的塑造上 也不是以前对英雄某一方面的着重赞颂讴歌，也会有事业的 坎坷、家庭的纷争、朋友的亲疏、个人的烦恼，多层次、多 角度、全方位、立体化地刻画一个个真实具体的人物。比较 有代表性的如 《 盗火线》里一警一匪的形象就深得人心。 ３ 英雄特质由静态化到动态化：纵观世界影视作品我 们还会发现，在过去不管美国还是其他国家的英雄人物普 遍静态化，不管经历什么样的艰难困苦，是什么样的英雄 本色就一直自始至终少有变化，而在近现代的影视作品中， 人物性格塑造和英雄的养成不再是一成不变，而是注重心 理层面的探究和人性方面的发展，并且个体性格特质也比 较多维和动态，英雄事迹也更加注重了个人超越和实现的 过程而非结果，处处闪耀了逻辑和科学的光辉。系列电影 《 蜘蛛侠》 中恰恰体现了这一点。在第三部中，重点刻画了 蜘蛛侠内心的挣扎和对英雄的领悟，最终回归到正义的代 表，再次为了扬善惩恶而斗争。
［ １ ］石川． 让英雄走近普通人［ Ｊ ］ ． 大众电影， ２ ０ ０ ３ （ ０ ６ ） ． ［ ２ ］周小玲． 试论美国电影中的英雄情结［ Ｊ ］ ． 渝西学院学报： 社 会科学版， ２ ０ ０ ２ ， ２ １ （ ０ ６ ） ． ［ ３ ］齐瑾． 从好莱坞电影看美国的个人英雄主义价值观［ Ｊ ］ ． 安 顺学院学报， ２ ０ ０ ９ ， １ １ （ ０ ２ ） ．