跨文化沟通案例分析考点归纳

------Course 11.Definition of culture (at least one)【Noun Explanation】<1> excellence of taste in the fine arts and humanities, also known as high culture;<2> an integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behaviour that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning;<3> the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.2. Two meanings of “culture” in Anthropologist<1> the evolved human capacity to classify and represent experiences with symbols, and to act imaginatively and creatively;<2> the distinct ways that people living in different parts of the world classified and represented their experiences, and acted creatively.3. Cultural Diversity & Cultural Differences【Distinguish Definition (辨析各自侧重点，重合点以及不重合点)】Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or cultures in a special region, or in the world as a whole. (It also refers to multiculturalism within an organization)Cultural differences exist between people, such as language, dress and traditions, there are also significant variations in the way societies organize themselves, in their shared conception of morality, and in the ways they interact with their environment.4. Hofstede’s dimensions[Concept, Connotation and Focus of each dimension]<1>Collectivism and Individualism<2>Masculine and Feminine cultures<3>Uncertainty avoidance<4>Power distance<5>Chronemics (long-term orientation):Monochronic: time-fixed, “one after another” (America)Polychronic: many things at the same time, “multi-tasking” (China)Confucianism and ChristianityCause 2 Cross Culture1. Distinguish this picture with Saussure’s line graph(现在这图有什么改进、提升以及为什么现在不用原来索绪尔的图？)2. Intercultural Communication【Concept & Focus】Intercultural Communication = cross-cultural communication: it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate and perceive the world around them. As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact.Focus: <1> social attributes (age, political appearance, wealth, gender and education)<2> thought patterns<3> the cultures of different groups of people3. CaseAnalysis: <1>chronemics: polychronic & monochronic<2>rights are assumed<3> low context (Venezuela) & high context (Canadian)<4>Colleration between non-verbal and verbal communication?Cause 3 Intercultural Competence1. Intercultural Competence [Concept]Intercultural competence is the ability of successful communication with people of other cultures. (this subject is growing larger while competence becomes smaller)?2.11 Different terms to 3C(Cross-culture competence) [Explanation & Write down]cultural savvy (悟性), astuteness (敏锐), appreciation, literacy or fluency, adaptability, terrain, expertise, competency, awareness, intelligence, and understanding.3. Requirments of making intercultural communication<1>Knowledge: about other cultures, people, nations, behaviours<2>Empathy: understanding feelings and needs of other people<3>Self-confidence: knowing what I want, my strengths and weaknesses, emotional stability<4>Cultural identity: knowing about one’s own culture.Cultural identity (Distinguish cultural identity & identity politics)[Concept & Different and common points]<1>Cultural identity (defined by the circumstance around him): is the identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as one is influenced by (add: culture) one’s belonging to a group or culture (everyone has it). It is similar to and has overlaps with, but not synonymous with identity politics.<2>Identity politics(especially for individuals; mainly focus on interest): refers to political arguments that focus upon the self-interest and perspectives of self-identified social interest groups and ways in which people’s politics may be shaped by aspects of their identity through race, class, religion, sexual orientation or traditional dominance. Not all members of any given group (not everyone has it) are necessarily involved in identity politics.4. Intercultural Communication Principles [Concept]Culture is a shared system of symbols (literature, music, architecture, sign, and language), beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms of behaviour.5. What can go wrong?<1>Ethnocentrism [VERY IMPORTANT] [Noun Explanation] (OPP: cultural relativism)Such assumptions stem from potentially devastating ignorance and can lead to much frustration for members of both cultures. Entering a culture with this type pf ethnocentrism, the assumption your own culture is correct, is another by-product of ignorance and cultural misunderstanding.<2>Rights, values and needs (case analysis)Rights are assumed, values are implied, and needs are unspoken.<3>Assumptions: people may misinterpret each other’s motives<4>the situation: time factor, under pressure, emotions and etc.6. How to improve intercultural communication?<1>avoid using slang and idioms;<2>listen carefully<3>recognise that accenting and intonation<4>respect the local communication formalities (形式) and styles.<5>investigate their culture’s perception of your culture by reading literature about your culture through their eyes (high-context) before entering into communication with them.7. CaseBen Weber, a recent graduate with a degree in international business, was excited about his job offer from a Japanese firm in Chicago. He had heard about the excellent training Japanese companies provide for their employees and was looking forward to a promising future with the firm.After some time with the firm, however, Brent became disillusioned. He felt he just wasn’t getting the training to move ahead, and he started looking for another job.Somehow his Japanese manager found out; he called Brent in and make it clear to him that he was expected to leave. Before Brent left the firm, however, the Japanese manager met with him once more. He went to great pains to point out that even though Brent’s actions had been disloyal to the firm, they were paring on good terms: Brent was not fired, but they had come to a mutual understanding that parting was best for both sides.Analysis: <1>rights, values, needs<2>high-context & low-context (Ben low; Japanese high)<3> course 5: fate and personal responsibility(inverse)<4> course 5: face and face-saving (resignation by you)Course 4 Intercultural Learning and Adaptation1. Culture Shock<1>Honeymoon: in a romantic light; wonderful, new<2>Negotiation: differences apparent create anxiety, frustration and unfavourable events<3>Adjustment: grows and be accustomed with circumstance (most people stay in this stage even in Negotiation stage)<4>Mastery: be able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture.2. Two views about Culture Shock<1> the disease view: the culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown in communication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost.<2> the self-awareness view: culture shock can be part of a positive learning experience---learn a second language, observe different customs, encounter new values.3. Big C Culture & Little C Culture<1> Big C Culture: the “objective culture” or “formal culture” referring to institutions, big figures in history, literature. Etc.<2> Little C Culture: the “subjective culture”, is concerned with the less tangible (有形的) aspects of a culture, like everybody patterns.3. be positive in intercultural learning<1>involve change and movement<2>personally and uniquely important<3>force person into self-examination<4>involve severe frustration, anxiety and personal pain<5>try new attitudes and behaviours<6>allow comparing and contrastingCause 5 Non-verbal Communication1. Importance of verbal communication (requirement of giving examples)<1> Informs: one of the primary purposes of verbal communication is to inform.<2> Clarifies: verbal communication is used to clarify when there is a misunderstanding or not enough information provided.<3> Corrects: when something isn’t being done correctly or is being done ineffectively, verbal communication is able to correct the wrong and make it right.<4> Feedback: verbal communication is a medium that provides feedbacks. Feedback is essential in any relationship, family or organization to function properly.<5> Power of Influence: verbal communication has the power of influence.2. Master the art of verbal communicationEmphasize Important Points is the coincidence point between verbal communication and non-verbal communication.3. Three variables in intercultural verbal communication<1> time and spaceTime: Polychronic and MonochronicSpace (proxemics空间距离学):(1) Primary territory: an area that’s associated with someone who has exclusive use of it (your house).(2) Secondary territory: people may feel some degree of ownership of a particular space (a sit).(3) Public territory: an area that is available to all, but only for a set period (parking space or a seat in a library)(4) Interaction territory: it is a space created by others when they are interacting (a group is talking to each other on a footpath, others will walk around them rather than disturb it)(5) others: social, public, personal and intimate (坐北朝南，左尊位)<2> fate and personal responsibility (inverse)<3> face and face-saving (respect) differences mainly reflect on casesEastern: face from others; focus on other’s opinions toward themselvesWestern: bidirectional both related to the self-respect and other’s opinions (self-depend). Origin: status, power, courtesy, insider and outsider relations, humour。