跨文化交际案例分析
跨文化交际案例分析

跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】Case Study 1 Age and Status两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。
一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子,另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性,而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴…..Case description:A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm.When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks.The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache.Questions:1.What do you think caused the conflict?2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager?矛盾冲突这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品.却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介:当经理和同事问其原因.她并未做任何明确的回答:而当经理改变策略,不再直接询问原因,而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时,她才道出自己的顾虑。
跨文化交际不成功的案例

跨文化交际不成功的案例
1. 麦当劳在印度
在20世纪90年代,麦当劳试图在印度扩展其业务。
然而,麦当劳的典型汉堡和肉类菜肴并不适合印度人的饮食习惯,因此没有受到欢迎。
此外,印度的文化和信仰禁止食用牛肉,而麦当劳的其中一种汉堡就是以牛肉作为主要成分。
在未能适应当地饮食习惯的情况下,麦当劳最终退出了印度市场。
2. 比萨宜家在中国
比萨宜家是一家意大利披萨连锁店,在中国开设了多家分店。
公司所选用的品牌名称“比萨宜家”,在中文中音近“屄死你家”的粗俗语言,因而在当地受到负面反应。
此外,比萨宜家在中国分店所提供的菜品也未能符合当地食物传统,因此未能获得中国消费者的广泛认可。
3. 成功咖啡在菲律宾
英国咖啡连锁店成功咖啡试图在菲律宾扩展业务,但没有考虑到当地消费者倾向于喝冷饮,而成功咖啡的菜单主要是以热咖啡和茶为主。
此外,店内的装饰和氛围也与当地文化和咖啡文化不太相符,未能吸引菲律宾的消费者。
4. 外企在日本
外国企业在日本也面临着许多文化差异的挑战。
例如,日本公司经常强调集体决策和团队合作,而许多西方企业则更注重个人表现和工作独立性。
此外,在日本文化中,劳动力的稳定性和长期受雇是重要的价值观,而美国和欧洲的企业往往更注重短期成果和利润。
这些文化差异可能导致沟通和协作的问题,从而妨碍了外国企业在日本的发展。
跨文化交际案例分析题及答案

跨文化交际案例分析题及答案案例描述在跨国公司A的一个国际会议上,来自不同国家的员工们需要共同讨论一个重要项目。
会议进行了几天,但是却一直没有取得明确的进展。
不同国家的员工语言文化差异导致了沟通障碍,讨论过程中出现了许多误解和纠纷。
公司高层深感困惑,希望找到解决这个问题的方法。
障碍分析1. 语言障碍跨国公司A的员工来自不同的国家,他们使用的是各自母语进行交流。
除了英语是共同的工作语言外,其他国别的员工使用的语言差异较大。
这种语言差异导致了语言表达的不准确和理解的模糊,使得员工们无法正常交流和理解对方。
2. 文化差异不同国家的员工具有不同的文化背景和价值观念,这导致了他们在讨论过程中产生了误解和冲突。
文化差异可以涉及到对时间观念、权力关系、政治正确性和个人自由等方面的不同理解,这些差异会影响到他们的决策方式和工作方式,导致合作的困难。
解决方案1. 提供语言支持和培训跨文化交际的第一个挑战是语言障碍。
为了解决这个问题,公司可以提供语言支持和培训,以帮助员工们提高英语或共同工作语言的能力。
这可通过组织语言培训课程,雇佣专业翻译人员或提供翻译工具等方式实现。
提供语言支持和培训可以降低语言障碍,提高员工之间的沟通效率。
2. 开展跨文化培训除了语言障碍外,文化差异也是讨论中的一个重要问题。
公司可以组织跨文化培训,帮助员工了解不同文化之间的差异,并教授他们如何在跨文化环境中进行有效的沟通和合作。
该培训可以包括介绍不同文化的价值观、信念和行为准则,以及跨文化冲突解决的技巧和策略。
通过开展跨文化培训,可以提高员工对文化差异的认识和理解,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。
3. 引入跨文化中介人为了解决跨文化交际中的难题,公司可以考虑引入跨文化中介人。
跨文化中介人是具有跨文化交际经验和能力的人员,他们可以在员工之间进行翻译和解释,协助双方理解并解决可能出现的误解和冲突。
跨文化中介人的介入可以减少员工之间的摩擦,促进合作和理解。
跨文化交际相关案例分析

材料:中国学生王兰去美国留学,她到美国发现,老师的穿着比较随便,上课的时候经常坐在桌子上。
老师上课时很少自己讲授而是提出问题让同学们讨论,作报告。
她的美国同学也不像中国学生对老师那样尊重,不但直呼其名甚至会和老师争论的面红耳赤。
王兰对老师的教学方法非常不适应,轮到她作报告时她经常觉得非常不好意思,因为老师和同学总是盯着她的眼睛看她。
在讨论时她的美国同学经常要提出问题,甚至和她争论。
这让她觉得她的美国同学对她有敌意,很不友好。
答:总体来说,该材料所反映的是由于中西文化差异而产生的文化冲突,并出现跨文化交际的障碍,造成跨文化交际的失败。
一、问题1:认识上的误区。
不同文化背景的人在交际过程中最容易犯的一个毛病是误以为对方与自己没什么两样。
中国学生王兰去美国留学,她到美国发现,老师的穿着比较随便,上课的时候经常坐在桌子上。
老师上课很少自己讲授而是提出问题让学生们讨论、作报告。
分析1:王兰认为,在中国教师表现出为人师表的形阿象,庄重,严肃,言谈举止中常带有教师的尊严,从着装上也比较讲究传统,正派,师生关系相对比较融洽,但是界线比较清楚,课堂纪律严明,要求学生认真听讲,认真记,老师提问,学生回答,学生不会主动回答问题或者自由发表自己对某个问题的看法。
这是由于王兰把中国的文化规范误认为是他人也接受的文化规范。
正是因为这样,加上缺乏跨文化意识和跨文化交际的经验,所以出现认识上的误区这一障碍。
解决1:认为别人与自己大致相同的想法十分自然,但是对于跨文化交际来说是有害的。
在进行跨文化交际的过程中,必须不断提醒自己人们有着不同的文化背景,迥异的习俗。
必须学会观察异国文化,善于与自己的文化对比,才能逐步提高自己的跨文化意识。
二、问题2:民族中心主义。
她的美国同学也不像中国学生对老师那样尊重,不但直呼其名甚至会和老师争论的面红耳赤。
分析2:所谓民族中心主义就是按照本民族文化的观念和标准去理解和衡量其他民族文化中的一切。
王兰觉得中国“尊师重道”的行为规范才是正确师生关系的表现。
跨文化交际案例分析(共7个)

《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality案例:When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest!Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy?分析:1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest,and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease.2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully.3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him.4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner.Case Two:案例:Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing.Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.分析:1) 0n the topic of hospitality, the Chinese stress on warmth and demonstrating friendship. They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good (expensive) meal to show their hospitality. And the Chinese are used to having a big meal. The more dishes they put out,the greater the warmth and friendship they show.2) In western countries, people stress on freedom. They give the guest great freedom to choose their own foods. And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or dessert,which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese.3) Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the new world (lifestyle). He should have known the custom there first, and felt more at ease in Mike’s h ome.Case Three: Equality or Hospitality for Table Manners案例:Lin Hua has accompanied an American delegation to visit China. They have experienced the hospitality of the Chinese people. After returning to America, Linhua once visited them. They were so glad to meet again. Linhua offered to host the meal, but they refused. They ordered their own dish, and Linhua ordered her own. When footing the bill, they only paid their part,and no one wanted to pay for Linhua. Linhua found them so inhospitable, though she knew the Americans would usually pay for their own food.Question: Why did Linhua find them inhospitable?分析:1) In China, to show hospitality, people tend to host the meal. And if they cannot do this, they at least will struggle to pay for the guest.2) In America, people tend to pay for themselves to show equality and independence.3) Linhua knows this custom, but from a Chinese point of view, she still finds this hard to accept, and feels it a little inhospitable.Case Four:案例:I have an American friend. I have invited him several times, and at long last he invited me to his home one day. He told me to get there at 3 p m. I thought we could chat and have a meal together. I gave him a Chinese calendar, a woman’s scarf and a bottle of Chinese white wine. He only took out a dish of nuts, a plate of bread and a bottle of wine. After two hours’ chat, I found there was no hint of a meal and said good-bye to him. He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year. After I got home, I found the box already been opened. I was very surprised, Question: What surprised me?分析:1) In China, a visit to home always includes a meal. And the guest always bringsa relatively expensive present to the host. And the present should be well wrapped or untouched.2) In the west, a visit to home only means a meeting, not necessarily including a meal. And the present is treated not as importantly as it is in China.3) I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs, so I felt the American way was very interesting (unusual).Case Five: Way of Entertaining Guests in China ---- Drink more and more案例:Tom, an American, went to a Chinese home for the first time. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. He drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then ⋯ until he was quite full. Tom was totally confused by the way of entertaining.Question: Why was Tom totally confused?分析:1) Traditional Chinese custom requires that during the course of entertaining, the host has to always pour more wine or tea to the guest’s glass or cup, and always adds more food to the guest’s plate or bowl without asking whether it’s wanted.2) Chinese guests know how to respond to this type of hospitality. They simply leave the wine, tea, or food in the container and stop having any more. But Tom, the American guest in the case didn’t know this.3) He followed the politeness rule of his culture: it’s not good manners to leave food in one’s own plate at a dinner table. Therefore, without any knowledge of the differences between the two cultures, an American guest would very likely suffer from either drinking or eating too much in such a situation.Case SixAs a foreign student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Keiko Ihara (Japanese) was on a strict budget. She had all her tuition and books paid for by scholarships and grants and until recently was comfortably housed in the dormitory. Wanting to live in the community rather than in the dormitory, she found a small apartment to share with a friend. Her college friends, knowing of her situation, offered to round up some of the necessary items for apartment living. Keiko politely declined, saying she could manage. Wanting to help out her friends found some old but still usable household appliances and furniture. Mary had an old desk that was in hergarage. Ed had some chairs from his uncle, and Joe and Marion had a few extra dishes. They cheerfully brought them over one day. Keiko seemed very embarrassed, but gracefully accepted them, sincerely and profusely thanked them.The following week they were each presented with a gift from Keiko. Mary got an ornate jewelry box, Ed a volume of woodcuts by a famous Japanese artist, and Joe and Marion a beautiful Japanese vase, all of which were of considerable worth and value, much more than the old things they had donated to her. They all protested that she could not afford to give such elaborate gifts; they really expected nothing as the household items were not really being used and they would rather have her use them. Keiko, however, insisted that they take the gifts. In the end, they accepted the gifts, although they all felt uncomfortable as they knew she was really sacrificing to give them.Questions:1. What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?2. Why did Keiko’s friends feel very uncomfortable when they received valuablegifts in return?分析:Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case SevenSelma, who is from the US, is in a student exchange program in Indonesia. One day, she was asked to attend a birthday party and she was delighted, for she was curious to know what an Indonesian birthday party was like. To her surprise, she was the only one that dressed in typically Western clothes. Although she had no strong reason to become uneasy, her uneasy feeling prevailed as the party was going on. To make herself feel better, she went to the food table and began to help herself. But, upon leaving the table, she tripped on the leg of a chair and spilled her drink on the floor. One of the girls stooped down to mop up the spill and everyone else laughed out loud. Selma, uncertain what to do next, quietly moved out of her way with her head lowered in shame.Questions:3. What functions does laughing serve in similar situations in China?4. What should we do to help ourselves or other people out of embarrassmentcaused by cultural differences in laughing?分析:Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don‘t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it‘s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.。
跨文化交际不成功的案例

跨文化交际不成功的案例案例一:礼貌用语的误会1.1 背景介绍在某次跨国商务会议上,美国代表团与中国代表团进行了一场接触。
会议开始时,美国代表以一种直接、幽默的方式表达了对中国代表团的欢迎,但中国代表团却感到被冒犯了。
1.2 问题分析美国代表使用了许多幽默的话语和俚语,他们期望通过这种方式与中国代表团建立紧密的关系。
然而,中国代表团对于这种幽默方式并不敏感,他们希望在商务会议中保持一定的正式性和尊重。
1.3 解决方案要解决这个问题,双方需要更好地理解彼此的价值观和沟通风格。
美国代表可以选择使用更正式的语言和礼貌用语,以更好地迎合中国文化的需要。
中国代表也可以在交流中表达对幽默的欣赏,以促进双方之间的友好关系。
案例二:语言和非语言表达的差异2.1 背景介绍一位日本游客在访问法国时,需要问路去博物馆,他向一位法国人询问了路线,但是得到了不友好的回答,他感到非常困惑和沮丧。
2.2 问题分析这个问题涉及到语言和非语言表达之间的差异。
在日本文化中,人们更加倾向于使用委婉、间接的方式表达自己的需求,而法国文化更加注重直接和直截了当的表达。
2.3 解决方案为了解决这个问题,日本游客可以采取更加直接的表达方式,向法国人清楚地表达自己的需求。
法国人则可以更加耐心地倾听和理解对方的意图,而不仅仅只看表面上的表达方式。
双方需要更好地适应对方的沟通风格,以实现有效的跨文化交流。
案例三:身体接触的误解3.1 背景介绍在一次澳大利亚和巴西的文化交流活动中,一位澳大利亚人在与巴西人交谈时,不小心触碰了巴西人的肩膀,结果巴西人对此感到非常不悦。
3.2 问题分析巴西文化中身体接触是常见的交流方式,人们之间常常会有轻微的身体接触,这被视为一种友好和亲密的表达方式。
然而,在澳大利亚文化中,身体接触往往被视为侵犯个人空间和隐私。
3.3 解决方案为了解决这个问题,澳大利亚人可以更加谨慎地避免身体接触,尤其是在与不同文化背景的人交流时。
巴西人也可以更加理解并尊重其他文化对于个人空间的不同理解。
500跨文化交际案例分析

500跨文化交际案例分析近年来跨文化交际越来越普遍,如何做好跨文化交际成了大家共同关心的问题。
在这个背景下,本文主要介绍了《500跨文化交际案例分析》这个书籍,并从中选取了几个典型案例进行分析和讨论。
该书共收集了500个跨文化交际案例,涵盖了不同国家和地区的文化差异及其影响。
每一个案例都通过一个生动的场景,展示了不同文化背景下人们之间的交际问题,同时提出了对应的解决方法,并结合专家的分析和解读,帮助读者更好地理解跨文化交际背后的文化差异和心理特点。
下面我们以几个典型案例进行分析:第一个案例:美国和日本商务谈判该案例展示了美国人和日本人在商务谈判中的文化差异。
美国人更加注重语言直接、表达明确,而日本人则倾向于使用委婉语、暗示和间接的表达方式。
在一次谈判中,美国人希望用短暂而直接的问句获得对方的回答,但这种方式却让日本人感到不舒服。
日本人则更加谨慎和保守,不喜欢在交流中显露自己的立场和态度。
因此,谈判过程中,双方需要互相适应,遵循对方的交流方式,并尽可能地避免冲突和误解。
第二个案例:意大利和中国的社交礼仪该案例展示了意大利人和中国人在社交礼仪方面的文化差异。
在意大利,人们喜欢用肢体语言和表情来强调自己的情感和态度,而在中国,人们则更加注重礼仪和正式的交流方式。
在一次会见中,意大利人的热情和活力让中国人感到吃惊和不适应,而中国人的正式礼仪则让意大利人感到拘谨和陌生。
为了更好地理解对方的文化,双方需要了解对方的社交礼仪和文化背景,并尽可能地遵循对方的交流方式。
第三个案例:韩美教育差异该案例展示了韩国和美国在教育方面的文化差异。
在韩国,人们普遍认为教育是一种非常重要的事情,孩子们需要花费大量的时间和精力来学习。
而在美国,人们更加注重培养孩子的创造力和自主学习能力,在鼓励孩子自由探索和发现的同时,尽可能地让孩子享受学习的乐趣。
因此,在跨文化交际中,韩国和美国家长之间的教育观念和方式会存在很大的差异。
了解对方的教育文化和价值观是很重要的,这可以帮助双方更好地理解彼此,并尽可能地避免不必要的冲突和误解。
跨文化交际案例及分析(精选5篇)

跨文化交际案例及分析(精选5篇)跨文化交际案例及分析范文第1篇[关键词]跨文化外语教学案例分析大同学跨文化交际本领一、跨文化英语教学现状分析就我国的外语教学现状而言,高一虹(2023:28)指出,现有的跨文化交际本领培育模式都有肯定局限。
行为中心的培育模式,只关注交际行为本身和交际结果,执着于实在目标,但在我们一般性的大学教育中,很难确定同学将来可能与之打交道的目的文化,因此也很难像对特定出国人员进行培训那样对同学实施有较强针对性的训练;学问中心模式,则集中于认知层面,重要向同学灌输有关文化学问,但难以让同学产生切身体验,而且还不适用于处理文化的多样性和动态性,传授文化学问简单变成“定型”(stereotype),反而不利于跨文化交际本领向较高层次进展。
另外,我们的教学大纲设计和教学实践往往缺乏充足的开放性,没有给同学较多面对问题和独立解决问题的机会。
因此在跨文化外语教学中,需要依据跨文化交际本领框架,提高同学使用语言的正确性的同时还要帮忙其提高言语行为的得体性。
在近年来对跨文化交际本领框架的浩繁讨论中,笔者认为杨盈、庄恩平(2023)提出的由全球意识、文化调适、文化学问和交际实践四大本领系统构成的外语教学跨文化交际本领框架,符合教学大纲和教学实践的要求,具较强可行性。
二、案例分析在跨文化英语教学中的作用目前跨文化英语教学普遍采纳的方法重要包括背景学问导入、文化内涵探究、案例分析、角色扮演及情景仿照、实例搜索等。
案例分析教学中将不同文化背景的语言特色、风土人情、历史事件和现实冲突等素材呈现于同学面前,是跨文化学问、意识、思维和交际本领的综合训练过程,能帮忙同学达到学习外语语言技能与培育跨文化交际本领有机结合的目的。
在谈到案例教学法时,陈建平(2023)强调:“案例是为适应特定的教学目的而编写的”,教学过程重要是“同学之间的讨论和辩论”,教学目的重要是“培育同学的本领”。
上述特点,使案例教学能很好适用于跨文化外语教学,它对培育本领的重视大过取得学问,成为语言文化学问向跨文化本领变化的有效途径。
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跨文化交际
例题一:
内容提要:合资企业中,跨文化差异现象的存在,使得企业领导与员工的沟通具有一定的障碍,这主要是由于不同的文化背景所造成的。
面对这种文化冲突,要理性地去对
待,避免感情用事,致使矛盾愈深。
案例名称:《回答的方式》
案例介绍:飞利浦照明公司人力资源副总裁(美国人)与一位中国员工交谈。
中国员工的回答令副总裁难以理解,甚至不耐烦。
个人简介
姓名:朱生玉学号:200440001
专业:中国语言文学系
案例:《回答的方式》
飞利浦照明公司某区人力资源副总裁(美国人)与一位被认为具有发展潜力的中国员工交谈。
想听听这位员工对自己今后五年的职业发展规划以及期望达到的位置。
中国员工并没有正面回答问题,而是开始谈论起公司未来的发展方向、公司的晋升体系,以及目前他本人在组织中的位置等等。
讲了半天也没有正面回答副总裁的问题。
副总有些大惑不解,没等他说完已经有写不耐烦了,因为同样的事情之前已经发生了好几次。
“我不过是想知道这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算,想要在飞利浦做到什么样的职位罢了,可为何就不能得到明确的回答呢?”谈话结束后,副总忍不住想人力资源总监甲抱怨道。
“这位老外总裁怎么这样咄咄逼人?”谈话中受到压力的员工也想甲谈苦。
作为人力资源总监,甲明白双方之间不同的沟通方式引起了隔阂,虽然他极力想双方解释,但要完全消除已经产生的问题并不容易。
以上便是整个案例,这是一个很典型的跨文化焦急的例子。
首先,我们看到这位副总裁是美国籍人,而那位员工则是中国籍。
既然出生于两个不同的过度,那他们的思维方式、生活习惯、文化北京、教育程度、文化差异等众多方面都存在着差异。
正是由于这些文化差异的存在,才使得双方在交流、沟通过程中产生一系列障碍。
其次,“中国员工并没有正面回答问题”,我们可以想象一下这位中国员工没有正面回答问题的原因。
比如说由于语言障碍、没有理解透彻美国副总裁所说话语的原意;或者说副总的文化方式让中国员工产生了误解;亦或是中国员工有意回避从正面回答……。
以上原因都知识我们的推测而已。
下面我们给出一个假设。
假设这位中国员工从正面直接回答了副总的问题。
比如,中国员工回答:“……想在五年之内作到营销部经理的职位。
”很显然,按照中国人的传统心理,这样的回答违反了中国人一向谦虚、委婉的心理习惯。
太直接反而暴露出自己很有野心,高傲自大的缺陷。
谦虚也可以给自己留有后路,万一做不到那个理想的位子,也不至于丢面子,被人耻笑。
恰恰相反,美国人一向简单明了,很直接,这也是他们一贯的思维方式。
由此看来,中国人似乎没有一个明确的奋斗目标或规划,只是做一点算一点,得过且过的心理,而美国人则做某意见事总是事先作好精心的策划,然后在一个明确的目标的知道下去采取行动。
这样,中国人的那种思维习惯容易给企业领导留下不良印象。
再次,美籍副总裁询问这位员工对于自己未来五年发展的打算,及想要在飞利浦作到什么样的职位。
由此可见,美国人很注重个人在企业的发展状况。
通过个人才华的施展和努力来取得企业的辉煌业绩和达到理想目标。
这也许与美国一贯提倡的人权问题有着莫大的关系。
而从中国员工的回答来看,基本上是“从集体到个人”的单一模式。
他先谈论的是与公司有关的一些情况,如公司未来的发展方向、晋升体系;接着才说到自己在公司所处的位置等。
一个好的集体是由每一个优秀的个体所创造和组成的。
中国人的思维方式是习惯于从集体得到更多,而自己付出甚少。
以上问题都是由跨文化差异所造成的,长期可能或造成不良结果。
第一,怀恨心理;如案例中副总裁的“不耐烦”、中国员工说副总“咄咄逼人”,这些很容易造成冲突双方的怀恨心理;第二,过度保守。
文化冲突严重影响企业领导与员工之间的关系的和谐,领导只能以固有模式操作企业,对员工愈加疏远;而员工则亦按照固有模式做工作,缺乏创新精神;第三,感情用事。
领导与员工不能正确处理存在的文化冲突时,双方便容易感情用事,使误会和矛盾加深;第四,当双方的误会和矛盾经过积累达到一定程度时,过同就有可能自然中断,由此可能造成企业在决策施行上的巨大偏差。
针对在跨文化交流中存在的问题,我们要寻求一系列妥善的解决方案。
第一,企业员工可以在东道国接受当地文化的洗礼以及相关的各种跨文化沟通的培训。
或者东道国公司直接为外籍员工惊醒一定时期的培训;第二,企业要努力建设自己的文化、历年,使每一个员工都融合到企业文化里面。
因为,通常这种文化具有很强的包容性和融合力。
从案例中可以看出,美籍副总裁和中国员工在企业自身文化中不能找到共识;第三,作为副总,应该以包容的态度来处理文化冲突,慢慢地去与员工沟通,而非“不耐烦”或抱怨;第四,通过第三方的调节和解释,使问题明了化,解开副总裁与中国员工之间的疑惑及矛盾。
这一方式不仅有主语解决本案例,我想,在其他案例当中也不失为一种奏效的办法。
在以上四个解决方案当中,我个人认为第一个方案是最重要,也可能是最成功的。
虽然让员工接受当地文化洗礼或培训需要耗费一定的时间和财力,但从长久看来,它有助于使文化差异最小化,同时有利于企业文化自身的建设。
相关补充:
在语言、文化、跨文化交际三者的关系中,语言反映文化,文化影响语言的使用和发展;在以一种语言为媒介的跨文化交际中,交际者应遵守该语言的文化语用规则。
但不难发现,当一种语言在各种困素的作用下被广泛传播到本土以外、为众多其他地域的人们使用时,语言与文化之间会呈现出一种颇为复杂的关系,而在以该语言为媒介所进行的跨文化交际中,交际双方遵守的语言使用规则也可能会有所不同。
下面我们以英语的变迁为例来说明这一现象,并讨论其对跨文化交际研究的意义。
从历史上的小语种发展成为如今全球最为重要的国际通用语,英语经历了一个自身全球化和本土化的过程。
16世纪前英语是一门使用范围仅限于英伦三岛的小语种,但随着英国的殖民扩张和20世纪美国的快速崛起,英语传播到世界各地,为许多国家的人们所使用。
据统计,全球大约有3.2—3.8亿人以英语为母语,1.5—3亿人以英语为第二语言,7.5—10亿人以英语为外语,85%的国际组织将英语作为工作语言,每年出版的英语书籍占全球出版书
籍总量的28%,42%的欧盟成员国公民可用英语进行交流。
从以上数据可以看出,英语的非母语使用者人群在数量上远远超出了母语使用者人群。
与此同时,英语语言本身在和当地语言文化不断接触融合的过程中也发生了诸多变化。
变化的结果是英语在美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、非洲及亚洲许多国家地区形成了区域变体。
这些变体在语音、词汇、句法及语用等方面都有不同程度的差异,许多方面明显受到了当地文化的影响。
从语言与文化的关系来考察英语全球化与本土化的过程,就会发现这些英语变体与其最初依附的文化有一种相分离的趋势。
众多的变体,庞大的使用者和广泛的使用范围,使英语不再仅仅是一两个民族的语言,不再是单纯承载盎格鲁—撒克逊民族文化、反映其民族特质的语言。
变体所反映的英国文化色彩在淡化,而本土文化特色在加强。
当然,这种分离并未违反语言和文化相互作用的规律,相反,分离正是这一规律作用的结果。
这说明语言反映的是它的使用者的文化,不同的使用者有可能将不同的文化附着在同一种语言上,使这一语言形成反映本土文化的区域变体。
长期以来,我们在使用英语的同时,总是在努力遵守英美文化语用规则。
然而,纵观英语全球化和本土化进程,我们至少可以获得这样的启示:在以英语为媒介的跨文化交际中,交际者可能是来自不同文化、使用不同英语变体的人士,他们各自遵循的语用文化规则也不尽相同。
交际中如果仅以英美文化为参考框架来理解对方的言语行为,可能会导致误解。
这也是跨文化交际研究应包含的一个方面。
例如,当中国人和澳大利亚人、新加坡人和法国人、印度人和津巴布韦人用英语交流时是如何跨越差异、表达自己和理解对方的?我们对这些问题并不十分清楚,但研究这些问题无疑会提高跨文化交际的效率。
而且有一点可以肯定,在用英语和非英美国家人士交流中,我们不能单纯依赖英美文化语用规则来表达自己或理解对方,而应在充分了解对方文化身份的基础上做出判断,进行交际。
英语的发展变迁进一步说明,语言、文化之间是一个动态的不断发展变化的过程,两者并非绝对一一对应的关系。
在某些情况下,若干文化可能会作用于同一种语言,促使这种语言发生变化,形成不同的变体。
在以该语言为媒介的跨文化交际中,如何选择其语用规则来传递解释信息、消除误会偏见,对交际的成功至关重要。
而研究非英美国家人士之间如何用英语进行交流对跨文化交际研究来说,也是一个极具现实意义的课题。
这一课题可以拓宽我们的视野,使我们从不同角度把握、理解跨文化交际。