高中英语非谓语动词作状语专题讲解
高考英语非谓语动词作状语的用法 知识点
分考点1 不定式作状语Point 1 做目的状语，意为“为了”，可以单独放在句首、句中或句末。
To pass the college entrance exam, we must work hard.为了通过大学入学考试，我们必须努力学习。
Mike had to shout to make himself heard above the sound of the music.麦克不得不大声说话，以便能在如此大的音乐下被别人听见。
【特别注意】也可用in order to 或so as to 表示目的，但so as to 不能用于句首。
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.公交车停下来以便搭载乘客。
He got up early in order to catch the first bus.他早起是为了赶上第一版公交车。
Point 2 作结果状语。
常表示令人意外的结果。
Only/just to do 表示意想不到的结果Enough to do 足够做...Too...to do 太...而不能.....So/such... as to...如此...以至于....I went to see him last night only/ just to find him out.我昨晚去找他。
结果发现他出去了。
（表示出乎意料的结果）Mary is too tired to do the job.玛丽太累了，做不了这项工作。
He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了。
Point 3 作原因状语。
常用在表示情感或态度的sorry, surprised, disappointed, excited, glad,happy 等形容词后，常用结构为“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”。
Tom was very happy to see his mother.汤姆看到她的妈妈很高兴。
非谓语动词作状语全解讲解
非谓语动词作状语全解不定式和分词作状语的用法一、不定式作状语可以作:1. 主要用作目的状语。
常与 in order to do (为了或 so as to do(以便连用。
so as to 不用于居首。
He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。
He sat down to have a rest.他坐下来休息。
He went to France to learn French。
他去法国学习法语。
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。
They stopped to ask the way. 他们停下来问路。
(停下来的目的2.作结果状语。
表示出乎意料的结果。
做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。
He hurried to the station only to find the train gone. 他匆匆忙忙地赶到火车站,发现火车已经开走了。
He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf. 这男孩个子不够高, 手伸不到书架。
He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了。
He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
非谓语动词做状语---专题语法
非谓语动词做状语---专题语法非谓语做状语，相对比较简单。
常见的考法是有一个逗号连接两个不完整的句子，例如：（1）To acquire some social experience, I plan to go to a foreign company to do part-time work during the summer vacation.（2016年高考英语新课标卷1书面表达）为了获得社会经验，我计划这个暑假去一家外国公司做兼职工作。
在这个例子中，非谓语部分在开头，逗号前。
（2）China’s Chang’e-4 probe has become the first spacecraft to land the far side of the moon, marking a milestone in space exploration. 中国的嫦娥4号探测器首次从月球背面成功着陆，这是太空探索的里程碑。
非谓语在逗号后。
常见的形式有以下几种：具体的考察方式分为以下几类：1. 非谓语作状语，一般情况下要看清楚与句子主语的逻辑关系（1）主动A. 作状语的非谓语动词和句子主语构成主动关系，并且动作与谓语动词同时发生时，用doing形式。
Singing songs, we headed for our school. 唱着歌，我们出发去了我们学校。
句中sing与we构成主动关系，且动作与head同时发生，故用singing。
B. 作状语的非谓语动词和句子主语构成主动关系，并且动作已完成时，用having done 的形式。
Having finished my homework, I played basketball with my classmates.完成我的作业后，我和我的同学们一起打篮球。
C. 作状语的非谓语动词和句子主语构成主动关系，并且动作未发生时，用to do的形式。
To make it easy, I explained the theory as clearly as possible.为了使这个理论简单，我尽可能清楚地解释这个理论。
高中英语非谓语动词作状语专题讲解
三、独立成分作状语
特殊的独立结构 有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说 话人对说话内容所特的态度。 1) 现在分词的独立结构 judging from / by…; generally/strictly/frankly speaking; according to; including; owing to…; talking/ speaking of …(谈及) 2) 过去分词的独立结构 given…(考虑到…); provided that…(如果…) 3) 不定式的独立结构 to tell you the truth; to make things worse; to begin with / to start with / to be frank 4) 动词原形 believe it or not (信不信由你) 5) 作连词的分词 ,这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句。 considering (考虑到，就…而言)，providing / provided …假如， supposing 假如
非谓语动词作状语
一、分词作状语
1．分词作状语的基本原则 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语 保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上 的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语。 1) _____ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 2) _____ from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. A. Seen B. Seeing C. Have seen D. To see
高考英语非谓语动词语法讲解(推荐)
高考英语非谓语动词语法讲解(名师总结基础语法知识点，值得下载)【非谓语动词作状语】一.不定式,分词作状语的基本原则不定式,分词作状语时,不定式,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式,分词作状语.二.不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语的情况比较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加in order或so as,构成"in order to do"或"so as to do"结构."in order to do"结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;"so as to do"结构只能放在句中.Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her.Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forge t it.2.不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so...as to;such...as to;...enough to;only to(常表示以外的或事与愿违的结果);too...to等.I'm not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down.Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left.I'm too tired to stay up longer.备注:在only too..to结构中,too...to...并非是"太....而不能..."之意.此时,与too..to..搭配的形容词常见的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy等.I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.3.不定式作原因状语形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因.用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有:happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased等.You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.4.在"主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do"结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等.This question is easy to answer.This book is difficult to understand.三.分词作状语1.分词作状语时其形式的选择形式意义v-ing(doing) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生having+v-ed(having done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生v-ed(done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成being+v-ed(being done) 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生having been+v-ed(havingbeen done)2.分词作状语的句法功能分词作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果，条件,让步，行为方式,伴随状况等.为了强调,还可与while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用.When offered help,one often says"Thank you"or "It's kind of you".(时间)Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(原因)Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(条件)He glanced at her,nothing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(结果)Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(伴随)四.独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分.常见的有:generallyspeaking一般来说;frankly speaking坦白地说;judging from/by...根据....来判断;considering.../taking....into consideration考虑到.....;to tell you the truth说实话;compared to/with与....相比.Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong.Considering your health,you'd better have a rest.To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.五.独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致.但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构.独立主格结构的特点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在.②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系.③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开.独立主格结构的构成:①名词/代词+分词②名词/代词+不定式③with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式The test finished(=When the test was finished),we began our holiday.The president assassinated(=Because the president was assassinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow.Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow.I stood before her with my heart beating fast.【练一练】①Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it didn't fit.②Clearly and thoughtfully (write),the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their ownanswers.③Group activities will be organized after class (help)children develop team spirit.④(spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong,Linda appears more mature than thoseof her age.⑤The lecture (give),a lively question-and-answer session followed.【非谓语动词作定语】一.不定式作定语1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面需有相应的介词.The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.He had no place to live.2.用不定式作定语的几种情况:①不定式表将来The car to be bought is for his sister.②用来修饰被序数词,最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系.He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.③有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式作定语,常见的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusal,failure,ability,chance,warning,anxiety,eagerness,willingness,readiness等.I don't trust his promise to come for a visit.He said he had no plans to go there.He made an attempt to stand up.二.分词作定语1.作定语的及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing,being+过去分词和过去分词.当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时,用v-ing;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词.The houses being built are for the teachers.(被动,正在进行)2.作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:v-ing和过去分词.v-ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成.boiling water沸腾的水(表示正在进行)boiled water白开水(表完成)falling leaves正在下落的叶子(表正在进行)fallen leaves已经落下的叶子(表完成)developing countries发展中国家(表正在进行)developed countries发达国家(表完成)三.to be done,done和being done作定语的区别to be done表被动,将来;done表被动,完成;being done表被动,正在进行.Have you read the novel written by Dickens? (表被动,完成)Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.(表被动,正在进行)The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.(表被动,将来)【练一练】①There are still many problems (solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.②Prices of daily goods (buy)through a computer can be lower than store prices.③The flowers (smell)sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.【非谓语动词作宾语,补语,主语,表语】一.非谓语动词(不定式,动名词)作宾语1.下列动词一般用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装.主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮.decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help.She pretended not to see me when I passed by.We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn't turned up yet.此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语.2.下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想.避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏.禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡.consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can't help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape.He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity.此外,be used/accustomed to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,can't stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,be busy,have difficulty(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time (in)等短语后也要用动名词作宾语.3.下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意.to do sth.忘记要做某事forgetdoing sth.忘记已经做过某事to do sth.记着要做某事rememberdoing sth.记得曾经做过某事to do sth.努力做某事regretdoing sth.后悔做过某事to do sth.努力做某事trydoing sth.试着做某事to do sth.打算做某事meandoing sth.意味着做某事4.在动词allow,advise,forbid,permit,consider后直接跟动名词作宾语;如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用动词不定式作宾语补足语sb.to do sth.allow/permit/forbid/advise/considerdoing sth.Smoking is forbidden here so we don't allow you to smoke.We don't allow smoking in the wall.5.动词need,require,want作"需要",deserve作"应受,应得"解时,其后用动名词的主动形式(doing)或不定式的被动形式(to be done)表被动意义.be worth后用动名词的主动形式(doing)表示被动意义, 而worthy则需用被动形式.此外,need,require,want后可以接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语,表示"需要/要求/想要某人做某事".to be done(需要)need/require/want doingsb.to do sth.(需要/要求/想要)名词deserve doingto be done名词be worth doingto be donebe worthy名词(表钱数或表价格的名词除外)ofbeing doneto be cleanedThe window needs/requires/wantscleaningworth visitingto be visitedThis place is worthya visitofbeing visitedconsideringThese proposals deserveto be considered6.不定式作动词(词组)tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out等的宾语时,前面常带引导词how,what,whether,where,when,who等,但why后加不带to的不定式.备注:此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语需与句子的主语或宾语保持一致,否则用宾语从句.He showed us how to do the work.(=He showed us how we should do the work)I don't know what to do.(=I don't know what I should do.)We must decide whether to stay or go.(=We must decide whether we'll stay or go)Can you tell me why do it?①The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore,he can go shopping without (recognize).②One learns a language by making mistakes and (correct)them.③In some parts of London,missing a bus means (wait)for another hour.二.非谓语动词作补语1.后接不定式作补语的动词及动词词组advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,love,order,persuade,prefer,remind,require,tea ch,tell,want,warn,wish,wait for,call on,depend on等.You are not allowed to smoke here.The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.注意:think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove,appoint,judge等后常用"to be..."作宾补/主补People considered him to be a great leader.They found the answer to be quite satisfactory.Chinese food is considered to be the healthiest in the world.He imagines himself to be an able man.2.非谓语动词作感官动词(词组),使役动词的宾补listen to,feel的宾语补足语有四种形式,以see为例:doing sth.看见....正做....(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)do sth.看见...做了....see+宾语+ being done看见....正在做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)done看见....被做I heard her sing an English song just now.(主动,完成)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(主动,正在进行)I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动,正在进行)I'd like to see the plan carried out.(被动,没有一定的时间性)2.使役动词make,let,have,get后接复合宾语的情况.do让...做....（宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系）①make+宾语+done让...被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)He made his workers work 12 hours a day.He tried to make himself understood.do让.....做.....(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)②let+宾语+be done让....被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)Don't let your child play with matches.Let the work be done immediately.do sth.让...做某事doing sth.使....持续做某事(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系) ③have+宾语+done使....被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)备注: ⑴.have sth. done还表示"使....遭受..."之意Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.⑵have sb. doing常用于否定句中,其中have有"允许,容忍"之意.I won't have you speaking to your dad like that.⑶have还可用于have sth. to do结构,该结构中have作"有"讲,不定式作定语.I have something urgent to inform you.to do sth.使....做doing sth.使...做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系)⑷.get+宾语+done使....被做(宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系)He got me to post the letter for him.The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.I'll get my bike repaired tomorrow.3.下列动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,但在被动语态中要加上to;它们是"吾看三室两厅一感觉"-5看(look at,see,watch,notice,observe);3使(make,let,have);2听(listen to,hear);1感觉(feel) Someone was heard to come up the stairs.(三)动词leave,keep,find,catch及介词with后加非谓语动词作复合宾语的情况:sb./sth. doing sth.让某人/物一直处于某种状态(宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主动关系,表示动作正在进行)sth. undone留下某事未做(宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的被动关系,表示被动和完成,一般以undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched为多)1.leavesb. To do sth.让某人去做某事（不定式表示将来的动作）sth. To be done.留下某事要做It's wrong to leave the machine running.(主动,正在进行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didn't taste delicious.(被动,完成)He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.(主动,将来)We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.(被动,将来)sb./sth. doing使某人/物一直做某事2.keepsb./sth. done使某人/物被......(表示被动且完成,或表示状态)Keep the engine running.You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.sb. doing发现某人正在做某事3.find sb/sth. done发现某人/物.....(表完成或状态)sb./sth.(to be)...发现某人/物....We found him(to be)dishonest.Often I found her quietly weeping alone.I found him buried in a novel.4.catch sb. doing sth.撞见某人正在做某事I caught John reading my private letters.sb./sth. doing(表主动且进行,或表特征)sth. being done(表被动且进行)5.with sth. done(表被动且完成,或表状态)sth. to do(表示将来)John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly elected president is having a hard time.(四)常用不定式作主语补足语的句型Sb. be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done+其他.He is said to have gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad.)Heat is considered to be a form of energy.You're supposed to pay the bill by Friday.④The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see (carry)out the next year.11。
高考英语之非谓语动词作状语
高考英语之非谓语动词作状语高考英语的状语在句中主要修饰动词，形容词和句子，非谓语作状语常表：目的，时间，条件，结果，伴随，原因，让步，方式等。
下面为大家作进一步讲解。
1.to do 作状语,常表目的状语，结果状语，原因状语。
（1）表目的，译为“为了“例如：——Ｉget some money from the bank to buy you a gift.我从银行取了些钱，为了给你买份礼物。
——To be admitted into a key university, he buried himself into study.为了被重点大学录取，他专心致志于学习。
解析：to do 放句首，表强调。
另外：in order to , so as to 也表目的状语。
So as to 不放句首。
（2）表结果，常使用only/just to do, 却…，表意料之外的不良后果。
so/such ……as to do如此……以至于, ……enough to do，足够，too……to太……而不能……结构。
例如：——She is such a lazy girl as not to pass the exam.她是如此懒一个女孩，（以至于）没有及格。
解析：so 用法为So + adj. +a/an +n. 。
such用法为such + a/an +adj.+ n. 。
too 后用法与so相同。
Enough 前常用adj. 和adv. 。
注：n. 表名词。
adj.表形容词。
adv. 表副词。
——She hurried to the station , only to be told the train had left.她匆忙赶到车站，却被告知，火车已经离开了。
解析：only to do ,表意料之外的事，此处told 与she 之间为被动关系。
（3）作原因状语，常用在表情感，态度等形容词后。
例如：happy,surprised ,sorry 等。
非谓语动词作状语ppt课件
• He walked up and down the room, lost in thought.
注意：
• 1.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，常用 于一些系表结构中。此时的过去分词既不表 被动也不表完成，而表示一种状态。这样的 词有：lost；seated；hidden； lost/absorbed in；dressed in；tired of 等。
• Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.
• = if you are compared with your brother, you...
4.表让步
• Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
6.方式.伴随或补充说明(并列结构）
• He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
• = He lay on the grass and stared at the ...
• The gril came into the classroom, singing and dancing.
• =As i didn’t master the way of studying, i ...
3.表结果(并列谓语)
• His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
• = his father died and left him ...
• The fire lasted nearly a month, leaving nothing valuable.
2024届高考英语一轮复习非谓语动词作状语课件
非谓语动词作状语总结：
主动： (not) doing --- 即可表示分词动作与谓语动词同时发生，也可不强调先后。 (not) having done--- 分词动作在谓语动作之前发生 (not) to do --- 分词动作在谓语动作之后发生
非谓语动词作状语
Learning objectives：
By the end of the period, the students are expected to: 1. distinguish between predicate and non-predicate verbs in a sentence; 2. summarize the basic usage of non-predicate verbs as adverbials by analyzing sentences and understand their meanings in different contexts ; 3. accurately use non-predicate verbs as adverbials in different contexts.
结论：... to do 作目的状语，发生在谓语动词之后 ... doing 作伴随状语，与谓语动词同时发生
Practice: 1. He hurried to the station, only to find (find) that the train had gone. 2. To calm (calm) customers, the company said the amount of the chemical
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2．分词作状语的句法功能：分词或分词短语作状语时，可以
表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。
Hearing the news, they got excited. (时间) Be careful while / when crossing the street. (时间)
话人对说话内容所特ing from / by…; generally/strictly/frankly speaking; according to; including; owing to…; talking/ speaking of …(谈及) 2) 过去分词的独立结构 given…(考虑到…); provided that…(如果…) 3) 不定式的独立结构
United,we stand;divided,we fall.
Seriously injured,he had to be taken to hospital.
She walked out of the house,followed by her little daughter.
二、不定式作状语 1. 表目的： 有时候用in order to do / so as to do(不用于 句首) He got up early in order to catch the first bus. The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. In order to arrive before dark, we started early.
Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. (原因) Given a chance, I can surprise the world. (条件)
The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. ( 结果)
非谓语动词作状语
一、分词作状语
1．分词作状语的基本原则 分词作状语时，分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语
保持一致。分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑 上的主谓或动宾关系，否则不能使用分词作状语 。 1) _____ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. 2) _____ from the top of the tower, we can find the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay.
三、独立成分作状语
特殊的独立结构 有些非谓语形式已成为固定用语，用来表示说
to tell you the truth; to make things worse;
to begin with / to start with / to be frank 4) 动词原形
believe it or not (信不信由你) 5) 作连词的分词 ,这些词用来表示条件的连词，后接that 从句。
Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)
The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. (伴随状况)
Heated,water changes into steam.
considering (考虑到，就…而言)，providing / provided …假如， supposing 假如
3. 表结果 She went abroad never to return. My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China. 1) so adj. as to do / such … as to … He was so angry as to be unable to speak. We are not such fools as to believe him. 2) too…to…, enough to do…等结构表示结果 This book is easy enough for me to read. The ice is thick enough to walk on. She is too tired to do the job. 3) only to …(表未曾料到的结果) They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet. I went to see him only to find him out. 注意：动词作结果作状语表示未曾预料的结果，而现在分词作结 果状语表示自然而然或必然的结果。
2. 表原因：在某些形容词作表语，表示喜、怒、衷、乐 后跟不定式表示原因： easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,g ood,important,impossible,dangerous,surprised,astonished, delighted,disappointed I am glad to hear the news. I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill.