宏观经济学第8章.doc

合集下载

任保平《宏观经济学》笔记(第8章-消费理论)

任保平《宏观经济学》笔记(第8章-消费理论)

任保平《宏观经济学》第四篇宏观经济学模型的扩展第八章消费理论复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、凯恩斯的消费函数及消费之谜1.有关边际消费倾向的理论边际消费倾向是凯恩斯宏观经济学的核心概念之一。

边际消费倾向是指消费增量在收入增量中所占的比例,即当可支配收入增加1元时,消费支出增加的数量。

可用公式表示为:=∆∆/MPC C Y凯恩斯基于对人的基本心理规律的把握,认为随着收入的增加,人们的消费也会增加,但消费增量一定小于收入增量。

因此边际消费倾向介于0~1。

凯恩斯所提出的边际消费倾向理论是认识消费与收入之间相互关系的基础。

2.有关平均消费倾向的理论平均消费倾向是指消费在收入中所占比例,它反映了消费在家庭总收入中所占份额大小。

可用公式表示为:=APC C Y/凯恩斯认为平均消费倾向递减,认为储蓄是一种“奢侈品”,富人收入中用于储蓄的比例会高于穷人,即与穷人相比,富人具有更高的储蓄倾向。

3.有关消费决定因素的理论(1)凯恩斯的消费函数凯恩斯认为收入是消费的主要决定因素,而利率并没有重要作用,古典经济学认为,消费与利率负相关。

凯恩斯承认,在理论上利率会影响消费,但他认为从经验出发所得出的结论是,真正对消费起决定作用的是收入。

所以,凯恩斯的消费函数可以概括为以下形式:=+C a bYa>,为自主性消费,是不依存于收入的消费,而取决于生存的基本需要;bY为引致消费,是随收入的变动而变化的消费,01<<,为边际消费倾向。

如图8-1所示。

b图8-1 凯恩斯的消费函数在图8-1中,45°线表示所有的收入都被用于消费支出,因此,其斜率等于1。

宏观经济学6-8章

宏观经济学6-8章

宏观习题6-8一、选择题1. 价格水平上升时,会()。

A. 减少实际货币供给并使LM曲线右移B. 减少实际货币供给并使LM曲线左移C. 增加实际货币供给并使LM曲线右移D. 增加实际货币供给并使LM曲线左移2. 下列哪一观点是不正确的?()A. 当价格水平的上升幅度大于名义货币供给的增长时,实际货币供给减少B. 当名义货币供给的增长大于价格水平的上升时,实际货币供给增加C. 在其他条件不变的情况下,价格水平上升,实际货币供给减少D. 在其他条件不变的情况下,价格水平下降,实际货币供给减少3. 总需求曲线向右下方倾斜是由于()。

A. 价格水平上升时,投资会减少B. 价格水平上升时,消费会减少C. 价格水平上升时,净出口会减少D. 以上几个因素都是4. 当()时,总需求曲线更平缓。

A. 投资支出对利率变化较敏感B. 支出乘数较小C. 货币需求对利率变化较敏感D. 货币供给量较大5. 当()时,总需求曲线变得陡峭。

A. 货币需求变动对收入变动的敏感度小B. 私人部门投资变动对利率变动不敏感C. 支出乘数较小D. 货币需求变动对收入变动的敏感度大6. 总需求曲线()。

A. 当其他条件不变时,政府支出减少时会右移B. 当其他条件不变时,价格水平上升时会左移C. 在其他条件不变时,税收减少会左移D. 在其他条件不变时,名义货币供给增加会右移7. 在既定的劳动需求函数中()。

A. 产品价格上升时,劳动需求减少B. 产品价格上升时,劳动需求增加C. 价格水平和名义工资同比例增加时,劳动需求增加D. 价格水平和名义工资同比例增加时,劳动需求减少8. 当劳动力的边际产出函数是800-20N(N是使用劳动的数量),产品的价格水平是2美元,每单位劳动的成本是4美元时,劳动力的需求量是()。

A. 20单位B. 399单位C. 800单位D. 80单位9. 当(),古典总供给曲线存在。

A. 产出水平是由劳动力供给等于劳动力需求的就业水平决定时B. 劳动力市场的均衡不受劳动力供给移动的影响时C. 劳动力需求和劳动力供给立即对价格水平的变化做出调整时D. 劳动力市场的均衡不受劳动力需求曲线移动的影响时10. 如果(),总供给与价格水平正相关。

宏观经济学第8章习题及答案

宏观经济学第8章习题及答案

第8章失业与通货膨胀一、名词解释失业摩擦性失业结构性失业周期性失业充分就业自然失业率通货膨胀需求拉上型通货膨胀成本推动型通货膨胀二、判断题(正确标出“T”,错误标出“F”)1.减少法定退休年龄会使一个国家的失业率上升。

()2.当经济达到充分就业时,自然失业率为零。

()3.由于进口原材料价格上涨所引起的通货膨胀属于成本推进的通货膨胀。

()4.由于采用新技术导致一部分人失业的情况称为结构性失业。

()5.根据奥肯定律,失业率每提高3个百分点,实际国民收入就会减少1个百分点。

()6.充分就业与任何失业不能相融,只要经济中存在失业者,就不能说实现了充分就业。

()7.物价稳定是指任何一种商品的价格水平保持固定不变。

()8.在成本推进的通货膨胀中,价格与实际收入是同步增长的。

()9.由于政府购买支出的增加所引起的通货膨胀被称为成本推进的通货膨胀。

()10.滞胀现象指的是通货膨胀率与失业率成正方向变化。

()11.在劳动力总供给等于总需求时还会出现的失业有结构性失业和实际工资失业等。

()12.摩擦性失业的存在是自然失业率不为零的原因之一。

()13.当实际国民收入增长速度超过货币增长速度,而货币流通速度不变,则价格水平将会上升。

()14.政府收入政策主要是用来对付成本推动型通货膨胀。

()15.通货膨胀肯定会使国民收入提高到超过其平常水平。

()16.通货膨胀的收入分配效应主要指收入普遍下降。

()17.通货膨胀率与经济增长呈正向关系,所以通货膨胀率越高,意味着经济增长越快。

()18.由于自然失业率是等于零的失业率,所以达到自然失业率水平就意味着实现了最大可能的就业水平。

()19.长期菲利普斯曲线表明失业率与通货膨胀率之间存在交替关系。

()20.短期菲利普斯曲线表明失业率与通货膨胀率之间呈负相关。

()三、单项选择1.如果某人因为纺织行业不景气而失去了工作,这种失业应属于()。

A.结构性失业B.摩擦性失业C.周期性失业D.季节性失业2.天气寒冷,游客大大减少,海滨旅游区部分人失业,应属于()。

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)课后习题详解(第8章--经济增长Ⅱ:技术、经验和政策)

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)课后习题详解(第8章--经济增长Ⅱ:技术、经验和政策)

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)第8章经济增长Ⅱ:技术、经验和政策课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

一、概念题1.劳动效率(efficiency of labor)答:劳动效率是指单位劳动时间的产出水平,反映了社会对生产方法的掌握和熟练程度。

当可获得的技术改进时,劳动效率会提高。

当劳动力的健康、教育或技能得到改善时,劳动效率也会提高。

在索洛模型中,劳动效率(E)是表示技术进步的变量,反映了索洛模型劳动扩张型技术进步的思想:技术进步提高了劳动效率,就像增加了参与生产的劳动力数量一样,所以在生产函数中的劳动力数量上乘以一个劳动效率变量,形成了有效工人概念,这使得索洛模型在稳态分析中纳入了外生的技术进步。

2.劳动改善型技术进步(labor-augmenting technological progress)答:劳动改善型技术进步是指技术进步提高了劳动效率,就像增加了参与生产的劳动力数量一样,所以在生产函数中的劳动力数量上乘以一个劳动效率变量,以反映外生技术进步对经济增长的影响。

劳动改善型技术进步实际上认为技术进步是通过提高劳动效率而影响经济增长的。

它的引入形成了有效工人的概念,从而使得索洛模型能够以单位有效工人的资本和产量来进行稳定状态研究。

3.内生增长理论(endogenous growth theory)答:内生增长理论是用规模收益递增和内生技术进步来说明一个国家长期经济增长和各国增长率差异的一种经济理论,其重要特征就是试图使增长率内生化。

根据其依赖的基本假定条件的差异,可以将内生增长理论分为完全竞争条件下的内生增长模型和垄断竞争条件下的内生增长模型。

曼昆宏观经济学第10版课后答案和笔记

曼昆宏观经济学第10版课后答案和笔记

曼昆《宏观经济学》第10版笔记和课后习题详解目录第1篇导言第1章宏观经济学科学1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解第2章宏观经济学的数据2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解第2篇古典理论:长期中的经济第3章国民收入:源自何处?去向何方?3.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解第4章货币系统:它是什么?如何起作用?4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解第5章通货膨胀:起因、影响和社会成本5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解第6章开放的经济6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解第7章失业7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解第3篇增长理论:超长期中的经济第8章经济增长Ⅰ:资本积累与人口增长8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解第9章经济增长Ⅱ:技术、经验和政策9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解第4篇经济周期理论:短期中的经济第10章经济波动导论10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解第11章总需求Ⅰ:建立IS-LM模型11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解第12章总需求Ⅱ:应用IS-LM模型12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解第13章重访开放经济:蒙代尔-弗莱明模型与汇率制度13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解第14章总供给与通货膨胀和失业之间的短期权衡14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解第5篇宏观经济理论和政策专题第15章一个经济波动的动态模型15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解第16章关于稳定化政策的不同观点16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解第17章政府债务和预算赤字17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解第18章金融系统:机会与危险18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解第19章消费和投资的微观基础19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解附录指定曼昆《宏观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表内容简介本书是曼昆《宏观经济学》(第10版)教材的学习辅导书,主要包括以下内容:(1)整理名校笔记,浓缩内容精华。

布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter (8)

布兰查德宏观经济学第七版第7版英文版chapter  (8)

Macroeconomics, 7e (Blanchard)Chapter 8: The Phillips Curve, the Natural Rate of Unemployment, and Inflation8.1 Inflation, Expected Inflation, and Unemployment1) In which of the following periods was the relationship between the U.S. unemployment rate and U.S. inflation rate unstable?A) 1901 to 1909B) 1911 to 1919C) 1921 to 1929D) 1931 to 1939E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 22) In the Phillips curve equation, which of the following will cause an increase in the current inflation rate?A) an increase in the expected inflation rateB) a reduction in the unemployment rateC) an increase in the markup, mD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 23) Data for which country were first used to illustrate the relationship between unemployment and inflation (i.e., the original Phillips curve)?A) FranceB) United StatesC) CanadaD) GermanyE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 14) Which of the following individuals first discovered the relationship between unemployment and inflation?A) SolowB) SamuelsonC) FriedmanD) PhillipsAnswer: DDiff: 15) Which of the following individuals first discovered the relationship between unemployment and inflation for the United States?A) Solow and FriedmanB) Samuelson and SolowC) Friedman and PhillipsD) Friedman and PhelpsAnswer: BDiff: 16) Explain what is meant by the "wage-price" spiral.Answer: The wage-price spiral refers to the effects of low unemployment on inflation. Specifically, when the unemployment rate falls, the nominal wage will rise. As W rises, firms' costs increase causing them to increase prices. As prices rise, workers will later ask for increases in the nominal wage. This increase in W again causes firms' costs and prices to rise and the process repeats itself.Diff: 17) Based on the 'early incarnation' of the Phillips curve, explain what effect an increase in the unemployment rate will have on the inflation rate.Answer: An increase in u will cause a reduction in W. As W falls, firms' costs fall. As firms' costs fall, they will reduce the price level. This reduction in the price level represents, in this case, deflation.Diff: 28.2 The Philips Curve and Its Mutations1) Since approximately 1970, the most stable Phillips-type relationship for the United States has been between which of the following?A) the rate of inflation and the change in the unemployment rateB) the unemployment rate and the change in the rate of inflationC) the change in the unemployment rate and the change in the rate of inflationD) the inverse of the unemployment rate and the rate of inflationE) the unemployment rate and the rate of inflationAnswer: BDiff: 22) Which of the following assumptions best characterized the assumption about how individuals formed expectations of inflation by the early 1970s?A) Expected inflation for the current year was smaller than the previous year's inflation rate.B) Expected inflation for the current year was approximately equal to the previous year's inflation rate.C) Expected inflation for the current year was less than the previous year's inflation rate.D) Expected inflation for the current year equal to the average inflation rate over the past five years.E) Expected inflation for the current year equal to the average inflation rate over the past ten years.Answer: BDiff: 23) When inflation has not been very persistent, as was the case in the United States before the mid-1960s, we can expect thatA) the expected price level for a given year will equal the previous year's actual price level.B) the current inflation rate will not depend heavily on past years' inflation rates.C) lower unemployment rates will be associated with higher inflation rates.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 24) When inflation has been persistent, as was the case in the United States during the 1970s, low unemployment rates will likely be associated withA) low natural rates of unemployment.B) high natural rates of unemployment.C) low but stable rates of inflation.D) high but stable rates of inflation.E) increases in the inflation rate.Answer: EDiff: 25) For this question, assume that individuals form expectations of inflation according to the following equation πe t= θπt-1. From 1970 on, the value of θ for this equationA) increased over time and approached 1.B) decreased over time and approached zero.C) remained constant at zero.D) remained constant at negative one.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 26) For this question, assume that the Phillips curve equation is represented by the following equation:πt - πt-1 = (m + z) - αu t. A reduction in the unemployment rate will causeA) a reduction in the markup over labor costs (i.e., a reduction in m).B) an increase in the markup over labor costs.C) an increase in the inflation rate over time.D) a decrease in the inflation rate over time.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 27) For this question, assume that the expected rate of inflation is a function of past year's inflation. Also assume that the unemployment rate has greater than the natural rate of unemployment for a number of years. Given this information, we know thatA) the rate of inflation will approximately be equal to zero.B) the rate of inflation should neither increase nor decrease.C) the rate of inflation should steadily increase over time.D) the rate of inflation should steadily decrease.E) the inflation rate will be approximately equal to the natural rate of unemployment. Answer: DDiff: 28) The original Phillips curve implied or assumed thatA) the markup over labor costs was zero.B) the expected rate of inflation would be zero.C) the actual and expected rates of inflation would always be equal.D) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 29) For this question, assume that the Phillips curve equation is represented by the following equation:πt - πt-1 = (m + z) - αu t. Given this information, the natural rate of unemployment will be equal toA) m + z.B) (m + z - α).C) α(m + z).D) 0.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 210) For this question, assume that the Phi llips curve equation is represented by the following: πt - πt-1 = (m + z) - αu t. Which of the following will cause a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment?A) an increase in mB) an increase in zC) an increase in αD) an increase in actual inflationE) an increase in expected inflationAnswer: CDiff: 211) For this question, assume that the Phillips curve equation is represented by the following: πt - πt-1 = (m + z) - αu t. Which of the following will not cause an increase in the natural rate of unemployment?A) a reduction in mB) a reduction in zC) an increase in αD) an increase in the expected rate of inflationE) all of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 212) Use the following Phillips curve equation to answer this question: πt - πt-1 = (m + z) - αu t. Which of the following will cause an increase in the natural rate of unemployment?A) a reduction in mB) an increase in zC) an increase in αD) a reduction in expected inflationE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 213) In which of the following decades did the Phillips curve break down for the U.S.?A) 1940sB) 1950sC) 1960sD) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 114) Assume that expected inflation is based on the following: πe t= θπt-1. An increase in θ will causeA) an increase in the natural rate of unemployment.B) a reduction in the natural rate of unemployment.C) no change in the natural rate of unemployment.D) inflation in period t to be more responsive to changes in unemployment in period t. Answer: CDiff: 215) Assume that expected inflation is based on the following: πe t= θπt-1. If θ = 0, we know thatA) a reduction in the unemployment rate will have no effect on inflation.B) low rates of unemployment will cause steadily increasing rates of inflation.C) high rates of unemployment will cause steadily declining rates of inflation.D) the Phillips curve illustrates the relationship between the level of inflation rate and the level of the unemployment rate.Answer: DDiff: 216) Assume that expected inflation is based on the following: πe t= θπt-1. If θ = 1, we know thatA) a reduction in the unemployment rate will have no effect on inflation.B) low rates of unemployment will cause steadily increasing rates of inflation.C) the actual unemployment rate will not deviate from the natural rate of unemployment.D) the Phillips curve illustrates the relationship between the level of inflation rate and the level of the unemployment rate.Answer: BDiff: 217) Suppose policy makers underestimate the natural rate of unemployment. In a situation like this, policy makers might implement a policy thatA) attempts to maintain output below the natural level of output.B) results in deflation.C) both A and BD) results in steadily rising inflation.Answer: DDiff: 218) During which decade did the original Phillips curve break down? Also, briefly explain why the original Phillips curve broke during this period.Answer: The original Phillips curve broke down in the United States in the 1970s. First, the United States was affected by oil shocks that would cause an increase in both inflation and the unemployment rate. Second, individuals changed the way they formed expectations of prices. Rather than assume that this year's price level would be equal to last year's price level (i.e., zero expected inflation), individuals started to assume that previous inflation would persist.Diff: 219) Explain how the original Phillips curve differs from the expectations-augmented Phillips curve (or the modified, or accelerationist Phillips curve).Answer: The original Phillips curve did not take into account the effects of changes in expected inflation on inflation. The expectations-augmented Phillips curve did allow for changes in expected inflation to affect actual inflation.Diff: 28.3 The Philips Curve and the Natural Rate of Unemployment1) Which of the following will not cause an increase in the natural rate of unemployment?A) an increase in mB) an increase in zC) an increase in the expected inflation rateD) a reduction in mE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 22) Since 1970, the evidence for the U.S. suggests that the average rate of unemployment required to keep inflation constant has beenA) between 1% and 2%.B) between 2% and 3%.C) between 3% and 4%.D) between 9% and 10%.E) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 23) The evidence for the U.S. suggests that the natural rate of unemployment hasA) increased by more than 5% since the 1960s.B) increased by 1 to 2% since the 1960s.C) decreased from 2000-2007, lower than it had been in the 1980s.D) decreased by more than 5% since the 1960s.E) fluctuated over time since the 1960s.Answer: CDiff: 14) When a worker's nominal wage is indexed, the nominal wage is usually automatically adjusted based on movements in which of the following variables?A) productivityB) the price of the firm's productC) the average wage in the countryD) the average wage in the industryE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 15) If a country experiences persistently low inflation, which of the following tends NOT to occur?A) wage indexation will become less importantB) nominal wages will be set for shorter periods of timeC) the markup over labor costs will decreaseD) all of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 26) Which of the following will tend to occur as a result of a reduction in the proportion of a country's workers who have indexed wages?A) the unemployment rate will be relatively low.B) the unemployment rate will be relatively high.C) the inflation rate will be relatively low.D) a given change in the unemployment rate will cause a relatively smaller change in the inflation rate.E) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 27) Which of the following does not represent a "labor market rigidity" to which critics refer when discussing unemployment in Europe?A) generous unemployment insuranceB) restrictive monetary and fiscal policiesC) a high degree of employment protectionD) relatively high minimum wagesE) none of the aboveAnswer: BDiff: 18) Suppose policy makers overestimate the natural rate of unemployment. In situations like these, policy makers will likely implement policies that result inA) less unemployment than necessary.B) an unemployment rate that is "too low."C) a lower inflation rate than necessary.D) a steadily increasing inflation rate.E) overly expansionary monetary and fiscal policy.Answer: CDiff: 29) Which of the following is one possible explanation for the change in the natural rate of unemployment in the United States during the 1970s?A) contractionary fiscal policyB) an increase in the proportion of labor contracts that were indexedC) contractionary monetary policyD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: EDiff: 210) Which of the following will most likely cause a change in the natural rate of unemployment?A) changes in monetary policyB) changes in fiscal policyC) changes in expected inflationD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: CDiff: 211) An increase in the price of oil will likely cause which of the following?A) increase the markup in the Phillips curve equationB) increase the sum "m + z" in the Phillips curve equationC) increase the natural rate of unemploymentD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 212) As the proportion of labor contracts that index wages to prices declines, we would expect thatA) a reduction in the unemployment rate will now have a smaller effect on inflation.B) the natural rate of unemployment will increase.C) the natural rate of unemployment will decrease.D) nominal wages will become more sensitive to changes in unemployment.Answer: ADiff: 213) Suppose the Phillips curve is represented by the following equation: πt - πt-1 = 20 - 2u t. Given this information, we know that the natural rate of unemployment in this economy isA) 10%.B) 20%.C) 6.5%.D) 5%.E) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 214) Suppose the Phillips curve is represented by the following equation: πt - πt-1 = 20 - 2u t. Given this information, which of the following is most likely to occur if the actual unemployment in any period is equal to 6%?A) the rate of inflation will tend to increaseB) the rate of inflation will be constantC) the rate of inflation will tend to decreaseD) none of the aboveAnswer: ADiff: 215) Based on your understanding of the Phillips curve, explain what happens to actual inflation (relative to expected inflation) when the actual unemployment rate is either above or below the natural rate of unemployment.Answer: When the actual unemployment rate is equal to the natural rate of unemployment, we know that actual inflation and expected inflation must be equal. In such a case, all else fixed, inflation will not change. If the actual unemployment rate were to fall below the natural rate, inflation would increase. So, the natural rate of unemployment rate may also be referred to the non-accelerating-inflation rate of unemployment. If the opposite occurs, inflation will fall below expected.Diff: 216) Briefly comment on the predictions of economists Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps about the ability to exploit a trade-off between inflation and unemployment.Answer: Both Friedman and Phelps (separately) argued that there might be a temporarytrade-off between inflation and unemployment. However, both argued that this trade-off could not be exploited permanently. Eventually, expectations of inflation would adjust.Diff: 217) A number of factors are believed to have caused changes in the natural rate of unemployment in the United States during the 1990s. Briefly comment on each of these factors.Answer: There are a number of candidates here: decrease in monopoly power, decreasing role of unions, aging U.S. population, increased prison population, increased number of workers on disability, and unexpectedly high rate of productivity growth.Diff: 218) Based on your understanding of the Phillips curve, is it possible for the unemployment rate to increase while inflation increases? Explain.Answer: This can occur when negative supply shocks occur. That is, we would observe this when factors cause the natural rate of unemployment to rise (e.g. during the 1970s). This would cause an increase in u and an increase in inflation.Diff: 28.4 A Summary and Many Warnings1) The data suggest that in the European Union countries, the natural rate of unemploymentA) is now higher than in the U.S.B) is no longer a relevant concept.C) has steadily declined over the past two decades.D) will soon exceed the percentage of the labor force that is working.E) has become less "natural," since it is now almost entirely determined by the policies of a few large corporations.Answer: ADiff: 12) During the Great Depression, the actual unemployment rate in the U.S. ________, and the natural rate apparently ________.A) increased; decreasedB) increased; remain unchangedC) increased; increased as wellD) decreased; increasedE) decreased; remained unchangedAnswer: CDiff: 23) Which of the following explains why the original Phillips curve relation disappeared or, as some economists have remarked, "broke down" in the 1970s?A) Individuals assumed the expected price level for the current year would be equal to the actual price level from the previous year.B) Individuals assumed that expected inflation would be zeroC) Individuals changed the way they formed expectations of inflation.D) Monetary policy became contractionary.E) More labor contracts became indexed to changes in inflation.Answer: CDiff: 24) Which of the following situations generally exists when deflation occurs?A) Inflation and unemployment are both increasing.B) Inflation and unemployment are both decreasing.C) The price level is decreasing.D) The rate of inflation is falling from, for example, 10% to 3%.E) The natural rate of unemployment is zero.Answer: CDiff: 15) As of 2009, what was the last year that U.S. experienced deflation?A) 1933B) 1955C) 1973D) 1991E) 2001Answer: BDiff: 16) During the 1980s and early 1990s, it was believed that the natural rate of unemployment in the U.S. was equal toA) 4%.B) 4.5%.C) 5%.D) 6.5%.E) 7%.Answer: DDiff: 17) Which of the following does not explain the relatively low price inflation compared to the higher wage inflation in the U.S. during the 1990s?A) the appreciation of the dollarB) a reduction in benefits paid to workersC) an increase in the natural rate of unemploymentD) a reduction in the price of oilAnswer: CDiff: 28) In the Phillips curve equation, which of the following will cause a reduction in the current inflation rate?A) a reduction in the expected inflation rateB) an increase in the unemployment rateC) a reduction in the markup, mD) all of the aboveE) none of the aboveAnswer: DDiff: 29) Suppose policy makers underestimate the natural rate of unemployment. In situations like these, policy makers will likely implement policies that result inA) more unemployment than necessary.B) an unemployment rate that is "too high."C) a higher inflation rate than necessary.D) a steadily decreasing inflation rate.E) overly contractionary monetary and fiscal policy.Answer: CDiff: 210) Explain how a reduction in the proportion of contracts that are indexed affects the relationship between changes in the unemployment rate and inflation.Answer: As the proportion of labor contracts that are indexed falls, the effects of changes in unemployment on inflation would fall. A reduction in u will cause an increase in inflation. When inflation rises in a period, some contracts (those that are indexed) will call for an immediate increase in wages further increasing inflation within that period. As indexation becomes less prevalent, that secondary effect (caused by the indexed contracts) on inflation will be reduced. Diff: 211) Explain how the unexpectedly high rate of productivity growth at the end of the 1990s affected inflation and unemployment during this period.Answer: The unexpectedly high rate of growth of productivity would cause firms' costs to drop. This would cause (if unexpected) a reduction in unemployment. So, we would observe a simultaneous drop in u and drop in inflation.Diff: 212) Explain how changes in the proportion of contracts that are indexed affect how a given change in monetary policy will affect economic activity.Answer: An increase in nominal money growth will increase the real money supply causing an increase in economic activity. As the proportion of labor contracts that are indexed increases, the effects of changes in unemployment on inflation would increase. A reduction in u will cause an increase in inflation. When inflation rises in a period, some contracts (those that are indexed)will call for an immediate increase in wages further increasing inflation within that period. As indexation becomes more prevalent, that secondary effect on inflation will be magnified. This magnification of the inflation effect will cause the real money supply to increase by a smaller amount and, therefore, reduce the output effects of a given monetary expansion.Diff: 213) Based on the 'early incarnation' of the Phillips curve, explain what effect a decrease in the unemployment rate will have on the inflation rate.Answer: An decrease in u will cause a rise in W. As W rises, firms' costs increase. As firms' costs increase, they will raise the price level. This increase in the price level represents, in this case, inflation.Diff: 214) Why has the U.S. natural rate of unemployment fallen since the early 1990s?Answer: Researchers have offer a number of explanations: Increased globalization and stronger competition between US and foreign firms may have led to a decrease in monopoly power and a decrease in the markup; The nature of the labor market has changed; the aging of the US population; an increase in the prison population and the increase in the number of workers on disability.Diff: 215) Explain the natural unemployment rate and its relationship to inflation rate.Answer: The natural unemployment rate is the unemployment rate at which the inflation rate remains constant. When the actual unemployment rate exceeds the natural rate of unemployment, the inflation rate typically decreases; when the actual unemployment rate is less than the natural unemployment, the inflation rate typically increases.Diff: 216) What is the difference between deflation and disinflation?Answer: Deflation refers to a decrease in the price level, or equivalently, negative inflation. Disinflation is a decrease in the inflation rate.Diff: 117) How will the crisis affect the natural rate of unemployment?Answer: There is an increasing worry that the increase in the actual unemployment rate may eventually translate into an increase in the natural unemployment rate. Workers who have been unemployed for a long time may lose their skills, or their morale, and become unemployable, leading to a higher natural rate.Diff: 2。

宏观经济学第八章习题及答案

宏观经济学第八章习题及答案

第八单元经济增长理论本单元所涉及到的主要知识点:1.经济增长的含义、特征与源泉;2.哈罗德(Harrod)-多马(Domar)经济增长模型;3.新古典经济增长模型;4.新剑桥经济增长模型;5.新经济增长理论;6.经济增长率与经济增长因素的分析。

一、单项选择1.下列选项中,()不是发展中国家的特征。

a.贫穷;b.稳定的资本存量;c.发展工业基础;d.商业欠发达。

2.产油富国与发达国家的共同点是()。

a.收入分配较为公平;b.有大量资本设备;c.人均收入高;d.出口制成品为主。

3.下列选项中,()不是人均生产函数的特征。

a.随着人均资本存量的增加,人均产量也增加;b.对于每一个既定的人均生产函数来说,技术状态是不变的;c.随着资本存量增加,人均生产函数向上移动;d.收益递减规律适用于人均生产函数。

4.下列选项中,()是提高增长率的最好方法。

a.发现新的自然资源供给;b.发展新技术;c.提高人口增长率;d.增加出口。

5.下列选项中,()不是发展中国家经济发展的主要障碍。

a.人口增长;b.跨国公司的存在;c.工业基础差;d.国际债务。

6.下列选项中,()属于资本深化。

a.人口增长2%,资本存量增加5%;b.人口增长2%,资本存量增加2%;c.人口增加2%,资本存量增加1%;d.人口没有增长,资本存量也没有增加7.在20世纪80年代后的新增长理论中,技术进步是()。

a.经济增长的余量;b.经济增长的外生变量;c.经济增长的内生变量;d.引起经济增长的次要因素。

8.当储蓄水平既定时,()。

a.政府预算赤字越大,经常账户赤字越大,投资就越多;b.政府预算赤字越大,经常账户赤字越小,投资就越多;c.政府预算赤字越小,经常账户赤字越大,投资就越多;d.政府预算赤字越小,经常账户赤字越小,投资就越多。

9.当一国陷入低收入水平不断增强的状况时就被称为处于()。

a.不发达陷阱;b.流动性陷阱;c.非工业化陷阱;d.低资本化陷阱。

《宏观经济学》习题与解答8

《宏观经济学》习题与解答8

《宏观经济学》习题8第八章总需求函数(曲线)和总供给函数(曲线)一、基本概念总需求总需求函数总需求曲线总供给总供给函数总供给曲线宏观生产函数潜在就业量(充分就业量)潜在产量充分就业均衡长期总供给曲线古典的总供给曲线短期总供给曲线二、判断题(F,T)1.当价格水平发生变动时,IS曲线和LM曲线的位置相应移动。

()2.现代凯恩斯主义的总需求曲线可由费雪方程推出。

3.名义货币供给不变时,价格水平的变动将引起总需求的变动。

()4.由IS-LM模型推出的总需求曲线一定向右下方倾斜。

5.IS曲线的利率弹性越大,AD曲线越陡峭。

()6.货币乘数越大,AD曲线越平坦。

()7.货币需求的利率弹性越大,AD倾斜越陡峭。

(8.货币需求的收入弹性越大,AD曲线越平坦。

“()9.当IS-LM模型出现古典理论的极端情况时,AD曲线为一垂线。

()10.当IS-LM模型出现凯恩斯主义的极端情况时,AD曲线为一垂线。

()11.财政政策通过对LM曲线位置的影响而影响AD曲线。

12.货币政策通过对IS曲线位置的影响而影响AD曲线。

13.当采用扩张性的经济政策时,对应每一价格水平的总需求水平都有提高。

()14.名义货币供给量的增加将引起总需求曲线同比例的移动。

15.总供给曲线同时反映了要素市场和产品市场的状态。

16.当产出水平达到充分就业的产出水平时,意味着全部可用的生产资源均已得到充分利用。

()17.当劳动的边际产品一定时,劳动需求是实际工资的减函数。

()18.劳动需求曲线由均衡的实际工资水平和就业水平所决定.的点组成。

()19.根据新古典总供给模型,劳动需求曲线和劳动供给曲线的交点处既不存在失业,也不存在工作岗位的闲置。

()20.短期总供给曲线即古典理论的总供给曲线。

()21.新古典理论和凯恩斯主义均认为就业量决定产量()。

22.垂直的总供给曲线意味着长期而言经济能达到充分就业状态。

()23.长期总供给曲线即潜在产量线。

()24.在短期生产函数中,由于时间与其他因素的限制,所有生产要素的数量均不能改变。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

第8章 经济增长理论8.1 考点难点归纳经济增长理论研究国民经济长期发展的问题,其发展主要经过了三个阶段:哈罗德-多马模型、新古典经济增长模型和内生增长模型。

经济增长理论中,基本的模型为哈罗德-多马模型,而哈罗德-多马模型的不稳定性为考查的重点。

经济增长理论属于西方经济学中较难的部分,有些名牌大学的考研题非常难,报考这类大学的考生需要对其做深入的分析和理解(如北京大学2000年就考了solow 经济增长模型)。

1.经济增长的含义和源泉在宏观经济学中,经济增长通常被定义为产量的增加。

具体理解有两层含义:(1)经济增长指一个经济体所产生的物质产品和劳务在一个相当长时期内的持续增长,即经济总产量的增长;(2)经济增长是按人口平均计算的实际产出的持续增长,即人均产量的增长。

作为经济增长源泉的最主要的因素是:劳动数量增加和质量提高(即人力资本的增长)、资本存量的增加和技术进步(是广义概念,包括采用新技术、新产品、先进管理手段以及资源配置的高效率等)。

增长率的分解式为:K L A Y G G G G βα++=,式中,G Y 为产出的增长率;G A 为技术进步增长率;G L 和G K 分别为劳动和资本的增长率;a 和β为参数,分别是劳动和资本的产出弹性。

2.哈罗德-多马模型哈罗德-多马模型主要研究在保持充分就业的条件下,储蓄和投资的增长与收入增长之间的关系。

(1)模型的假设前提①全社会只生产一种产品。

②储蓄S 是国民收入Y 的函数,即S =sY (s 代表这个社会的储蓄比例,即储蓄在国民收入中所占的份额。

)③生产过程中只使用两种生产要素,即劳动L 和资本K 。

④不存在技术进步,也不存在资本折旧问题。

⑤劳动力按照一个固定不变的比率增长。

⑥生产规模报酬不变,即生产任何一单位产品所需要的资本和劳动的数量都是固定不变的。

⑦不存在货币部门,且价格水平不变。

(2)模型的基本方程 哈罗德模型的基本方程为:vs Y Y G =∆= 式中,G 表示国民收入增长率△Y/Y (即经济增长率),s 表示储蓄率S/Y ,v 表示边际资本-产量比率△K/△Y (假定边际资本—产量比率等于资本—产量比率K/Y ),且v =I/△Y 。

它表明,要实现均衡的经济增长,国民收入增长率就必须等于社会储蓄倾向与资本产量比二者之比。

多马模型的基本方程为: G =△I/I =s ·δ式中,△I/I 为投资增长率,即为哈罗德模型中的经济增长率;δ表示资本生产率△Y/I ,即哈罗德模型中v 的倒数。

多马模型与哈罗德模型的区别在于多马模型用资本生产率表示资本—产量比率,且G 表示投资增长率,故:δ⋅==s vs G (3)实际增长率、有保证的增长率和自然增长率①实际增长率G A指在一定储蓄比例之下由资本的实际变化量与国民收入的实际变化量的比率v 导出的国民收入增长率,用G A 表示,G A =s/v②有保证的增长率G W式中,s d 为合意的储蓄率(假设既定),v r 为企业家意愿中所需要的资本-产量比率。

所谓“有保证的增长率”是指与令企业家意愿中所需求的资本-产量比率v r 相适应的国民收入增长率,即指能满足投资等于储蓄的稳定的增长率。

其公式为:rd W v s G = 这一公式表明,当既定的合意储蓄率(符合居民意愿储蓄需求)和合意资本-产量比率(符合企业家意愿投资需求)所决定的增长率是有保证的增长率时,经济可以实现稳定的增长。

在此增长率下,企业家预期的投资需求恰好等于本期的储蓄供给。

③自然增长率G N动态分析中实现充分就业条件下均衡增长的要求为:A W N d rs s G G n G v v ===== 式中,G A 是由有效需求决定的实际增长率,G W 是d s 除以v r 所得的有保证的增长率,n 是一国的人口增长率,G N 是指人口增加和技术进步所容许的增长率,即自然增长率。

A .在分析经济短期波动原因时,哈罗德提出了实际增长率的概念。

若G A =G W ,实际投资率将等于合意的储蓄率(G A v =s=G W v r ),进而实现经济的稳定增长;若G A <G W ,实际投资率将低于合意的储蓄率而引起经济收缩;若G A >G w ,实际投资率将高于合意的储蓄率而导致经济扩张。

经济波动是由于这两者总是不一致而引起的。

B .在分析经济长期波动原因时,哈罗德提出了自然增长率的概念,即自然增长率是人口增长与技术进步所允许达到的长期的最大增长率(用n G 表示)。

其公式为:ro n v s G = 式中,s 0表示一定制度下最适宜的储蓄率,v r 表示预期的资本-产量比率。

若G W =G n ,表明社会的所有劳动能力和和生产设备在既定的技术水平下得到充分利用;若G W <G n ,表明储蓄和投资的增长率低于人口增长和技术进步所容许程度而出现长期繁荣趋势;若G W >G n ,表明储蓄和投资的增长率超过人口增长和技术进步所容许程度而出现长期停滞趋势。

(4)均衡增长路径的存在性问题和稳定性问题哈罗德模型需要解决这两个问题:第一个问题是经济沿着均衡途径增长的可能性是否存在,或者就具体的经济活动来说,是否存在一条均衡增长途径。

这个问题又被称为“存在性问题”。

第二个问题是,经济活动一旦偏离了均衡增长途径,其本身是否能够自动地趋向于均衡增长途径,这个问题又被称为“稳定性问题”。

①存在性问题哈罗德认为,实现充分就业均衡增长的可能性是存在的。

但另一方面,由于储蓄比例,实际资本-产量比和劳动力增长率分别是由各不相同的若干因素独立地决定的,因此,除非偶然的巧合,这种充分就业的均衡增长是不会出现的。

于是,哈罗德认为,虽然G N =G A =G W 这种理想的充分就业均衡增长途径是存在的,但是,一般说来,实现充分就业均衡增长的可能性是极小的,也就是说,在一般情况下,经济很难按照均衡增长途径增长。

②稳定性问题参见哈罗德的“不稳定原理”3.哈罗德的“不稳定原理”根据达到均衡增长要求的公式变形G A v =G W v r =s ,经济活动一旦偏离了均衡增长途径,即实际增长率与有保证的增长率之间一旦发生了偏差,经济活动不仅不能自我纠正,而且还会产生更大的偏离。

具体分析过程如下:如果G A 大于(或小于)G W ,那么v 就会小于(或大于)v r ,企业的固定资产和存货就会少于(或多于)企业家所需要的数量,进而促进企业家增加(或减少)订货,增加(或减少)投资,从而使实际产量水平进一步提高(或降低),最终使实际增长率G A 与有保证的增长率G W 之间出现更大的缺口,经济发展不是连续上升,就是连续下降,呈现出剧烈波动的状态。

4.新古典增长模型(1)新古典增长理论的基本假定:①社会储蓄函数为S =sY ,式中,s 是作为参数的储蓄率;②劳动力按一个不变的比率n 增长;③生产的规模报酬不变。

(2)基本方程在上述假定条件下,如果经济中经济中不存在技术进步,则索洛推导出新古典增长模型的基本方程为:k n sy k )(δ+-=∆式中k 为人均资本,s 为储蓄率,y 为人均产量(y=f (k )),n 为劳动力的增长率,δ为资本的折旧率。

从而sy 为社会的人均储蓄;(n +δ)k 为新增劳动力所配备的资本数量和资本折旧,称为资本广化(即意味着为每一个新生的工人提供平均数量的资本存量);k ∆为人均资本的增加,称为资本深化(即意味着每个工人占有的资本存量上升)。

因而新古典增长模型的基本方程又可表述为:资本深化=人均储蓄-资本广化(3)稳态分析①所谓稳态指的是一种长期均衡状态。

在稳态时,人均资本达到均衡值并维持在均衡水平不变;在忽略了技术变化的条件下,人均产量也达到稳定状态,即k 和y 达到一个持久性的水平。

②稳态的条件为:)0()(=∆+=k k n sy 即δ稳态增长率为:n KK N N Y Y =∆=∆=∆ 因此,稳态中(人均资本不变,即0=∆k ),总产量(或国民收入)的增长率和总的资本存量的增长率均等于劳动力的增长率,n 即为稳态增长率(稳态中的产出增长率),且这一增长率是独立于储蓄率的(等式中无s )。

(4)储蓄率增加对产量增长的影响。

储蓄率的增加不能影响到稳态增长率(国为这一增长率是独立于储蓄率的),但确实能提高收入的稳态水平。

(5)人口增长对产量增长的影响①人口增长率的增加降低了人均资本的稳态水平,进而降低了人均产量的稳态水平。

②人口增长率的上升增加了总产量的稳态增长率。

(即要达到稳态,需维持较高的稳态增长率,否则无法保证稳态。

)(6)资本黄金分割律。

经济增长是一个长期的动态过程,提高一个国家的人均消费水平是一个国家经济发展的根本目的。

在此前提下,经济学家费尔著斯于1961年提出了黄金分割率,其基本内容是:如果一个经济体的目标是使人均消费最大化,那么在技术和劳动增长率固定不变时,经济中的人均资本量(资本-劳动比率)应使得资本的边际产品等于劳动的增长率,用方程表示为:n k f =')(*5.经济增长的因素分析丹尼森把影响经济增长因素归结为六个:(1)劳动;(2)资本存量的规模;(3)资源配置情况;(4)规模经济;(5)知识进展;(6)其他影响单位投入产量的因素。

其中,知识进展是发达国家最重要的增长因素(相对)。

这里知识进展含义广泛,包括技术知识、管理知识的进步和由于采用新的知识而产生的关于结构和设备更为有效的设计,还包括从国内外有组织的研究、个别研究人员和发明家,或者简单的观察和经验中得来的知识。

丹尼森认为,技术知识和管理知识的重要性是相同的,不能只重视前者而忽视后者。

库兹涅茨分析的经济增长因素有三个:(1)知识存量的增加;(2)劳动生产率的提高;(3)结构方面的变化。

库兹涅茨把知识力量因素和生产因素与结构因素联系起来,以强调结构因素对经济增长的重要影响,这是他与丹尼森分析的不同之处,同时也是一个重要贡献。

“倒U 字假说”,又称库兹涅茨曲线,是指:在经济未充分发展的阶段,收入分配将随同经济发展而趋于不平等;其后,经历收入分配暂时无大变化的时期,当到达经济充分发展阶段时,收入分配将趋于平等。

如果用横轴表示经济发展的某些指标(通常为人均产值),纵横表示收入分配不平等程度的指标,则这一假说揭示的关系呈倒U 字形。

6.新经济增长理论新经济增长理论是指用规模收益递增和内生技术进步来说明一国长期经济增长和各国增长率差异而展开的研究成果的总称。

新增长理论最重要的特征是试图使增长率内生化,因而又称为内生增长理论。

新古典增长理论的缺陷:稳态增长率的外生化是新古典增长理论最主要的缺陷(此类模型无法对劳动力增长率和技术进步率做出解释)。

此外,该理论关于经济中的生产函数具有规模报酬不变的性质的假定往往与事实不符。

而其对在稳态时经济增长与储蓄率应是无关联的预言出现经验性的偏差(数据明显显示,各国的储蓄率与增长是正相关)新增长理论模型有两种基本类型(完全竞争条件下):(1)外部性条件下的内生增长模型:此类模型采用马歇尔提出的外部经济分析法研究经济增长问题。

相关文档
最新文档