英文翻译最终版
北方民族大学外文文献翻译
译文题目对于Android系统的介绍
原稿题目An Introduction to Android System
系(部)名称: 计算机科学与工程学院
学生姓名:王紫晴
专业: 信息管理与信息系统
学号: 20122395
指导教师姓名:张海霞
北方民族大学教务处制
目录
An Introduction to AndroidSystem (1)
1.Android system architecture (1)
2. Android released version (2)
3. Androidapplication features (2)
4. Android development environment (3)
5. AndroidProgram structure (3)
6. Logcat tools (4)
7. Hello World (5)
对于安卓系统的介绍 (6)
1.Android系统架构 (6)
2. Andorid已发布的版本 (7)
3. Android应用特色 (8)
4. Android开发环境 (9)
5. Android程序结构 (9)
6. Logcat工具 (11)
7. Hello World (11)
An Introduction to AndroidSystem
Abstract
In many organizations, database development is from the beginning of enterprise data modeling, enterprise data modeling to determine the scope of the organization and the general content of the database. This step usually occurs in an organization's information system planning process, it is intended to create an overall description or interpretation of the organization data, rather than the design of a specific database. A particular database provides data for one or more information systems, and the enterprise data model (which may contain many databases) describes the range of data maintained by the organization. In enterprise data modeling, you review the current system, analyze the need to support the nature of the business domain, describe the need for further abstraction of the data, and the planning of one or more database development projects.
1.Android system architecture
Android's system architecture uses a layered architecture of the idea, as shown in figure. From the top to the bottom layer of a total of four, respectively, the application program layer, application framework layer, the system library and the Android runtime and Linux kernel. Each layer function is briefly described as follows:
1) application layer
The layer provides a number of core application packages, such as contact management, calendar, SMS, browser, maps and e-mail, etc.. At the same time, people can use the Java language to design and write their own applications, and these procedures and those of the core applications are equal and friendly coexistence.
2) application framework layer
This layer is the foundation of Android application development, the developer is in the majority of the situation is in dealing with it. Application framework layer including the window manager, inform manager, content providers, system view, the location manager, phone manager, resource manager, manager, activity manager and XMPP service of ten parts. On the Android platform, developers can fully access the API framework used by the core application. Also, any application can publish its own function module, and other applications can use the function modules that have been released. Based on this mechanism, the replacement of the platform itself, a variety of application components, it is very convenient for users.
3) the system library and the Android runtime
Library system includes nine subsystems, respectively is the layer management, media library, SQLite, OpenGLEState, freetype, WebKit, SGL, SSL and libc, include core library and the Dalvik virtual machine running Android. The former is compatible with the most of the Java language to call the function, and includes the core library for Android, such as android.os, https://www.360docs.net/doc/4b9907256.html,, android.media and so on. The latter is a Java virtual machine based on the register, the Dalvik virtual machine is
the important function of the completion of life cycle management, management of the stack, thread management, safe and exception management and garbage collection.
4) Linux kernel
Android core system services rely on the Linux2.6 kernel, such as security, memory management, process management, network protocol stack and driver model. Linux kernel is also used as the abstraction layer of the hardware and software stack. Driver: Binder (IPC) driver, flash memory driver, keyboard driver, WiFi driver, Audio driver, camera driver, display driver, power management, etc.
2.Android released version
Since September 2008, Google released Android 1.0 system, which is the Android system the earliest version, over the next few years, Google with amazing speed constantly updated released Android system, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 system launched the Android to occupy the market, a large number of. In February 2011, Google released Android 3.0 system, this system version is specifically for the tablet PC design, but also for Android version of the few failure, after the launch has not any improvement, market share is very few. But soon, in October of the same year, Google has released a Android 4.0 system, this system version no longer on mobile phones and tablet for differentiation between can Application on the phone can also be application in the plate, in addition is introduced many characteristics.
So Android the current market usage? Analysis of Android user versions since December 2009. Until May 2014, Jelly's Bean Android was the most widely used version, accounting for 61% of all users.
3.Android application features
1 )major components
Android four basic components are Activity, BroadcastReceiver radio receivers, Service services, Provider Content content providers.
Activity: an application, a Activity is usually a separate screen, it can be displayed on the top of the control can also listen to and handle the user's response to the incident. Communication between Activity through Intent. In the description of the structure of the Intent, there are two most important parts: the action and action of the corresponding data.
BroadcastReceive radio receiver, to: applications can use it to external events to filter only the interest of external events (such as when an incoming call, or network data when available) to receive and respond to. Broadcast receivers have no user interface. However, they can either start a activity or serice to respond to the information they receive, or NotificationManager to notify the user. Notice can be used in many ways to attract the attention of the user - flashing lights, shaking, playing sound, etc.. Generally put a persistent icon in the status bar, the user can open it and get the message.
Service services: a Service is a long life cycle, there is no user interface procedures, can be used to develop such as monitoring procedures.
Provider Content content provider: Android platform provides Provider Content to make an application specific data set available to other applications. These data can be stored in the file system, in an SQLite database, or in any other reasonable way, other applications can through the contentresolver class from the content provider access or
store data. (in application outsourcing a layer of shell).
2) rich control system
Android system for developers to provide the rich system controls, we can write beautiful interface, can also through the expansion of system control, custom control to meet the needs of self, the common controls are: textview, Buttion, EditText, some of the layout of the controls.
3) Persistence technology
Android system also comes with the SQLite database, SQLite database is a kind of lightweight, fast computing speed of the embedded relational database. It not only supports the standard SQL syntax, but also can be packaged by API good Android to operate, so that the storage and reading of data becomes very convenient.
4 )location
Mobile devices and PC compared to the location is a major highlight of the location, and now the basic Android phone is built in GPS, we can through the GPS, combined with our creativity, to create a LBS based products.
5) powerful media
Provides a rich multimedia services Android system, such as music, video, audio, pictures, alarm and other. All this all can be in the program through the code to control, make your application more rich and colorful.
6 )sensors
Android phones built-in a variety of sensors, such as acceleration sensors, sensor orientation, which is one of the characteristics of mobile devices, we can flexibly using these sensors, can make a lot of can not be realized in PC applications. For example, "WeChat shake", "search song shake" and other functions.
4 .Android development environment
Development environment to build the software needed to focus on the introduction of several important tools: SDK Eclipse, Android, ADT.SDK
1)Android
Android SDK from Google Android development kit. In the Android development process, we need to refer to the toolkit, which contains the API for developing applications for Android.
2)Eclipse
Java application development of the artifact, one of the best tools to use IDE, is characterized by open source, powerful plug-in function, can support a variety of language development. Of course in addition, Google also launched the Android studio, specifically tailored for Android program, but because Android studio just launched soon, less stable, after all, new tools or more, the eclipse is application has been very mature, a variety of online about the eclipse of difficult and complicated diseases solutions to many, compared to Android studio is relatively small.
3)ADT
ADT name called "Android development tools," is Google to provide an eclipse plug-in, for providing a powerful, integrated the Android development environment in eclipse.
5.Android program structure
1)SRC
There is no doubt that the SRC directory is placed where we all Java code and the
meanings of it here and ordinary Java projects under the SRC directory is exactly the same.
2)Gen
Is automatically generated in this directory content, there are a R.Java file you in the project add any resources will in which to generate a corresponding resource ID, this file is not manual to modify it.
3)assets
This directory can be stored in a number of files packaged with the program, you can run the program to read the contents of these files dynamically. In addition, if you use the WebView to load the function of the local web page, all the pages related files are stored in this directory.
4)bin
This directory page does not need too much attention, it contains a number of automatically generated at compile time. Of course, will include a compiled installation package, the suffix for the.Apk file.
5)LIBS
If the project is to use the third party jar package, you need to put these jar packages in the LIBS directory, in this directory will be automatically added to the jar package to build the path to go.
6)res
This directory content is a bit more, simple point that is used in the project all the pictures, layout, string and other resources to stored in the directory, R.Java mentioned in the content is according to the directory file automatically generated. Of course, this directory there are a lot of sub directories, pictures on the drawable directory, the layout on the layout directory, under the values directory in the directory.
7)AndroidManifest.xml
This is the configuration file for the entire Android project, and all four major components you have defined in the program need to be registered in this file. In addition, you can add a permission declaration to the application, or you can specify the minimum compatible version and the target version you specify when you create a project.
8)proguard-project.txt
In the release of your program, some APK files are easy to be anti compiler, so this time the file is played a role, used to confuse the program code, so that others are not so easy to see the source code.
9)project.properties
Specifies the SDK version used by the compiler
6.Logcat tools
Log in any project development process will play a very important role, in the Android project if you want to view the log must logcat tool to use.
Android provides a log tool class is Log, a total of five levels, the class increment.
1)Log.v ()
This method is used to print the most trivial, meaning the smallest log information. Corresponding level verbose, is the lowest level of the Android log inside a.
2)Log.d ()
This method is used to print some debugging information, which should be helpful to your debugging process and analysis problems. The corresponding level debug, higher than the verbose level.
3)Log.i ()
This method is used to print some of the more important data, these data should be what you want to see, you can help you analyze the kind of user behavior. The corresponding level info, higher than the debug level.
4)Log.w ()
This method is used to print a number of warning messages, suggesting that the program may have a potential risk in this place, it is best to repair the place where these warnings appear. The corresponding level warn, higher than the info level.
5)Log.e ()
This method is used to error messages printed in the program, such as the program to the catch statement. When there is an error message printed out, the general representative of your program has serious problems, and must be repaired as soon as possible. The corresponding level error, higher than the warn level.
7.Hello World
The default project created with Hello is World. Eclipse+ADT.
对于安卓系统开发的介绍
摘要
Android系统是一种以Linux为基础的开放源码操作系统，主要使用于便携设备。中国大陆地区较多人使用安卓（非官方）或安致（官方）。Android操作系统最初由Andy Rubin开发，最初主要支持手机。2005年由Google收购注资，并组建开放手机联盟开发改良，逐渐扩展到平板电脑及其他领域上。Android的主要竞争对手是苹果公司的iOS以及RIM的Blackberry OS。2011年第一季度，Android在全球的市场份额首次超过塞班系统，跃居全球第一。2011年11月数据，Android占据全球智能手机操作系统市场52.5%的份额，中国市场占有率为58%。可见其发展速度之快和应用范围之广。
1.Android系统架构
Android的系统架构采用了分层架构的思想，从上层到底层共包括四层，分别是应用程序程序层、应用框架层、系统库和Android运行时和Linux内核。每层功能简要介绍如下：
1)应用程序层
该层提供一些核心应用程序包，例如联系人管理、日历、短信、浏览器、地图和电子邮件等。同时，人们可以利用Java语言设计和编写属于自己的应用程序，而这些程序与那些核心应用程序彼此平等、友好共处。
2)应用程序框架层
该层是Android应用开发的基础，开发人员大部分情况是在和它打交道。应用程序框架层包括窗口管理器、通知管理器、内容提供者、视图系统、位置管理器、电话管理器、资源管理器、包管理器、活动管理器和XMPP服务十个部分。在Android平台上，开发人员可以完全访问核心应用程序所使用的API框架。并且，任意一个应用程序都可以发布自己的功能模块，而其他应用程序则可以使用那些已发布的功能模块。基于这样的重用机制，替换平台本身的各种应用程序组件，对用户来说就很便利。
3)系统库和Android运行时
系统库包括九个子系统，分别是图层管理、媒体库、SQLite、OpenGLEState、FreeType、WebKit、SGL、SSL和libc，Android运行时包括核心库和Dalvik虚拟机，前者既兼容了大多数Java语言所需要调用的功能函数，又包括了Android 的核心库，比如android.os、https://www.360docs.net/doc/4b9907256.html,、android.media等等。后者是一种基于寄
存器的java虚拟机，Dalvik虚拟机主要是完成对生命周期的管理、堆栈的管理、线程的管理、安全和异常的管理以及垃圾回收等重要功能。
4)Linux内核
Android核心系统服务依赖于Linux2.6内核，如安全性、内存管理、进程管理、网络协议栈和驱动模型。Linux内核也是作为硬件与软件栈的抽象层。驱动：Binder（IPC）驱动、flash内存驱动、键盘驱动、WiFi驱动、Audio驱动、摄像头驱动、显示驱动、电源管理等。
2.Android已发布的版本
图2-1
自从2008年9月，谷歌正式发布了Android 1.0系统，这也是Android系统最早的版本，随后的几年，谷歌以惊人的速度不断更新发布Android系统，2.1、
2.2、2.3系统推出使Android占据了大量的市场。2011年2月，谷歌发布了Android
3.0系统，这个系统版本是专门为平板电脑设计的，但也是Android为数不多比较失败的版本，推出之后一直不见什么起色，市场份额也很少。不过很快，在同年10月，谷歌又发布了Android
4.0系统，这个系统版本不再对手机和平板进行差异化区分，既可以应用在手机上也可以应用在平板上，除此之外，还引入了不少特性。
那么Android目前市场使用情况如何呢？自2009年12月起的Android用户版本分析。直至2014年5月，Android的Jelly Bean为最被广泛使用的版本，在所有用户中佔了61%。
3.Android应用特色
1)四大组件
Android四大基本组件分别是Activity，BroadcastReceiver广播接收器，Service 服务,Content Provider内容提供者。
Activity :应用程序中，一个Activity通常就是一个单独的屏幕，它上面可以显示一些控件也可以监听并处理用户的事件做出响应。Activity之间通过Intent进行通信。在Intent 的描述结构中，有两个最重要的部分：动作和动作对应的数据。
BroadcastReceive广播接收器:应用可以使用它对外部事件进行过滤只对感兴趣的外部事件(如当电话呼入时，或者数据网络可用时)进行接收并做出响应。广播接收器没有用户界面。然而，它们可以启动一个activity或serice 来响应它们收到的信息，或者NotificationManager 来通知用户。通知可以用很多种方式来吸引用户的注意力──闪动背灯、震动、播放声音等。一般来说是在状态栏上放一个持久的图标，用户可以打开它并获取消息。
Service 服务:一个Service 是一段长生命周期的，没有用户界面的程序，可以用来开发如监控类程序。
Content Provider内容提供者:android平台提供了Content Provider使一个应用程序的指定数据集提供给其他应用程序。这些数据可以存储在文件系统中、在一个SQLite数据库、或以任何其他合理的方式,其他应用可以通过ContentResolver类从该内容提供者中获取或存入数据.(相当于在应用外包了一层壳),
2)丰富的系统控件
Android系统为开发者提供了丰富的系统控件，我们可以编写漂亮的界面，也可以通过扩展系统控件，自定义控件来满足自我的需求，常见控件有：TextView、Buttion、EditText、一些布局控件等。
3)持久化技术
Android系统还自带了SQLite数据库，SQLite数据库是一种轻量级、运算速度极快的嵌入式关系型数据库。它不仅支持标准的SQL语法，还可以通过Android封装好的API进行操作，让存储和读取数据变得非常方便。
4)地理位置定位
移动设备和PC相比，地理位置定位是一大亮点，现在基本Android手机都内置了GPS，我们可以通过GPS，结合我们的创意，打造一款基于LBS的产品。
5)强大的多媒体
Android系统提供了丰富的多媒体服务，比如音乐、视频、录音、拍照、闹铃等，这一切都可以在程序中通过代码来进行控制，让你的应用变得更加丰富多彩。
6)传感器
Android手机中内置了多种传感器，比如加速传感器、方向传感器，这是移动设备的一大特点，我们可以灵活地使用这些传感器，可以做出很多在PC上无法实现的应用。比如“微信摇一摇"，“搜歌摇一摇”等功能。
4. Android开发环境
开发环境搭建所需要的软件，这里重点介绍几个重要工具：Android SDK、Eclipse、ADT。
1)Android SDK
Android SDK谷歌提供的Android开发工具包，在开发Android程序时，我们需要引用该工具包，里面包含了开发Android应用程序的API。
2)Eclipse
开发Java应用程序的神器，最好用IDE工具之一，特点是开源、超强的插件功能、可支持多种语言开发。当然除此之外，谷歌也推出了Android Studio，专门针对Android程序定制的，但因为Android Studio才刚推出不久，不太稳定，毕竟新工具问题还是比较多的，Eclipse被应用已经很成熟了，网上各种关于Eclipse疑难杂症的解决方案很多，相比Android Studio就比较少了。
3)ADT
ADT全称叫做"Android Development Tools"，是谷歌提供的一个Eclipse插件，用于在Eclipse提供一个强大的、集成的Android开发环境。
5.Android程序结构
1)src
毫无疑问，src目录是放置我们所有Java代码的地方，它在这里的含义和普通Java项目下的src目录是完全一样的。
2)gen
这个目录里的内容都是自动生成的，主要有一个R.Java文件，你在项目中添加任何资源都会在其中生成一个相应的资源ID，这个文件不要手动去修改它。
3)assets
这个目录里主要可以存放一些随程序打包的文件，在你的程序运行时可以动态读取到这些文件的内容。另外，如果你的程序中使用到了WebView加载本地网页的功能，所有网页相关的文件也都存放在这个目录下。
4) bin
这个目录页不需要过多的关注，它主要包含了一些在编译时自动产生的文件。当然，会包括一个编译好的安装包，后缀为.apk的文件。
5) libs
如果项目中使用到了第三方的jar包，就需要把这些jar包放在libs目录下，放在这个目录下的jar包都会被自动添加到构建路径里去。
6)res
这个目录下的内容就有点多，简单点说，就是在项目中使用到的所有图片、布局、字符串等资源都要存放在这个目录下，前面提到的R.Java中的内容也是根据这个目录下的文件自动生成的。当然这个目录下还有很多子目录，图片放在drawable目录下，布局放在layout目录下，字符串放在values目录下。
7)AndroidManifest.xml
这是整个Android项目的配置文件，你在程序中定义的所有四大组件都需要在这个文件中注册。另外还可以在这个文件给应用程序添加权限声明，也可以重新指定你创建项目时指定的程序最低兼容版本和目标版本。
8) proguard-project.txt
在发布你的程序时候，有些apk文件容易被人反编译，所以此时这个文件就发挥作用了，用来混淆程序代码，让别人不那么容易看到源代码。
9)project.properties
指定了编译程序时候所用的SDK版本
6.Logcat工具
日志在任何项目的开发过程中都会起到非常重要的作用，在Android项目中如果想要查看日志则必须要使用Logcat工具。
Android提供了一个日志工具类是Log，总共有五个等级，级级递增。
1)Log.v()
这个方法用于打印那些最为琐碎的，意义最小的日志信息。对应级别verbose，是Android 日志里面级别最低的一种。
2)Log.d()
这个方法用于打印一些调试信息，这些信息对你调试程序和分析问题应该是有帮助的。对应级别debug，比verbose 高一级。
3)Log.i()
这个方法用于打印一些比较重要的数据，这些数据应该是你非常想看到的，可以帮你分析用户行为的那种。对应级别info，比debug 高一级。
4)Log.w()
这个方法用于打印一些警告信息，提示程序在这个地方可能会有潜在的风险，最好去修复一下这些出现警告的地方。对应级别warn，比info 高一级。
5)Log.e()
这个方法用于打印程序中的错误信息，比如程序进入到了catch 语句当中。当有错误信息打印出来的时候，一般都代表你的程序出现严重问题了，必须尽快修复。对应级别error，比warn 高一级。
7.Hello World
用Eclipse+ADT创建的默认项目就是Hello World.
2014年英语四级短文翻译预测集锦
短文翻译集锦 1. 中秋习俗 在中国月饼是一种特殊的食品，广受海内外华人的欢迎。中秋节吃月饼就好比圣诞节吃馅饼(mince pies)。为了庆祝中秋节，中国人通常做两件事：一是观赏满月。二是品尝美味的月饼。中秋节是每年农历八月十五日。据说，这一天的月亮是一年中最圆的。而月亮正是庆贺中秋的全部主题。在中国人眼中，月饼象征着全家人的大团圆。 参考译文： Moon cakes are a special kind of food in China. They are very popular with the Chinese at home and abroad. Moon cakes are to Mid-Autumn Festival what mince pies are to Christmas. To celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival, Chinese usually do two things: enjoy the full moon and eat delicious moon cakes. Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar. It is the time when the moon is said to be at its brightest and fullest. And the moon is what this celebration is all about. In the eyes of the Chinese people, a moon cake symbolizes the reunion of all family members. 2.传统艺术 皮影戏又称“影子戏”。它是中国著名民间戏剧形式之一。表演时艺人通常一边演唱一边操纵用兽皮或纸板制作的人物形象。它们的影子通过灯光出现在帘布上。这营造了有人物在活动的幻象。有时表演者需要控制三到四个偶人。皮影戏在我国历史悠久，元代时还曾传到世界上很多国家，迷倒了不少国外戏迷，被人们亲切地称为“中国影灯”。 参考译文 The shadow puppet play, also known as ‘shadow play’, is one of China’s famous folk opera forms. During the performance, players usually sing while holing/manipulating human figures, which are made of animal skin and paper board. The shadows of those human figures are reflected on a curtain through the light. This creates the illusion of moving images. Sometimes the performer needs to control three or four puppets. Shadow puppet play enjoys a long history in China. It was introduced to many countries during the Yuan Dynasty and attracted many foreign audience. They call the art form Chinese shadow play. 3.社交饥渴 手机，是一项伟大的发明。但很显然，手机也刷新了人与人的关系。会议室门口通常贴着一条公告：请与会者关闭手机。可是，会议室里手机铃声仍然响成一片。我们都是普通人，并没有多少特别重要的事情。尽管如此，我们也不会轻易关掉手机。打开手机象征着我们与这个世界的联系。显然，手机反映出我们的“社交饥渴症”。(thirst for socialization) 参考译文 The cell phone is a great invention. But obviously, It has altered the relationship among people. There is usually a notice on the door of the meeting room, which reads, “Please turn off your hand-set.” However, phones ring now and then when the meeting goes on. We are but ordinary people and have few urgencies to tackle with. Never the less, we will not switch off our
当今最潮的英语翻译
伪球迷biased fans 紧身服straitjacket 团购group buying 奉子成婚shortgun marriage 婚前性行为premartial sex 开博to open a blog 家庭暴力family volience 问题家具problem furniture 炫富flaunt wealth 决堤breaching of the dike 上市list share 赌球soccer gambling 桑拿天sauna weather 自杀Dutch act 假发票fake invoice 落后产能outdated capacity 二房东middleman landlord 入园难kindergarten crunch 生态补偿ecological compensation 金砖四国BRIC countries 笑料laughing stock 泰国香米Thai fragrant rice 学历造假fabricate academic credentials 泄洪release flood waters 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景bleak prospects 文艺爱情片chick flick 惊悚电影slasher flick 房奴车奴mortgage slave 上课开小差zone out 万事通know-it-all 毕业典礼commencement 散伙饭farewell dinner 毕业旅行after-graduation trip 节能高效的fuel-efficient 具有时效性的time-efficient 死记硬背cramming 很想赢be hungry for success 面子工程face job 捉迷藏play tag 射手榜top-scorer list 学历门槛academic threshold 女学究blue stocking
英语强化翻译 汉化版
Due to …no cure no pay? basis, salvors traditionally looked for incidents with high chance of success in saving ships and cargoes on board, ignoring environmental protection. 基于“无效果，无报酬”的惯例，传统上救助方着重于事故中如何以高成功率救援船舶和货物而忽视了对环境的保护。 The International Convention on Salvage 1989 changes the scene with an introduction of Article 14: 在1989版国际救助公约中，以第14条条款的规定改变了这种现象： 1. If the salvor has carried out salvage operations in respect of a vessel which by itself or its cargo threatened damage to the environment and has failed to earn a reward under Article 13 at least equivalent to a special compensation assessable in accordance with this article, he shall be entitled to special compensation from the owner of that vessel equivalent to his expenses as herein defined. 1，如果救助方考虑到所救船舶或货物对环境已有污染的危险而开始了打捞救助作业，同时依据本公约不能获得基于第13条款的最低特别补偿款，救助方可以从船东处获得他所花费相当的特别补偿款。 2. If, in the circumstances set out in paragraph 1, the salvor by his salvage operations has prevented or mimimized damages to the environment, the special compensation payable by the owner to the salvor under paragraph 1 may be increased up to a maximum of 30 per cent of the expenses incurred by the salvor. 2，在这种情况下，如按照第1项设定的情形，救助方因其救助行为已达到预防或使环境污染最小化的成果，船东依第1项所给付给救助方的特别补偿款可以在救助方最大花费的基础上增加30%。 3. Salvor?s expenses for th e purpose of paragraphs 1 and 2 means the out-of-pocket expenses reasonably incurred by the salvor in the salvage operation and a fair rate for equipment and personnel actually and reasonably used in the salvage operation, taking into consideration the cri teria set out in Article 13, paragraph 1(h), (i), and (j).? 3，第1，2项中所说的救助方花费是指救助方用于救助行为中关于救助设备，救助人员的额外，合理，公平费率的预算之外的支出，结合考虑第13条款中第1（h），（i），（j）项的规定。 4. The total special compensation under this article shall be paid only if and to the extent that such compensation is greater than any reward recoverable by the salvor under article 13. 4，只有在基于第13款情况下，补偿款远多于救助方能获得的救助报酬，全部的特别补偿款才应该支付。 5. If the salvor has been negligent and has thereby failed to prevent or minimize damage to the environment, he may be deprived of the whole or part of any special compensation due under this article. 5，如果是由于救助方疏忽而至其没能防止污染或使污染最小化，救助方可以被剥夺获取全部或部分基于公约的特别补偿款。
研究生英语课文翻译第十单元
10.科学危险吗？ 1．知识是危险的这一观念在我们的文化中根深蒂固。圣经中的亚当和夏娃被禁食“智慧之树”上的果实，而弥尔顿《失乐园》中的蛇将此树称为“科学之母”。当亚当试图向天使长拉斐尔询问有关宇宙本质的问题时，拉斐尔建议他最好“知之甚少”。事实上，西方文献中有大量关于科学家扰乱自然界，而后导致灾难后果的记载。科学家被描绘成一群冷酷和无视伦理道德的人。 2．那么科学真地是危险的吗？科学家需要肩负起特定的社会责任吗？我们必须认识到，可靠的科学知识并不负载道德或伦理的价值。科学只告诉我们世界为何等模样：我们人类不处于宇宙的中心这一事实本身无好坏之分；基因会影响我们的智力和行为这一可能性亦无优劣之别。道德义务 3．当科学研究在现实生活中进行时，就会带来危害性及有关的伦理问题，例如涉及人或其它动物的实验；或是将研究成果用于技术实施；又或是相关的研究涉及到人们的安全问题。由此可见，科学和技术之间有一重要区别：科学知识旨在了解自然，而技术却是运用这一知识制造产品或将这一知识运用于实际目的。 4．科学研究推导有关世界本质的观念，而技术观念则旨在制造可使用的产品。技术远比科学源远流长。而且没有科学的指引，单凭技术也发展了诸如农业和金属制造业之类的行业。我认为19世纪之前，科学实际上未对技术做出太多的贡献——即使是那些辉煌的技术成果，如蒸汽机和文艺复兴时期的大教堂，也是在没有任何科学观念的影响下，通过当时人们富于想象的反复试验完成的。 5．无论发明什么样的技术，科学家均不应该对该技术的运用做涉及道德伦
理方面的决策，因为他们在这方面没有任何特殊的权利或能力。如果要求科学家承担更多的社会义务，并赋予他们特权进行相关的决策，那么将会出现严重的危机。科学家所承担的社会责任有别于他们与其他公民共同分担的社会义务（例如支持民主社会或尊重他人权益），这种责任源于他们具备专业的知识去了解世界的本质，而普通人未能拥有这些知识。科学家的义务是公开他们的研究成果以及有关的技术应用对社会可能产生的影响，同时还需对研究的可靠性加以评价。在大多数的科学研究领域，就公众而言，某一理论的对错无关紧要，然而在某些领域，如有关人类和植物基因的研究，理论的是非会变得至关重要。 6．如果客观冷静地审视以往的事实，我们很难发现科学家在有关研究中表现出有悖伦理的行为。例如最近在英国和其它地方出现的疯牛病现象，以及在法国引起轩然大波的由输血导致的艾滋病丑闻中，我们发现与某些人所宣称的现象完全不同，科学家在这些事件中并未表现出任何违反公共伦理道德的行为。 7．科学研究中最明显的不道德行为是优生运动。这一运动的科学理据至为关键：人类绝大多数的特征（好的或不好的）均为遗传。进行此项研究的科学家未能全面评价这一观点的可靠性，对这一观点的后果也是考虑不周。更有甚者，也是更应受到谴责的是，这批科学家似乎在一种他们认为是有益于社会的观念的驱使之下，得出有关的结论。与此相反，那些共同研究原子弹的科学家的行为表现得十分合乎伦理。他们承担各自的社会责任，知会政府有关原子理论可能会产生的社会影响。是否制造原子弹的决策权在于政治家，而不是科学家。那么应不应该赋予科学家同样的决策权呢？对那些进行优生研究的德国科学家而言，他们本应该感到作为科学家和公民之间的义务冲突。
2014年英语翻译
A storm forces a plane to make an emergency landing on a deserted island.一个风暴迫使一架飞机紧急降落在一个荒无人烟的小岛上。 After I finished high school,I just wasn't ready to go on to college.当我中学毕业后，我只是没有准备好继续上大学。Although some people find reasons to justify plagiarism, others feel the issue is clear-cut尽管有些人找理由去证明抄袭是合理的，另一些人觉得问题是明显的。 Although the film may seem exaggerated to some, that’s not how most filmgoers feel.虽然影片看似夸张一些，这不是大多数影迷的感觉。And,what's worse,most people have resigned themselves wo a life of forgetting.并且更糟糕的是，大多数人顺从于健忘的生活。 Because it is based in Bombay(Mumbai), it is popularly called Bollywood-from the words Bombay and Hollywood.因为它是建立在孟买，通常叫它从词孟买和好莱坞合成来的宝莱坞。 Cirque du Soleil is an amazing circus show that pairs incredible feats of strength and balance with dazzling costumes and sets.太阳马戏团的演出是精彩的马戏团表演，演出节目把难以置信的各种力量的特技组合在一起并且令人眼花缭乱的演出服装和场景平衡在一起。 Heroes drive around in flashy cars, actresses twirl around in beautiful costumes, and the poor boy always triumphs against the rich villain.英雄人物开着浮华的车跑来跑去，女演员穿着漂亮的服装转来转去，那个贫穷可怜的男孩总是战胜富有的恶棍。If you keep telling yourself that your memory is bad,your mind will come to believe it and you won't remember things.如果你坚持对自己说你的记忆 力差，你的思想会开始相信它，你也将 会开始它，然后你就不会记住东西了。 In fact ,in 1945,the United Nations was founded to help countries resolve disputes peacefully.事实上，在1945年， 联合国被成立帮助和平解决争端。 In that country,feet are considered unclean,and Muslims felt the company was insulting God's name by having people walk on it.在那个国家，脚被认 为是不干净的，穆斯林人感觉公司在通 过让人们走在上帝的名字上面进行侮 辱。 Late one night in 1880,a group of miners were headed back to their camp after a good time in town.在1880年的 一个深夜，在小镇的好时光过去后，一 队矿工朝着他们的露营地靠近。 Now I sort of resent that I couldn't go. Sometimes I think that if I'd been a little more selfish,I could have done both.现 在我有点愤怒我没有去。有时我想如果 当时我更自私一点，我就可以把两件事 都做了。 Once,however,it was prisperous mining town where thousands came with dreams of finding silver and making their fortune.然而曾经，那是一个繁荣的采 矿小镇，成千的人带着找到白银和发家 致富的梦想来到这里。 Run by local youth(most of the program’s tutors are teenagers, while many students are adults.)由当地青年组 织的沟通和理解（项目的大部分教师是 青少年，而很多学生都是成年人。） She had predicted that she would win tournaments during her first year in major competitions.她预言在她第一年 的大赛当中，她会赢得冠军。 Some people claim that copying is necessary to do well in school. They have realized that their own words are not as someone else’s.有些人认为抄袭 是在学校取得好成绩的必要条件。他们 已经意识到自己的话是不如别人的。 Technologically,the greates contributor to the global village is the microchip-an electronic circuit on a tiny chip.从科技 角度来说，地球村最伟大的成果是微型 芯片，即很小的一个芯片上的电子电 路。 The campaign was so successful in the United States，Pepsi translated its slogan literally for its international capaign.活 动在美国办得很成功，百事为全球性的 广告活动，逐字翻译了它的广告语。 The Cold War finally ended and the political climate changed between 1989and1991,when the governments of the Soviet Union and several Eastern European countries collapsed.冷战最后 结束了，政治气候在1989至1991年间， 在苏联和东欧政府垮台后转变了。 The institute allows visitors from around the country to live with a local host family and attend classes.学院允许 来自全国各地的游客与当地的家庭生 活和上课。 The lights might have been reflectins of lights from the town,but Silver Cliff's lights seemed too dim to have this effect. 这光束可能是来自城镇里光的反射，但 是银牙城的光好像太暗能有这样的效 果。 The simplest form of plagiarism occurs when someone copies material without giving credit to the source.最简单形式 的剽窃发生在有人复制材料没有给予 材料的来源。 These eerie lights seemed to be dancing on the graves,disappearing and then appearing again.这些可怕的光好像是 在坟墓上跳舞，消失了又再次出现。 These people believe that students who plagiarize benefit unfairly.这些人认为， 学生通过抄袭取得成绩是不公平的。 This is a lesson that some large American corporation have learned the hard way.这是一个教训，一些大的美国 公司经过艰难困苦才学到的。 Through television programs transmitted by satellite,we are exposed to many cultures.通过卫星转播的电视 节目，我们面临着许多文化冲突。 To improve your memory,you'll need to take an active role.Like your body ,your memory can be strengthened through exercise.为提高你的记忆力，你需要扮 演一个积极行动的角色。爱惜你的身 体，你的记忆力可以通过锻炼加强。 Today，the town of Silver Cliff， Colorado，has a population of only 100 people.目前，科罗拉多州银牙城拥有仅 仅100个人口。 When General Motors introduced its Chevy Nova into Latin America,it overlooked the fact that No va in Spanish means"It doesn't go."当通用汽 车向拉丁美洲人介绍他们的雪佛莱汽 车时，却忽略了No va用西班牙语意思 是“不能走”的实事。 You may also want to make associatins ,or links,between what you're trying to remember and things you already know.你也会想要建立你尝试 记住的事情和你已经记住的事情之间 的联系。
50个很潮的英文单词
发表日期：2015-09-29 07:48 来源：80后励志网编辑：80后点击：3321次 文章标签: 英语名言教育好文读书励志英语教育 文章导读:英语是国际性的语言，英语在我们的生活中使用率也越来越高，下面这50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会哦！ 50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 1.预约券 reservation ticket 2.下午茶 high tea 3.微博 Microblog/ Tweets 4.裸婚 naked wedding 5.亚健康 sub-health 6.平角裤 boxers 7.愤青 young cynic 8.灵魂伴侣 soul mate 9.小白脸 toy boy 10.精神出轨 soul infidelity 11.人肉搜索 flesh search 12.浪女 dillydally girl 13.公司政治 company politics 14.剩女 3S lady(single，seventies,stuck)/left girls 15.山寨 copycat 16.异地恋 long-distance relationship 17.性感妈妈 yummy mummy ; milf(回复中指出的~) 18.钻石王老五 diamond bachelor;most eligible bachelor 20.时尚达人 fashion icon 21.御宅 otaku 22.上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 23.脑残体 leetspeak 24.学术界 academic circle 25.哈证族 certificate maniac 26.偶像派 idol type 27.住房公积金 housing funds 28.个税起征点 inpidual income tax threshold 29.熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 30.挑食者 picky-eater 31.伪球迷 fake fans 32.紧身服 straitjacket 33.团购 group buying 34.奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 35.婚前性行为 premarital sex 36.开博 to open a blog 37.家庭暴力 family/domestic violence (由回复更正) 38.问题家具 problem furniture
(CET6)翻译终极预测[绝密版]
2016年六月英语六级（CET6）翻译终极预测[绝密版] 汉语热 翻译原文： 汉语热指近年来越来越多的外国人开始学习汉语的现象。在很多国家，学汉语的人数在迅速增长。据统计，全世界已有109个国家、3000多所高等学校开设了汉语课程。一项调查显示，他们学习汉语的主要目的是去中国旅游、从事贸易活动、了解中国和中国文化。汉语热背后的原因是中国经济的飞速发展，它使中国的国际地位和影响力得到了提升。全球“汉语热”传达了世界各国人民渴望了解中国文化的信息。 重点词汇： 普及 popularize 汉语热 Chinese language craze/fever;Mandarin craze 越来越多 a growing number of;more and more 据统计 according to statistics/figures 开设汉语课程 offer courses on Chinese language/Mandarin 显示 indicate/show 从事 engage in / deal with 贸易活动 trade activity 背后的原因 underlying reason;reason behind 国际地位 international status 传达 convey / deliver 参考译文： Chinese language craze refers to the phenomenon that a growing number of foreigners start to learn Chinese. The number of Chinese learners increases rapidly in many countries. According to statistics, more than 3000 institutions of higher education in 109 countries are offering courses on Chinese language. A survey indicates that they learn Chinese for the main purpose of travelling in China, engaging in trade activities and knowing China and the Chinese culture. The underlying reasons for this craze lie in the rapid development of China’s economy, which enhances the international status and the influence of China. This global Chinese language craze conveys a message that people around the world are eager to know the Chinese culture.
研究生英语翻译答案
Unit 2 III Translation Practice Exercise 1 A. 1. 麦当劳有很多让农民恼怒的事：千篇－律，平淡无味，还有其所代表的烹饪霸权 2. 至少有40种植物已经通过了政府审核。 3. 到目前为止，还没有任何迹象表明基因重组作物会对任何人造成任何伤害。 4. 即使还没有法律措施，公众舆论正以更加怀疑的态度看待基因改良技术。 5. 这种优质作物受到农民的欢迎是情有可原的，因为对他们来说，产量即使有一丁点 的增长也就意味着利润上的极大提高。 B. 1. In recent years Europeans have become increasingly jumpy about bad food – and with good reason. 2. This year the E.U. banned the importation of non-approved GM corn. 3. It is crucially important that we take stock of this technology’s probable effects on our planet’s ecosystems. 4. We should also take a sober look at the effect of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. 5. Nature is never idle. Through random mutations, nature constantly tests new genetic models of organisms. Exercise 2. A. 1. 全世界的人们都在密切地注视他们食品中的基因构成——并地为他们所看到的一切 越发感到不安。在过去的十年里，随着科学家们将无数的水果和蔬菜的基因重组，使平常的农作物变成了能抵御霜冻、经得起除草剂，甚至产生消灭自身害虫作用的超级作物，基因改良食品已日益成为普遍现象。就总数而言，超过4,500的基因改良植物已经过测试，其中至少有40种——包括13种玉米，11种西红柿和4种大豆——已经通过了政府的审核。 2. 但是，一个国家的禁令对另一国家而言就是一种贸易保护主义，美国对欧洲的举动 持怀疑态度。自从欧洲决定继续禁止进口助长荷尔蒙的美国牛肉以来，美国通过对欧洲某些出口食品征收100%的关税作为反击，欧美之间的关系近来变得越发紧张。在这种激烈的争斗中，转基因食品禁令的审慎态度与报复差不多/ 看似是报复行为，其实是一种审慎。此外，假如欧洲如此担忧转基因食品的话，为什么还要生产它们呢？法国生产的转基因粮食规模不大，而消费得却比其它欧洲国家多。 B. 1. Ready or not, the world is entering the age of genetic engineering. Altered environments and human-created life forms will be part of this new age. Plants may be transformed into miniature factories producing plastics, medicines, or perfumes. Animals may be given human genes to make their tissues compatible with humans, allowing animal hearts and other organs to be transplanted into critically ill people. 2. We should also take a sober look at the effects of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. Because the agricultural and medical benefits of genetic engineering are expensive, poor individuals and poor nations will not be able to afford them – at least not for years to come. As a result, the economic gap between rich and poor is likely to widen. In
翻硕14年英语翻译基础真题
翻硕14年英语翻译基础真题 第一部分短语翻译 英译汉部分(1*15=15’) CA TTI GRE GDP play of words Kumara Jiva semantic translation cultural untranslatability descriptive translation studies idiomatic expressions in English ideological conflict interpreter's booth negative transfer of culture over-loaded translation Robinson Crusoe Gone with the Wind 汉译英部分(1*15=15’) 兵马俑 高等专业人才 高等师范教育 研究生资格考试 形似 端午节 忠、顺 信达雅 文化偏见 黑话 形式与内容的统一 英汉翻译内在规律 《英译汉入门须知》 《词义剖析与词典编纂》 官方语言 第二部分文章翻译 英译汉(60’) A reader in Florida, apparently bruised by some personalexperience, writes in to complain, “If I steal a nickel's worth of merchandise,I am a thief and punished; but if I steal the love of another's
wife, I amfree.” This is a prevalent misconception in many people'sminds---that love, like merchandise, can be “stolen”。Numerous states, in fact,have enacted laws allowing damages for “alienation of affections”。 But love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought,sold, traded or stolen. It is an act of the will, a turning of the emotions, achange in the climate of the personality. When a husband or wife is “stolen” by another person, thathusband or wife was already ripe for the stealing, was already predisposedtoward a new partner. The “love bandit” was only taking what was waiting to betaken, what wanted to be taken. We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of thechildren “belonging” to their parents. But nobody “belongs” to anyone else. Eachperson belongs to himself, and to God. Chil dren are entrusted to their parents,and if their parents do not treat them properly, the state has a right toremove them from their parents' trusteeship. Most of us, when young, had the experience of a sweetheartbeing taken from us by somebody more attractive and more appealing. At thetime, we may have resented this intruder---but as we grew older, we recognizedthat the sweetheart had never been ours to begin with. It was not the intruderthat “caused” the break, but the lack of a real relationship. On the s urface, many marriages seem to break up because of a“third party”. This is, however, a psychological illusion. Theother woman orthe other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving or a marriage that hadalready lost its essential integrity. Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than thebitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “comebetween” oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, forpeople are not the captives or victims of others---they are free agents,working out their own destinies for good or for ill. But the rejected lover or mate cannot afford to believe thathis beloved has freely turned away from him--- and so he ascribes sinister ormagical properties to the interloper. He calls him a hypnotist or a thief or ahome-breaker. In the vast majority of cases, however, when a home is broken,the breaking has begun long before any “third party” has appeared on the scene. 关于凯程： 凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直致力于高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。 凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯 凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里 信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿 使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构 激情：永不言弃，乐观向上 敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业 平衡：找到工作、生活、家庭的平衡点 服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作,为学员服务，为学