建筑设计论文外文翻译(2)
建筑外文翻译--建筑类型和设计
building types and designA building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in .As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people fordwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities .Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used .Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings,parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center .In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to theirwork .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms .Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended .in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services” .attention must be paid to the provision of easy commun ication between these areas .the “day “rooms generally include adining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall .the living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove .the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms .the “services “comprise thekitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets .the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms .It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible .it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads .in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the neighbourhood ,and so on .There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations .the modern trend is towardslight ,airy factory buildings .generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare .翻译：建筑类型和设计建筑物与人们有着紧密的联系，他为人们提供必要的空间，用以工作和生活。
建筑结构设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Create and comprehensive technology in the structure globaldesign of the buildingThe 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together.The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity andreduce whole expenses of project.The comprehensive new technology is to give full play to the technological specialty of every discipline , create and use the new technology, and with outside space , dimension of the building , working in coordination with in an all-round way the building component, thus reduce equipment investment and operate the expenses.Each success , building of engineering construction condense collective intelligence and strength; It is intelligence and expectation that an architect pays that the building is created; The engineering design of the building is that architecture , structure , equipment speciality compose hardships and strength happenning; It is the diligent and sweat paid in design and operation , installation , management that the construction work is built up .The initial stage of the 1990s, our understanding that the concept of global design is a bit elementary , conscientious to with making some jobs in engineering design unconsciously , make some harvest. This text Hangzhou city industrial and commercial bank financial comprehensive building and Hangzhou city Bank of Communications financial building two building , group of " scientific and technological progress second prize " speak of from person who obtain emphatically, expound the fact global design - comprehensive technology that building create its , for reach global design outstanding architect in two engineering design, have served as the creator and persons who cooperate while every stage design and even building are built completely.Two projects come into operation for more than 4 years formally , run and coordinate , good wholly , reach the anticipated result, accepted and appreciated by the masses, obtain various kinds of honor .outstanding to design award , progress prize in science and technology , project quality bonus , local top ten view , best model image award ,etc., the ones that do not give to the architect and engineers without one are gratified and proud. The building is created Emphasizing the era for global design of the building, the architects' creation idea and design method should be broken through to some extent, creation inspirations is it set up in analysis , building of global design , synthesize more to burst out and at the foundation that appraise, learn and improve the integration capability exactly designed in building , possess the new knowledge system and thinking method , merge multi-disciplinary technology. We have used the new design idea in above-mentioned projects, have emphasized the globality created in building .Is it is it act as so as to explain to conceive to create two design overview and building of construction work these now.1) The financial comprehensive building of industrial and commercial bank of HangZhou,belong to the comprehensive building, with the whole construction area of 39,000 square meters, main building total height 84, 22, skirt 4 of room, some 6 storeys, 2 storeys of basements.Design overall thinking break through of our country bank building traditional design mode - seal , deep and serious , stern , form first-class function, create of multi-functional type , the style of opening , architecture integrated with the mode of the international commercial bank.The model of the building is free and easy, opened, physique was made up by the hyperboloid, the main building presented " the curved surface surrounded southwards ", skirt room presents " the curved surface surrounded northwards ", the two surround but become intension of " gathering the treasure ".Building flourishing upwards, elevation is it adopt large area solid granite wall to design, the belt aluminium alloy curtain wall of the large area and some glass curtain walls, and interweave the three into powerful and vigorous whole , chase through model and entity wall layer bring together , form concise , tall and straight , upward tendency of working up successively, have distinct and unique distinctions.Building level and indoor space are designed into a multi-functional type and style of opening, opening, negotiate , the official working , meeting , receiving , be healthy and blissful , visit combining together. Spacious and bright two storeys open in the hall unifiedly in the Italian marble pale yellow tone , in addition, the escalator , fountain , light set off, make the space seem very magnificent , graceful and sincere. Intelligent computer network center, getting open and intelligent to handle official business space and all related house distribute in all floor reasonably. Top floor round visit layer, lift all of Room visit layer , can have a panoramic view of the scenery of the West Lake , fully enjoy the warmth of the nature. 2) The financial building of Bank of Communications of Hangzhou, belong to the purely financial office block, with the whole construction area of 19,000 square meters, the total height of the building is 39.9 meters, 13 storeys on the ground, the 2nd Floor. Live in building degree high than it around location , designer have unique architectural appearance of style architectural design this specially, its elevation is designed into a new classical form , the building base adopts the rough granite, show rich capability , top is it burn granite and verticality bar and some form aluminum windows make up as the veneer to adopt, represent the building noble and refined , serious personality of the bank.While creating in above-mentioned two items, besides portraying the shape of the building and indoor space and outside environment minister and blending meticulously, in order to achieve the outstanding purpose of global design of the building , the architect , still according to the region and project characteristic, put forward the following requirement to every speciality:(1) Control the total height of the building strictly;(2) It favorable to the intelligent comfortable height of clearances to create; (3) Meet thefloor area of owner's demand;(4)Protect the environment , save the energy , reduce and make the investment;(5) Design meticulously, use and popularize the new technology; (6)Cooperate closely in every speciality, optimization design.Comprehensive technologyThe building should have strong vitality, there must be sustainable development space, there should be abundant intension and comprehensive new technology. Among above-mentioned construction work , have popularized and used the intelligent technology of the building , has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology, baseplate temperature mix hole , technology of muscle and base of basement enclose new technology of protecting, computer control STL ice hold cold air conditioner technology, compounding type keeps warm and insulates against heat the technology of the wall , such new technologies as the sectional electricity distribution room ,etc., give architecture global design to add the new vitality of note undoubtedly.1, the intelligent technology of the buildingIn initial stage of the 1990s, the intelligent building was introduced from foreign countries to China only as a kind of concept , computer network standard is it soon , make information communication skeleton of intelligent building to pursue in the world- comprehensive wiring system becomes a kind of trend because of 10BASE-T. In order to make the bank building adapt to the development of the times, the designer does one's utmost to recommend and design the comprehensive wiring system with the leading eyes , this may well be termed the first modernized building which adopted this technical design at that time.(1) Comprehensive wiring system one communication transmission network, it make between speech and data communication apparatus , exchange equipment and other administrative systems link to each other, make the equipment and outside communication network link to each other too. It include external telecommunication connection piece and inside information speech all cable and relevant wiring position of data terminal of workspace of network. The comprehensive wiring system adopts the products of American AT&T Corp.. Connected up the subsystem among the subsystem , management subsystem , arterial subsystem and equipment to make up by workspace subsystem , level.(2) Automated systems of security personnel The monitoring systems of security personnel of the building divide into the public place and control and control two pieces of systemequipment with the national treasury special-purposly synthetically.The special-purpose monitoring systems of security personnel of national treasury are in the national treasury , manage the storehouse on behalf of another , transporting the paper money garage to control strictly, the track record that personnel come in and go out, have and shake the warning sensor to every wall of national treasury , the camera, infrared microwave detector in every relevant rooms, set up the automation of controlling to control.In order to realize building intellectuality, the architect has finished complete indoor environment design, has created the comfortable , high-efficient working environment , having opened up the room internal and external recreation space not of uniform size, namely the green one hits the front yard and roofing, have offered the world had a rest and regulated to people working before automation is equipped all day , hang a design adopt the special building to construct the node in concrete ground , wall at the same time.2, has not glued and formed the flat roof beam of prestressing force- dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technologyIn order to meet the requirement with high assurance that the architect puts forward , try to reduce the height of structure component in structure speciality, did not glue and form the flat roof beam of prestressing force concrete - dull and stereotyped structure technology and flat roof beam structure technology after adopting.(1) Adopt prestressing force concrete roof beam board structure save than ordinary roof beam board concrete consumption 15%, steel consumption saves 27%, the roof beam reduces 300mm high.(2) Adopt flat roof beam structure save concrete about 10% consumption than ordinary roof beam board, steel consumption saves 6.6%, the roof beam reduces 200mm high.Under building total situation that height does not change , adopt above-mentioned structure can make the whole building increase floor area of a layer , have good economic benefits and social benefit.3, the temperature of the baseplate matches muscle technologyIn basement design , is it is it is it after calculating , take the perimeter to keep the construction technology measure warm to split to resist to go on to baseplate, arrange temperature stress reinforcing bar the middle cancelling , dispose 2 row receives the strength reinforcing bar up and down only, this has not only save the fabrication cost of the project but also met the basement baseplate impervious and resisting the requirement that splits.4, the foundation of the basement encloses and protects the new technology of design and operationAdopt two technological measures in enclosing and protecting a design:(1) Cantilever is it is it hole strength is it adopt form strengthen and mix muscle technology to design to protect to enclose, save the steel and invite 60t, it invests about 280,000 to save.(2) Is it is it protect of of elevation and keep roof beam technology to enclose , is it protect long to reduce 1.5m to enclose all to reduce, keep roof beam mark level on natural ground 1.5m , is it is it protect of lateral pressure receive strength some height to enclose to change, saving 137.9 cubic meters of concrete, steel 16.08t, reduces and invests 304,000 yuan directly through calculating.5, ice hold cold air conditioner technologyIce hold cold air conditioner technology belong to new technology still in our country , it heavy advantage that the electricity moves the peak and operates the expenses sparingly most. In design, is it ice mode adopt some (weight ) hold mode of icing , is it ice refrigeration to be plane utilization ratio high to hold partly to hold, hold cold capacity little , refrigeration plane capacity 30%-45% little than routine air conditioner equipment, one economic effective operational mode.Hold the implementation of the technology of the cold air conditioner in order to cooperate with the ice , has used intelligent technology, having adopted the computer to control in holding and icing the air conditioner system, the main task has five following respects:(1) According to the demand for user's cold load , according to the characteristic of the structure of the electric rate , set up the ice and hold the best operation way of the cold system automatically, reduce the operation expenses of the whole system;(2) Fully utilize and hold the capacity of the cold device, should try one's best to use up all the cold quantity held basically on the same day;(3) Automatic operation state of detection system, ensure ice hold cold system capital equipment normal , safe operation;(4) Automatic record parameter that system operate, display system operate flow chart and type systematic operation parameter report form;(5) Predict future cooling load, confirm the future optimization operation scheme.Ice hold cold air conditioner system test run for some time, indicate control system to be steady , reliable , easy to operate, the system operates the energy-conserving result remarkably.6, the compounding type keeps in the wall warm and insulates against heat To the area of Hangzhou , want heating , climate characteristic of lowering the temperature in summer in winter, is it protect building this structural design person who compound is it insulate against heat the wall to keep warm to enclose specially, namely: Fit up , keep warm , insulate against heat the three not to equal to the body , realize building energy-conservation better.Person who compound is it insulate against heat wall to combine elevation model characteristic , design aluminium board elevation renovation material to keep warm, its structure is: Fill out and build hollow brick in the frame structure, do to hang the American Fluorine carbon coating inferior mere aluminium board outside the hollow brick wall.Aluminium board spoke hot to have high-efficient adiabatic performance to the sun, under the same hot function of solar radiation, because the nature , color of the surface material are different from coarse degree, whether can absorb heat have great difference very , between surface and solar radiation hot absorption system (α ) and material radiation system (Cλ ) is it say to come beyond the difference this. Adopt α and Cλ value little surface material have remarkable result , board α、Cλ value little aluminium have, its α =0.26, Cλ =0.4, light gray face brick α =0.56, Cλ =4.3.Aluminium board for is it hang with having layer under air by hollow brick to do, because aluminium board is it have better radiation transfer to hot terms to put in layer among the atmosphere and air, this structure is playing high-efficient adiabatic function on indoor heating too in winter, so, no matter or can well realize building energy-conservation in winter in summer.7, popularize the technology of sectional electricity distribution roomConsider one layer paves Taxi " gold " value , the total distribution of the building locates the east, set up voltage transformer and low-voltage distribution in the same room in first try in the design, make up sectional electricity distribution room , save transformer substation area greatly , adopt layer assign up and down, mixing the switchyard system entirely after building up and putting into operation, the function is clear , the overall arrangement compactness is rational , the systematic dispatcher is flexible . The technology have to go to to use and already become the model extensively of the design afterwards.ConclusionThe whole mode designed of the building synthetically can raise the adaptability of the building , it will be the inevitable trend , environmental consciousness and awareness of saving energy especially after strengthening are even more important. Developing with the economy , science and technology constantly in our country, more advanced technology and scientific and technical result will be applied to the building , believe firmly that in the near future , more outstanding building global design will appear on the building stage of our country. We will be summarizing, progressing constantly constantly, this is that history gives the great responsibility of architect and engineer.译文：建筑结构整体设计-建筑创作和综合技术21世纪将是多种学科技术并存的时代，它必将形成推动建筑发展的巨大动力，建筑结构整体设计也就越来越重要，建筑师必须把握时机，充分发挥建筑师的主导作用，主持好各项建筑工程设计。
(完整版)建筑外文翻译毕业设计论文
随着我国经济的发展,建筑行业已经朝着多元化方向发展,建筑行业在我国经济发展中起着非常重要的作用。
而建筑工程管理工作直接关系到工程的质量、成本管理、人员的安全、企业的经营效益,甚至关系到企业的生死存亡,但是我国建筑工程管理在现阶段存在许多的不足:管理体制不健全。
我国大部分的建筑工程为了节约人员开支,减少了建筑工程管理机构的人员数量和质量。
管理制度深入性不足。
建筑行业的相关管理制度都是由一些著名的建筑行业专家等共同研究制定的,但是在各建筑单位中就只是一张纸,他们也都只是为了应付上级的检查,并不能应用到建筑工程管理上。
在我国建筑工程管理工作中,难以全面确立我国建筑工程管理思路体系,主要是因为我国缺乏管理理论和经验。
建立建筑工程管理思路体系是专业性较强的问题,其实施必须由资深的建筑学科专家和具有丰富工作经验的管理人员来组织,只有这样才能实现。
国外建筑行业无论是技术还是理论都比较先进,因此我国在建筑工程管理思路体系的建立过程中,必须借鉴国外的先进理念,另外,还必须吸取先进的建筑工程管理方法,并对各方面的资料加以综合和整体。
总之,要想确保我国建筑工程管理工作的有序进行,必须以健全的工程管理思路体系作为建筑工程总体管理水平提升的基本保障。
加强施工质量管理,建立合理可行的质量保证体系,将工程的质量工作落到实处。
工程施工企业要根据质量保证体系,形成行之有效的质量保证系统,树立质量方针,从而让其更加有指令性、系统性及可操作性。
要将人、材料和机械各个要素有效结合起来。
首先,人是质量控制的核心,要把人作为控制的推动力,充分调动人的积极性,树立工程质量第一的观念。
其次,施工材料作为建筑产品的主体,对材料质量的控制是工程质量控制的关键。
最后,工程施工的机械是进行施工机械化的主要标志,对现代化项目施工起到不可缺少的作用,它直接影响了施工项目的进度和质量,所以,选好用好工程机械设备非常重要。
所以,应该根据工程项目的具体特点,综合考虑各种环境因素,实施有效的施工现场控制,为保证施工质量及安全创造良好的外部条件。
建筑设计外文翻译文献
建筑设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Structural Design of Reinforced Concrete Sloping Roof Abstract: This paper point out common mistakes and problems in actual engineering design according immediately poured reinforced concrete sloping roof especially common residential structure.It brings out layout and design concept use folded plate and arch shell structure in order to reduction or elimination beam and column Layout to reduce costs and expand use function for user of garret . The paper also discussed the need to open the roof holes, windows, and with other design with complex forms . The corresponding simple approximate calculation method and the structure treatment also described in this paper.Keywords : sloping roof;folded plate; along plane load;vertical plane load1. IntroductionIn recent years, reinforced concrete slope of the roof has been very common seen, the correct method of it’s design need establish urgently It’s target is to abolish or reduce the roof beams and columns, to obtain big room and make the roof plate "clean ". This not only benefits tructure specialty itself but also to the design of the building professionals to develop new field, and ultimately to allow users, property developers benefited,and so it has far-reaching significance.In the common practice engineering practice, a designer in the calculation of the mechanical model often referred sloping roof as vertical sloping roof under the projection plane Beam, or take level ridge, ramps ridge contour as a framework and increase unnecessary beam and tilt column . In fact ,the stress is similar between General square planar housing, double slope, multi-slope roof and arch, shell.Ping and oblique ridge are folded plate like “A”, whether layout beams and columns, its ridge line of the deformation pattern is different from the framework fundamentally. All these method will make the difference between calculation results and real internal structure force. During the construction process, housing backbone, plate bias department template has complex shapes, multi-angle bars overlap, installation and casting is very difficult. These projects are common in construction and is a typical superfluous. Some scholars use the elastic shell theory to analyze folded plate roof、internal force and deformation, reveals the vertical loads law of surrounding the base is neither level rise nor the vertical displacement which to some extent reflects the humps and shell’s features .But assume that boundary conditions which is very different from general engineering actual situation and covered the eaves of a vertical cross-settlement and bottom edge under the fundamental characteristics of rally, so it is not for general engineering design .2. Outlines of MethodsFor most frequently span, the way to cancel the backbone of housing, didn’t add axillary often. But in the periphery under the eaves to the framework need established grid-beam or beams over windows. For long rectangular planar multi-room, multi-column, building professionals in a horizontal layout of the partition wall between each pair of columns and the direction set deep into the same thickness width have possession of a gathering of the rafah beam profiles . Pull beam above has a two-slope roof plate affixed sloping beams expect smaller span. For residential,if it has no needs according construction professional, we will be able to achieve within the household no ceiling beams exposed, see figure 1. Similar lattice theory, this approach emphasizes the use of axial force component effe ct, But is different with the truss because it’s load distribution along the bar not only single but also along the axis of the plate. Generally each plate has force characteristics of folded plate, for bear gravity at the roof, wind, earthquake loads, caused the plate along with the internal force components, each plate is equivalent to strengthen the thin flange beams .Among vertical bearing , it is thin-walled beams anti-edge horizontal component to balance Wang thrust formed by arch shell effect. When plates bear the the vertical component load, each plate is equivalent to a solid edge embedded multilateral bearing plates .The design feature of this method is establish and perfect the sloping roof of the arch, folded plate system Consciously, at top of the roof, using a minimal level of rafah balance beam ramp at the level of thrust.It’s calculation methods can be divided into hand algorithm and computer paper, this paper focus on the hand algorithm.Hand algorithm take the single-slope plate of sloping roof plate as slider , through approximate overall analysis, Simplified boundary conditions of determine plate,solving load effect along level and vertical plane, Internal forces of various linear superposition under the condition of assumption of normal straight, testing stability and integrated reinforcement. The method pursuit of operational, use general engineer familiar calculation steps to address more complex issues.This method is suitable for the framework structure, little modifications also apply to masonrystructure or Frame-wall structure. General arch structure have good anti-seismic performance, if designed properly, the sloping roof will also do so. In this paper the pseudo-static is used to analysis earthquake effects.3. Analysis and Design for Along Plane Effect of LoadsFirst regard to cross profile of figure 1,we analysis equal width rectangular parts of long trapezoidal panels 1、2. as for approximate calculation,it is take plane loads along plane as a constant just like four rectangular plate can be simplified to one-way slab,we take along to long unit width narrow structure as analysis object ,take hinged arch model shown in figure 2.图2a图3a图2b图3b图2c图3cIn Figure 2 the right supports vertical linkage representatives roof beams supporting role, ramps connecting rod on behalf of the board itself thin beam reaction effect which is virtual and approximate equivalent. We would like to calculate two anti-bearing.Because the total pressure of physical project through two plate roof beams and transfer to the ends column, So Anti two numerical difference can be seen as two plates bear along with the plane load and roof beams bear the vertical load pressure. Two Anti power link expressions in Various conditions were given as follows, because the model take units width,so the results is line averageload distribution except it has Focus quality in house.They are bouth represent by N , English leftover subscript s, b, represent the plane along the roof panels and vertical role in the roof beam, g, w, e,represent gravity, air pressure and the level of earthquake separately. d, c, represent distribution of concentrated load or effect separately, In the formula h is thicness of every plate,g is gravitation acceleration, a is roof for the horizontal seismic acceleration value formula, Wk represent the standard value Pressure.m with number footnotesrepresent every numbered ramp the quality distribution per unit area ,m with english footnotes represent quality of per location.as to two symmetrical slopes, the formula can be more concise.Figure 2a represent situation of vertical gravity load ,these formulas as follows:()()'''111100110cos cos 38cos cos cos cos L AL L m L AL N l h l h l m ωαβμααββ-=++ ()()()()'10000000101'100000cos cos 2cos cos 8sin cos 8sin cos cos 8sin cos cos cos l l l l l h m m s h N l l h h l h l μαβωααηαβωμβββαββααβ++-=--++()()()()101101110100001012111cos 2cos cos 2L L L L L L L m LL L L mLL L L L L L N h B hL hL LIμξβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫⎛⎫--+-+--+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=++()()()()()001001110011200101021000110111121cos sin 2sin 2sin cos cos A L h L m LL L L mL L m a L L L L h h L m l m N L L L Ah L L k B h L h L δδββββαβ⎛⎫⎛⎫⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-+--+ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎢⎥+⎝⎭⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦=+---++Figure 2b represent situation of bear wind load, these formulas as follows:()()222211122111cos cos cos 8cos cos cos cos wkL h L L S li N a L h h b ωαωββαβα-=++ ()()()()22222001111222212110cos cos cos 11cos cos cos cos sin 5cos sin cos cos sin cos k K L h l w L w w h w h m L N l l AL h L a h L αωαβαβλαβααββββαββ⎡⎤-⎡⎤+⎢⎥=+++-+⎢⎥++⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦Figure 2c represent situation of role of level earthquake, these formulas as follows:()()2222210011022001sin cos sin cos 3sin cos cos cos cos cos a a L h l L L N L h l hl αμβαωαβωβδαβαβδβ+=--+ ()()()()222221011120322222102101sin cos sin cos sin sin sin 3cos 2ln cos 5ln cos cos cos cos a l h m l m L m m m N n s l l l g h l h l δβααβαββββαβαβαβ++=++++ ()()()0010011012110121000111sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos a a L L m L L L n L L L L L nh L N L l h l h l ββαβαβ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥=+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()00000201sin 2cos a a L m L L L h L l θβα⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪⎝⎭⎣⎦+()()()2000010121001sin sin cos sin cos sin cos cos 2sin cos a e L m L L L h L m m N l l h βααβαββαβββ⎡⎤⎛⎫-+-⎢⎥ ⎪+⎝⎭⎣⎦=-+ ()()()001001001221111221001sin 1sin cos 2cos 2cos cos cos sin a a L L L L L L m L L L L L h L h l L h l h ωαββαβαββ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫-+-+⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎢⎥-+⎢⎥+⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦ When vertical seismic calculation required by Seismic Design ParametersIt’s calculate formula generally similar as formula 1 to 4 which only need take gravity g asvertical seismic acceleration a. Above formulas apply to right bearings in figure 2 and also to left when exchange data of two plate.As end triangle of Multi-slope roof ,for simplify and approximate calculation need, we assume two lines distribution load only produced by roof board of several load, effect.now II-II cross-section from figure is took to analysis Long trapezoidal plate two’s end triangle, assuming the structure symmetry approximately, take half of structure to establish model (figure 3). Because linked with the end triangular plate-3 plane has great lateral stiffness ,therefore assume the model leftist stronghold along the central component around which can not be shifted direction. Central Plate vertical stiffness small, in general gravity load of roughly symmetric midpoint only next movement happened possible, Therefore, the model used parallel two-link connection. Wind loading, and the general role of the earthquake in two slope was roughly antisymmetric,so plate model in the central use fixed hinge bearings which allow rotation and transtlateral force to plate 3near the plate beam. Under plate two triangular area is eaves of vertical beams and plates itself along with plane load distribution is functionshown in Figure 1 take the variable x as an argument,assume the distance from position of section II to end part is x 0s so the slope level length is y 0=x 0L 2/L 3,formula 11 to 14 is the value of Vertical triangle of gravity along the x direction arbitrary location of the two load distribution ,where h 3 is Slitting vertical thickness of plate 3.()22001cos 212cos e a a mkxL h x N L sh v l x ββ⎡⎤=-⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()211121001sin cos 212cos m kvL h x N l xh x L V βββ⎡⎤=+⎢⎥+-⎢⎥⎣⎦ ()22000002221100max 1123cos L La h L L L L N VL h h l a V L L αγβ⎡⎤⎛⎫=---⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ ()22201000112222201001ln 23cos a L L h l L L L n V s xl h v h L x x l L ββ⎡⎤⎛⎫=+-⎢⎥ ⎪+-⎢⎥⎝⎭⎣⎦ As wind load and earthquake effect, sketch could use approximate figure 3b 、3c and use method of structural mechanics to solve But the process is cumbersome and reasonable extent is limited .the wind and earthquake effect is not important compare with the load effect. Moreover,the triangle area is small As approximate calculation, such direct-use rectangular plate slope calculation is more convenient and not obvious waste. The method of solve two load distribution of plate three is same as the solution of Long trapezoidal plate area just make the change of x and y、L2 and L3 in figure 1.The actual profile is part III-III shown in figure 1A B C图4a图4b BDFigure 4 is vertical launch plan and bear load portfolio value of roof ramp shown in Figure 1 to analysis inclined plate and the internal forces of the anti-bearing column . in the figure hypotenuse is oblique roof equal to strengthen frame, Similar wind ramp truss rod and the next edge portfolio, could form the dark truss system ,while long rectangular plate can be seen as part of thin-walled beams, which could also be seen as truss. Therefore, we called roof boarding the plane formed a "thin-walled beam-truss" system, in concrete theory, between the truss and the b eam have no natural divide . it’s no need hand count accurate internal forces and bearing force to such a joint system, Because on the one hand span more, big bending stiffness structure sensitive to the bearing uneven subsidence and have to stay safe reserves; on the other hand it has high cross-section, by increasing reinforced to increase capacity on the cost impact is not significant. Specific algorithm is: Single-ramp calculate by simple cradle, Multi-Span ramp’s bending moment, shear, and supporting anti-edge use the calculate value by the possible maximum numerical control methods, Moment is calculate by simple cradle two sides of supports middle Shear, negative moment and support force calculate according to bearing this continuous, two-hinged, about two span take the largest one. Pin-Pin bearing shear force that is supported by the inter-simple calculate according to simple cradle. But in this method the location of the various internal force’s safety level is uneven expansion, appropriate adjustmen t should be made is late calculation. No mater f the triangular or rectangular part of plate, Thin-plane bending rebar can get by method of moment right boards from the bottom point for the moment distance whichassigned to the eaves or roof. The author believe it has no necessary control number of reinforcement according to smallest beams reinforced rate. On the rim of triangle equivalent to ramp strut can shear entirety. when consider the end is weak can properly reinforced its roof beam below the reinforcement. If shear required stirrup in the rectangular part of thin-walled, should superposition to the beam, generally it’s no need to intentionally imaginary abdominal strengthening reinforcement at rod position.4. Calculation and Design of Pull Beam and Roof BeamsBy column in figure 1 marked calculated value of supporting force and their level of vertical component, horizontal component of the total force multiplied by the cosine of angle. Take column A as example, the first footnotes in R A2 is column number, the first footnotes represent the force generated by the panel two. Their horizontal component balanced by triangle three under the eaves of beams. horizontal component of intermediate support reaction is balanced by the two-level pull beam in deep direction. Then pull beam and above the sloping beams constitutes steel Arch. Because of the existence of antisymmetric load, bilateral role in the anti-power-level components may be inconsistent and pull beam should take the average lag. consider the support impact of uneven settlement, the level pull beam design should take bigger value.Roof beams general under four internal forces: First of the above is levels Rally, The second is axial force generated when oblique roofing in the flange plate plane bending. The third is the vertical load to bear as the roof slab edge beams under bending moment, shear ,like board supported by multi-faceted, Actual force is smaller than bear calculated by one-way plate N b,Fourth is the effect of lateral framework of internal forces .it should linear superposition ,Composite Reinforced, in the situation of weight Load, span and the small dip, checking computations should be took for tension beams cracking, appropriate intensify the section, with fine steel, including the side beams of steel beams rafah terminal should take two meander anchorage,just like letter L With ng as 10d long bends, meander 135 degrees angle and put pull beam intersection with the vertical reinforcement column touting the Meander overcast horn.This paper take model in figure 1 as example, ignore tigers window , 4 sloping roof are 35 o angle, the length of roof slab dimensions are shown in figure 4. Plate unit area quality is 350kg/m2,Overhaul live load is 0.50 kN/m2, Pressure standard of windward side is 0.21 kN/m2, Leeward face is -0.45 kN/m2, Design value of roof horizontal seismic acceleration is 0.1g, Calculate the bearing capacity limit by standardizing, Considered separately with and without seismic load effect of the combination basic design value,we use combination of without earthquake force through compare，Load calculation and analysis results of every position shown in table 1:5. Analysis and Design for Roof of the Vertical Loads Under Sloping RoofSlabs as a Multilateral Support PlateFolded plate structure has character of “unified of borad and frame”: General intersection of each pair of ramps are for mutual support, both sides of the transition line’ plate can be counted dogleg small rotation and transmission, distribution Moment.Under load control which is the role of gravity the two sloping geometry load roughly symmetrical occasions, there is no corner at symmetry capital turning point, Approximate seen as the plate embedded solid edge.if take out a distance by plate of eaves, plate of inside ridge also formation to negative moment,and long roof slabs in the plate sloping beams department and neighbor plate linked together, these all can be approximated as embedded-plate edge to process.For antisymmetric load like horizontal seismic load,the Ping roof should be treated as shear,but it is not control load usually. Plate final design moment value is the status of various unfavorable combination of linear superposition, from the cross-sectional direction plate reinforced by the columns, Reference, balance the require of concrete deep beams of tectonic, upper plate for Moment of negative reinforcement should be reinforced at all or an entire cross-leader, as they also serve as a deep beam distribution lumbartendons or stirrup. plate in the bottom vertical with reinforcement eaves, Negative reinforcementin accordance with their respective calcualte requirements,and it is different after superpositionstirrups requirementBoth sides of "stirrup" in this situation cann’t linked at awnings edge follow shape “U”, can bebent to shape "L" follow upper and down direction,legnth of packs could equal to thickness ofplate.It should enhenced at the node of ramp at the intersection appropriately. It recommended thatuse swagger tectonic shown as in Figure 5 considing simple structure without axillary at thesituation of Cloudy angle without pull. To ensure all reinforced Installing accuracy, Few of therhombus with the supports and rebar stirrups could be added to formed positioning Skeleton atstrengthening reinforced department in the figure, Let two later installed sloping steel plate tie toits lashing,designers should use a three-dimensional geometric method to accurately calculate thediamond stirrups limb edge length and Forming a swagger construction plans6. Calculating and processing of open window and hole in sloping roofAssume the plate in figure 6 has a big hole whose wideth is b ,height is h 0 ,assuming that tungcenter along with the plane bending moment, shear, respectively are M and V through overall calculation, use vierendeel calculation method get about middle cave:1XO MM T τ= 2NR MM T τ=3113312h V V h h =+ 0XO NR M M M V h --= Where I 1、I 2 、I respectively represent upp er and down plate limb’s Section moment of inertia anddouble limbs section moment of inertia.while Edge Moment by hole is:1113I M V b M α=+ 2212I M V b M μ=+not very big by the hole, close to the neutral axis in most cases overall, under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation,under the no-hole design of the reinforced the opening hole after the plane can meet the demands by calculation.General tiger win dow’s form prominent roof Facade which a hole had opened up and the other faces a concrete slab closed.when analysis of vertical slab roof slab surface loads ,compare with without windows and roof slabs hole window sheet increased load. profiles of window’s folded plate form make it reduce the bending stiffness compare with without hole roof board, But with the profile hole edge which parallel to the vertical plate is a partial increase in bending stiffness. In the absence of the vertical plate window subordinate legislation should have upturns beam to increase stiffness of the surrounding caves near.in this way i can temporarily ignore the plate stiffness variation acording to the actual load, size and boundary conditions by entities plate to calculate psitive and negative moment and further processing nodes.it should point out that theRoof ramp layout hole edge ideal location is near the plate-bending line, especially in the open side of the window because it was cut down byvertical transmission line of the moment. If the roof slab roof beams department no outward roof then the actual plate-bending force on the line near the roof beam reversed also true, Because of this architects should strive for when determine oosition of tiger position take appropriate care.When pin tung far away from line-bending window wall and roofing in the intersection must bear folded plate and transmission moment, but compare with plate without hole its capacity is weaken surely,and it’s node turn into weak parts. To fill thy judgment and calculation errorstwo panels can be double reinforcement. When the hole is less than line-bending scope should increase negative reinforcement around to keep overall security plate bearing capacity. To ensure steel plate in place accuratly,also should use positioning stirrups and longitudinal reinforcement constitute skeleton similar as figure 5. Hoop end within vertical bars should be strengthen steel and end cave corner should be harvested more than one anchor length to make sure that bottom of the cave 4 tensile stress concentration.7. Stabilize Roof SlopeIn China's V-shaped folded plate structure design norms,the method prevent both sides of theflanges at local instability is limit its generous ratio,This requirement come from the use of isotropic plate buckling theory analysis. In research the flanges outside instability in critical state, the boundary conditions of winglets suppose as freedom outside, fixed interior, pre - and post-hinged on both sides,the situation plates subjected to the bending stress to solve width and height ratio corresponding with the critical pressure compressive stress. When the grade of concreteIs C30,the limit of width and height(b/t)ratio is 47, take 35 as stress non-normative value. Concrete elastic modulus and strength levels is not a linear relationship if use high-strength concrete other study should be taken. In the actual slope roof only a long row to the middle plate bearing plate outside may receive pressure. And here is just the pouringplate affixed roof sloping beams and horizontal pull beam cast together.Have no possible of rollover and foreign rising displacement. norms limited of folded plate span is 21m. roof below and the vertical column spacing generally much smaller it. And the board which into one with roof beams changed boundary conditions of plate, anti-great instability role also very big. For other locations ramp vertical compression edge May also set up the appropriate plate edge beams all these method will receive beyond the norms of redundant safety. Taking into account the plate shear plane, while the vertical direction of the load caused the exit plane effects, Therefore, the grasp of security of caution should cautious. This paper proposed ramp thickness not less than to the short span of 1 / 35 which also conform to design experience of generally confined SLABS, Concrete should graded between C25 and C35 while Steel should I or class II.puter Calculation Method of Local Sloping Roof Structure andOverall ICC of Overall StructureAny calculate software with inclined plate shell modules and the modules bar structural finite element can calculation of competent sloping roof. Shell element of each node have 3 membrane freedom and three panels freedom and can analysis the plane board and internal forces Of out-of-plane effects. However, the current prevalence of certain spatial structure finite element computer program which although have shell model but some are not inclined plate, some not right at the same plane, the stress state and foreign integrated reinforcement are not perfect. Withstructures becoming more diverse, complex and ramp space problems often encountered. Such software should expand its pre - and post-processing functions for conversion of shell element stiffness matrix and loading vector in the direction of freedom and further analysis of ramp space, the space of concrete against stress integrated reinforcement. In a fundamental sense manual method and the finite element method are interchangeable but the result may be very different. As long as layout roof component as this concept,then use the software to calculate can fast, precise, to achieve this goal of this paper.From the eaves to the roof elevation areas, the whole roof of anti-lateral stiffness lower than mutation, quality small than lower,this could not easy to simulate in calculation of whole housing. At the top construction of the seismic as higher-mode response which is also whiplash effect, the earthquake-lateral force may be abnormal and have effect on under layers. Therefore, in the partial hand count roof occasions when take ICC analysis to the overall structure, it proposed roof layer use model of tilt rod ramp support to reduce effect on the overall results distortion.If use software with function of space ramp handling and sloping roof modeling with shell element,all will be wrapped from top to bottom. Top results can be directly used and the distortion of the overall impact would cease to exist.10. Conclusion1）Concrete ramps, side beams in different directions superposition of internal forces, reinforced and ramp stability, the hole limits all to be do in-depth study related this research. Similar typical problems are top floor of structural transformation layer and box-type base box side wall all their research results can be used to adopt.It’s a important method do observation on project; finite element analysis ICC will be more economical, practical and popular. Currently existing completed sloping roof no matter the subjective designers use what kind of assumptions and analysis and whether reinforcement is reasonable as long as the overall structure of the objective reality, create a space folded plate and the arch system that their current work state can be used to summarize and draw upon.2）This structure forms make a new world of design concept of use the top floor and impact on people's living habits.The economic, social benefits it taked will gradually revealed,however it need interaction of architectural and structural professionals and People’s awareness andinformation and even real estate management policies and other support aspects.This method is hard for structure professional,some specific details have no norms to follow at present. This is the challenges sructure staff faced and also the happy exist.references[1]Francis D.K.Ching A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, International Thomson Publishing Inc. 1997.[2]Jiang Fengqing :internal forces of Simply supported two-way pack square plate, Civil Engineering Journal,1982(2)[3]Lai Mingyuan.Zhang Guxin:Deflection and internal forces of Simple peripheral portfolio folded plate roof, Civil Engineering Journal,1992(2)[4] ]Lai Mingyuan: Deflection and internal forces of Simple flattened four folded plate roof slope, Civil Engineering Journal, 1995(1)[5]Li Kaixi.Cui Jia:Local Stability About Yan Beam, Building Structures ,1996(1) [6]user manuals and technical conditions of Multi-storey high-rise building and the space finite element structural analysis and design software SATWE, PKPM CAD department of China Building Research Academy[7]Chen Xinghui.Lin Yuankun: Several calculation problems in the design of V-folded plate roof , Scientific publishing house,1985[8]current building structure norms, China Construction Industry Press,2002译文：钢筋混凝土坡屋顶的结构设计简介：本文对于现浇钢筋混凝土坡屋顶，尤其是常见的住宅结构，指出实际工程中常见的设计错误及问题。
外文翻译---建筑风格设计与特殊创意
On special architectural design and creative Abstract: The design "the most poor and unhelpful, is to confuse the struggle of the modern, and deliberately forget history. Ancient civilization in the vast legacy handed down to us is most worthy of the construction and design of one of the places that will shine through, which is between the ancient and modern A lively dialogue, but we want to convey the message should not be tracing the history of design development, but a far more profound understanding: as long as we can think of things, not the construction of what is not out. "Modern architectural styles unique and rich modern style of work, it seems the city has been a trademark; Looking at the past years of urban renewal projects, in the types and styles are diverse, whether it is classical, traditional or modern show , with designers keen insight and wealth of creativity, the mold after they made, every premises, distributed a unique charm.In the development of the cause of the initial design, designers Although the target on urban residential design, but the design of the business has never ignored the market, with the development of the times, whether it is offices, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, or homes, etc. in the design of various projects are yearning for freedom, go its own way of creative space. With the vigorous development of the design industry, designers of each new project is a new challenge, and they will go all out to create their own new works. Design is by personal subjective feeling of, in particular, a strong human subjectivity into the site, one will be able to know the pros and cons of its know its proper handling, we will have to have their keen insight of the surrounding areas, and things are subjective awareness. Furthermore, the observation of the surrounding things continue to be training their own analytical capacity, with the points of view of the changes of the broadening of horizons, but also further stimulate creativity and inspiration, and often others Appreciation of the design is done very Zhiyizhibi important.Many designers think it is the design of the mainstream in the 1980s, minimalism to the recovery of many designers with the pandemic, it works out the design style is very close, is no personality, I am an advocate continuously inject new elements to replace the old, allow procrastination or copied, the only way to create masterpieces. But if too rigidly adhere to this, the entire design will be full enough. Therefore, it must learn from decorative arts and modern art decorative patterns. Architectural Design paid great attention to highlight different regions of the personality, at the same time, in order to create a continuous visual, not because of the style is too strong and a jump flu, the design is also very careful to abide by the principles of coherence, which is on the scale quite delicate. Designers of the greatest sentiment is that "the most poor and unhelpful, is to confuse the struggle of the modern, and deliberately forget history. Ancient civilization in the vast legacy handed down to us is most worthy of the construction and design of one of the places that will shine through. This is a vivid between the ancient and modern dialogue, but we want to convey themessage should not be tracing the history of design development, but a far more profound understanding: as long as we can think of things, not the construction of what is not out 's. "Interior Design in the residential area often encountered some small, personal possession of small space, thus, in the use of space, it favors a simple approach to deal with, customs to the effect of space doubled. The so-called simple, generally refers to a simple style, and do not advocate the use Qiao spent lines, complex materials, and create a comfortable natural scenes, in order to increase the sense of space visually. Similarly, the relatively shallow color easy to give a feeling of comfort Moreover, the short-color help light refraction, can enhance the indoor brightness in the context of a Su Jing, whether it is strong contrast, or harmony The costume can accentuate every indoor design. Lighting in the interior design is the one element that can not be overlooked, lighting control to create a climate of increased levels flu Therefore, whenever a project, the designers will be in the lighting effects spend a lot of time and thought to to perfect. As a professional designer, the cumulative experience is very very important, like a treasure, whether it is good or good experiences to both spur themselves on the role gladly accept criticism from others, the courage to admit their errors , and has also constantly looking for reflection and can break their own across barriers and move towards the front.Address small residential area of design skills. Space and the furniture is more complex use, in order to extend the original narrow pattern. Poor use of the ground level to address the use of tables and chairs in furniture demand, but also added the level and depth. To the more pure color, can increase the visual extension. And by creating the false impression that the sense of the mirror, cleverly not practical to fight for the space, and other times. Staggered do is not the original meaning of compressed space, but the practical considerations of home after. Make full use of available 3D. Staggered and stacked with the conversion from top to bottom and the vertical connections, the more the level of the expansion.Small residential area of the design must be haggling so hard, Zizhubijiao, but it must have a completed impressive bearing. Photoglottography design is not good-looking, exciting carving. But for people with space. Allows users to facilitate their living by - the value of design in this. Of course, the lighting is operating. Let there be light indoor performance, rather than isolated lighting display. He is the customary form of reduced light, light to see the effect of the most important. Light and shadow on the wall (or other objects) are drawn shades and aesthetic changes. Restaurants with chandeliers to light because on the desktop illuminate, chandeliers can be made uniform light. Home office does not need another Tongliang, but to the level of warmth to create a personalized atmosphere. Lighting should be playing in the bright areas. Not brightest parts of it go dark. This is what we-efficiency design principles. Simple, nostalgia, arts tastes tap millennium, the choice of furniture and furnishings space will return to the concept of natural Returning to Simplicity Meaningful style, both in shape, color or ATG is the line arrangements, home style of the show, more different, simplicity no longer just simplified lines and monotonous shapes by adding more design elements of the "people" and the respect of human warmth design. Newresidential planning, the new proposal. ─ ─ new thinking and new humanistic values speed ─ ─ correct and accurate and efficient method for the rapid ─ ─ it is really material seized materials and practicality ─ ─ create long-term maintenance convenience and flexibility of the design method seized JieIs a simple pursuit of the US-style against exaggerated, luxury and impulsive. Architecture modeling, a reasonable proportion to my pursuit of the perfect goal, this is a higher realm of design. Design should be long-lasting. In other words, after a long period of time after a Nengkan texture. Living in the city, people. A living has become increasingly sophisticated. Everyone is in the design of their own life. Indeed, it is necessary hygiene design. When we were more numerous and located in the fashionable things of the mind, the design will be found that the direction is increasingly blurred.Some designers like simple crisper, less inclined to antique designs. He said, "is the quintessence of traditional unable to imitate so simple can be attained perfect. Old style because of the prevailing aesthetic will and personality created by the times, the history that the United States is serving a one-time, we can not easily catch up later, If mechanically copying the easy work will be lost beauty, loss of contemporary flavor. "Of course, as a designer, you can not be too extreme style, or only in a limited level. Design is the work of serving the people, it is often too specific and you need to grasp the reality and the aesthetic sense of propriety. Pai space cloth there is a sensitive occupation. Grasp the overall space, the decision of the design direction of the formation of styles, techniques transform were determined by the outcome of the deployment of space. Proportion, scale, cutting…… that space needs are the skills. And the use of penetration, surrounded level, by King, a space can be recycled. But do not do virtual personal utopian space conversion, residential design to help users achieve the dream of space. Designers should always be a very professional look and attitude in dealing with the design of the hands of cases.Purely functional solution is only a prototype design. The so-called "rational engineering" and the design should be involved in the highest state of the art flu level. Is the beginning of the function to consider and rely on the actual residential space to address the needs of repudiation to the final while artistic expression, people feel the United States and feel comfortable. Such a hard balance the needs of professional spirit of living apply professional knowledge, keen art Synaesthesia, and the accumulation of various practices. Done over 1,000 cases, and only after countless experience can be easily formed their own artificial maturity practices.Simple, rustic style of the design is the favorite of many people living in the complex and varied world of annoyance is endless, and simple, natural living space for the enjoyment able people feel calm and comfort; through the interior space of Deconstruction and reorganization, and will meet people on the slow life of the yearning and the pursuit of life, to allow them to the realities of life in the turbulence find a balance, creating a fascinating is the heart inside space itself. This concept of the integration of design, the carping abandon the formal beauty, and negate excessive cumulatively and exaggeration, and through the clear, concise lines cut and Sucheng rustic furniture portfolio, build a comfortable, natural, crisper style home.However, as a professional designer, should not be confined to a particular their direction, we should not Moshou static design style, it should follow the trend of the times and the pace of the progress, to broaden their horizons and Through study and practice self-constantly updated and breakthroughs, only in this way can induce a more rich design ideas, and create more of the work. The design should be gradually moving to diversify and not designed to focus on individual subjective feelings of the project, from the nature of that love, nature has produced a trend of the home style, with the development and future trends of the modern trend, and now a preference for modern Western ideas, likes the simplicity of the way to deal with it. Design is not just the arts. A pure art works, just to meet a single individual, of the acts of individuals, not care about other people's guidance, but not design worship of individualism, because end-users are still customers, which in the design process, it is necessary to take into account customer needs, but also meet user needs, can not disregard one has been to the creation of self-satisfaction, while completely ignoring the views and demands of customers, because the customer is room users, only they know best their own need, the designer only communicate with customers after the imaginary space through its professional approach and the implementation of down. Thus, it appears that a successful design should be attractive to both the reality. Only the lack of practical and aesthetic design, the designer, it may have made the Heart, will meet the pursuit of the goal of the design, can meet the designers have created a desire But for the ultimate users, only STYLOMMATOPHORA bring flattering effect, because it was not fully taken into account so as to practicality caused a lot of inconvenience, the results of a failure to.Design attributes is formed by past experience. Design more than once in the company, and many teachers consider that a lot of environmental impact, from the early classical style to foreign designers led to the design work, is a style of their own design today The reason, and from that early homeowners should raise the standard of living, and today the diagnosis and design of fully-dwellers living together, designers found that the owner has done for the design should be extended to after so many years of living . Building is the major reason not to adjust for individual needs, but also because the lives of the people for change, resulting in interior design so vigorous development, but how to make their own designer from the "decoration" and lead to "design." First on the external environment to foster strong-Min, from their own experience can be classified as a class of its own, followed by the space-hwan into the merits of their own advantages, but also said that, can be three times asthree-dimensional space design , will be able to fully grasp the coordination of the completion of the last to the ideal and the owner needs to strike a balance in the points, and the owner will do good groove, visual beauty and life will be perfect combination. Life in the exploration, design is also in the progress of exploration, design and meditation the same time, a decade in interior design architect, it has been asked, inall these years, he encountered a good landlord? For this question, he said: The focus is not met good landlord, but encountered a landlord, the heart would like to hear the "good things" play, the key lies in the "heart to" what is? Designers in the life of the concept is not open, otherwise, there is no significance. For this, he can view a proofexample said: try to make clear to see that the brain of every ideas ups and downs, like stripping clothes, first took off his jacket, from the more layers to be more in delinking not continue, because to be showing naked, but if not, respectively, they do not have any of the concerns. And also because not understand their own can really appreciate a certain space, "creation" out of space to do naturally; first self-deep dialogue, the only real space of the output."Simplification" of the design essence. From the complexity of classical, modern stress modeling to streamline the present, and would like to find a reasonable need for the owner to complete the space, "simplify" is the key, because that modeling is usually more expensive items, only to the visual effects , and "streamline" it allows designers design restore the essence of the true surface material through to performance. Thorough understanding of material design to implementation. After the completion of the plane, followed is the material selection, material judge the suitability of the use of space, the first from the "function" of other words, the design concept of the structure to the right, when can Yue, the appropriate use of material. To achieve able to cope with the most solid way is to get a clear understanding of material, a clear understanding of the subject characteristics, can fully play material advantages.When the designers of a lack of understanding of material characteristics, it will be easy for the construction units Qianzhaozou, construction units may be due to complex construction method, and for various reasons overthrow designers design, resulting in the entire space to fulfill variable low, If they fully understand the advantages of material, the designers themselves more easily produce creative design.1 to the glasshouse was popular as an example, Taiwan's glasshouse technology incomplete, resulting in a glasshouse become hot glass box, and moreenergy-consuming, and difficult to clean up, easy leakage of customers speaking, the use of the difficulties Finally they bargain on the material that is not enough understanding of the environment and therefore, contrary abroad glasshouse design, taking into account the automatic cleaning system, the design of anti-ultraviolet, and even rolling shutters can be combined and a glasshouse. Only after the advantages and disadvantages of a clear material, designers can avoid the inappropriate use of products. And the launching of glass as an example. After years of design career, Mrs. Jingzhong designers to use a lot of glass and metal from the external walls, partition to smallpox, these two types of material in his hands almost omnipotent. That design is the proudest, in the limited space to create the conditions for the infinite value only to be applauded. Because of the use of the most basic material for the completion of the greatest sense of accomplishment.At the same time designers in the design of good to look at the design of their own attitude. Only in this way can their own unique style and design. Most people think that the responsibility lies designers found, and then to solve the problem, however, space and the hearts of the people, or do not affect the transformation found that only the issue of reunification, return to one of the most deep-seated. That the designer is to guide the party, and regardless of space or who have unlimited potential can be excavated, when the lives of people in the Yongliu after Muran look back to thebeginning, both in the journey, the journey half-way or Streams In conclusion, the pursuit of profound deep in the hearts of the home is a starting point. Do with clothing analogy, how trustworthy are wearing texture better make, the ultimate state of instability texture if it is necessary to wear a certain kind of a feature of a certain kind of pattern formation, as well highlighted, unwilling personal nature . If a simple external clothing, not messy state space, but its inner world, and how? Space is simply not the dull, frightened "of the creation of" performance simple, but heart is monotonous and work-style of a means to cover up their hearts empty. But if the content of deep, it can be very forces. So many things are just in the "color" of the changes, the pursuit of sound textures, to be returned because of the nature of life.Is designed to create a better living space, this space is ultimately for human habitation, in the design, practical and aesthetic is equally important, and often take into account practical consideration will be given to modeling. Design is not only played the role of landscaping, the ultimate goal is a reasonable use of space. Landscaping design is a part of but not all. We are from the users point of view, the environment, space, and other aspects of the integrity of distribution, distribution. In this landscape before entering the stage. According to the concept of landscaping customers to adjust to different cases. For example, the hotel is Geserendeng coexistence place in the design will adopt the doctrine of the mean, so that every person entering here will not create a feeling of comfort, it is necessary to make full use of every space, so that it can rationalize divided, and then click different functions and costume on the appropriate equipment and installations, and to beautify and modified to create the atmosphere for them to reconcile. Of course, the extent of landscaping deeply shallow, more different styles, done well or not depends on the skill of the designer. Design has no fixed formula. Space is the handling of the variety. The same space, there are different elements affecting each other. Co-ordination. That is to be considered practical. Further research modeling. A worry-designers must be able to find the balance between the two, to play.建筑风格设计与特殊创意摘要：设计风格“最贫乏而无益的，莫过于被现代性蛊惑纠缠，并且刻意忘记历史。
土建专业外文翻译2
附录1翻译适当有效的建筑材料是限制富有经验的结构工程师成就的主要原因之一。
早期的建筑者几乎都只使用木材，石头，砖块和混凝土。
尽管铸铁在修建埃及的金字塔中已被人们使用, 但是把它作为建筑材料却由于大量熔炼它比较困难而被限制。
藉由产业革命，然而，受到把铸铁作为建筑材料和在大量融炼它的能力的两者对其双重需要的影响。
John Smeaton，一个英国土木工程师, 在十八的世纪中时，是第一广泛地使用铸铁作为建筑材料的。
在1841之后，可锻金属被发展成更可靠的材料并且广泛地被应用。
尽管可锻金属优于铸铁,但仍有很多结构破坏从而需要有更可靠的材料。
钢便是这一需要的答案。
1856年的贝色麦转转炉炼钢法和后来发展的马丁平炉炼钢法的发明使以竞争的价格形成了生产建筑用钢并且兴起了建筑用钢在下个百年的快速发展。
钢的最严重缺点是它容易被氧化而需要被油漆或一些其他的适当涂料保护。
当钢被用于可能发生火灾环境时, 钢应该包围在一些耐火的材料中, 例如石料或混凝土。
通常，钢的组合结构不易被压碎除非是在冶金成分不好，低温的不利组合, 或空间压力存在的情况下。
建筑用铝仍然不广泛被在土木工程结构中用,虽然它的使用正在稳定地增加。
藉着铝合金作为一个适当的选择和对其进行热处理,可获得各式各样的强度特性。
一些合金所展现的抗压强度特性相似于钢, 除线形弹性模量大约是7,000,000 牛/平方厘米，相当于刚的三分之一。
质量轻和耐氧化是铝的两个主要优点。
因为它的特性对热处理是非常敏感的,当铆接或焊接铝的时候，一定要小心仔细。
一些技术已为制造预制铝组合配件及形成若干的美丽的设计良好的外型结构的铝制结构而发展起来。
组合房屋配件制造的一般程序藉由螺栓连接，这似乎是利用建筑用铝的最有前途的方法。
加强和预应力混凝土是主要的建筑材料。
天然的水泥混凝土已经被使用长达数世纪之久。
现代的混凝土建筑兴起于十九世纪中叶,尽管人造水泥被Aspidin ，一个英国人于1825年申请了专利. 虽然一些建筑者和工程师在十九世纪后期用钢筋混凝土作实验, 但作为一种建筑材料它占统治地位是在二十世纪初期。
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
建筑学Modern-Architecture现代建筑⼤学毕业论⽂外⽂⽂献翻译及原⽂毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献、资料中⽂题⽬：现代建筑⽂献、资料英⽂题⽬：Modern Architecture⽂献、资料来源：⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译⽇期： 2017.02.14建筑学毕业设计的外⽂⽂献及译⽂⽂献、资料题⽬：《Advanced Encryption Standard》⽂献、资料发表（出版）⽇期：2004.10.25外⽂⽂献：Modern ArchitectureModern architecture, not to be confused with 'contemporary architecture', is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament. While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects, architectural educators and exhibits, very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century. For three decades after the Second World War, however, it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.1. OriginsSome historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions.Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. In 1796, Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his ‘fireproof’ design, which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors. Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills, which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines. Due to poor knowledge of iron's properties as a construction material, a number of early mills collapsed. It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam, leading to widespread use of iron construction, this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain, leading to the description, "Dark satanic mills" of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction; possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan. Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression (rather than for purely utilitarian structure) include Frank Lloyd Wright's Unity Temple, built in 1906 near Chicago, and Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built from1926 near Basel, Switzerland.Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste, a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.Whatever the cause, around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents (Gothic, for instance) with new technological possibilities. The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago, Victor Horta in Brussels, Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona, Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, among many others, can be seen as a common struggle between old and new.2. Modernism as Dominant StyleBy the 1920s the most important figures in Modern architecture had established their reputations. The big three are commonly recognized as Le Corbusier in France, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius in Germany. Mies van der Rohe and Gropius were both directors of the Bauhaus, one of a number of European schools and associations concerned with reconciling craft tradition and industrial technology.Frank Lloyd Wright's career parallels and influences the work of the European modernists, particularly via the Wasmuth Portfolio, but he refused to be categorized with them. Wright was a major influence on both Gropius and van der Rohe, however, as well as on the whole of organic architecture.In 1932 came the important MOMA exhibition, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson. Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style.This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. While Modern architectural design never became a dominant style in single-dwelling residential buildings, in institutional and commercial architecture Modernism became the pre-eminent, and in the schools (for leaders of the profession) the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984.Architects who worked in the international style wanted to break with architectural tradition and design simple, unornamented buildings. The most commonly used materials are glass for the facade, steel for exterior support, and concrete for the floors and interior supports; floor plans were functional and logical. The style became most evident in the design of skyscrapers. Perhaps its most famous manifestations include the United Nations headquarters (Le Corbusier, Oscar Niemeyer, Sir Howard Robertson), the Seagram Building (Ludwig Mies van der Rohe), and Lever House (Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill), all in New York. A prominent residential example is the Lovell House (Richard Neutra) in Los Angeles.Detractors of the international style claim that its stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry is dehumanising. Le Corbusier once described buildings as "machines for living", but people are not machines and it was suggested that they do not want to live in machines. Even Philip Johnson admitted he was "bored with the box." Since the early 1980s many architects have deliberately sought to move away from rectilinear designs, towards more eclectic styles. During the middle of the century, some architects began experimenting in organic forms that they felt were more human and accessible. Mid-century modernism, or organic modernism, was very popular, due to its democratic and playful nature. Alvar Aalto and Eero Saarinen were two of the most prolific architects and designers in this movement, which has influenced contemporary modernism.Although there is debate as to when and why the decline of the modern movement occurred, criticism of Modern architecture began in the 1960s on the grounds that it was universal, sterile, elitist and lacked meaning. Its approach had become ossified in a "style" that threatened to degenerate into a set of mannerisms. Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), could begin "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion." At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a 1961 symposium discussed the question "Modern Architecture: Death or Metamorphosis?" In New York, the coup d'état appeared to materialize in controversy around the Pan Am Building that loomed over Grand Central Station, taking advantage of the modernist real estate concept of "air rights",[1] In criticism by Ada Louise Huxtable and Douglas Haskell it was seen to "sever" the Park Avenue streetscape and "tarnish" the reputations of its consortium of architects: Walter Gropius, Pietro Belluschi and thebuilders Emery Roth & Sons. The rise of postmodernism was attributed to disenchantment with Modern architecture. By the 1980s, postmodern architecture appeared triumphant over modernism, including the temple of the Light of the World, a futuristic design for its time Guadalajara Jalisco La Luz del Mundo Sede International; however, postmodern aesthetics lacked traction and by the mid-1990s, a neo-modern (or hypermodern) architecture had once again established international pre-eminence. As part of this revival, much of the criticism of the modernists has been revisited, refuted, and re-evaluated; and a modernistic idiom once again dominates in institutional and commercial contemporary practice, but must now compete with the revival of traditional architectural design in commercial and institutional architecture; residential design continues to be dominated by a traditional aesthetic.中⽂译⽂：现代建筑现代建筑,不被混淆与'当代建筑' , 是⼀个词给了⼀些建筑风格有类似的特点, 主要的简化形式,消除装饰等. 虽然风格的设想早在20世纪,并⼤量造就了⼀些建筑师、建筑教育家和展品,很少有现代的建筑物,建于20世纪上半叶. 第⼆次⼤战后的三⼗年, 但最终却成为主导建筑风格的机构和公司建设.1起源⼀些历史学家认为进化的现代建筑作为⼀个社会问题, 息息相关的⼯程中的现代性,从⽽影响了启蒙运动,导致社会和政治⾰命.另⼀些⼈认为现代建筑主要是靠技术和⼯程学的发展, 那就是获得新的建筑材料,如钢铁, 混凝⼟和玻璃驱车发明新的建筑技术,它作为⼯业⾰命的⼀部分. 1796年, shrewsbury查尔斯bage⾸先⽤他的'⽕'的设计, 后者则依靠铸铁及砖与⽯材地板. 这些建设⼤⼤加强了结构,使它们能够容纳更⼤的机器. 由于作为建筑材料特性知识缺乏,⼀些早期建筑失败. 直到1830年初,伊顿Hodgkinson预计推出了型钢梁, 导致⼴泛使⽤钢架建设，⼯业结构完全改变了这种窘迫的⾯貌,英国北部领导的描述, "⿊暗魔⿁作坊"的地⽅如曼彻斯特和西约克郡. ⽔晶宫由约瑟夫paxton的重⼤展览, 1851年,是⼀个早期的例⼦,钢铁及玻璃施⼯; 可能是⼀个最好的例⼦,就是1890年由William乐男爵延长和路易沙利⽂在芝加哥附近发展的⾼层钢结构摩天楼. 早期结构采⽤混凝⼟作为⾏政⼿段的建筑表达(⽽⾮纯粹功利结构) ,包括建于1906年在芝加哥附近,劳埃德赖特的统⼀宫, 建于1926年瑞⼠巴塞尔附近的鲁道夫斯坦纳的第⼆哥特堂,.但⽆论原因为何, 约有1900多位建筑师,在世界各地开始制定新的建筑⽅法,将传统的先例(⽐如哥特式)与新的技术相结合的可能性.路易沙利⽂和赖特在芝加哥⼯作,维克多奥尔塔在布鲁塞尔,安东尼⾼迪在巴塞罗那, 奥托⽡格纳和查尔斯景mackintosh格拉斯哥在维也纳,其中之⼀可以看作是⼀个新与旧的共同⽃争.2现代主义风格由1920年代的最重要⼈物,在现代建筑⾥确⽴了⾃⼰的名声. 三个是公认的柯布西耶在法国, 密斯范德尔德罗和⽡尔特格罗⽪乌斯在德国. 密斯范德尔德罗和格罗⽪乌斯为董事的包豪斯, 其中欧洲有不少学校和有关团体学习调和⼯艺和传统⼯业技术.赖特的建筑⽣涯中,也影响了欧洲建筑的现代艺术,特别是通过⽡斯穆特组合但他拒绝被归类与他们. 赖特与格罗⽪乌斯和Van der德罗对整个有机体系有重⼤的影响.在1932年来到的重要moma展览,是现代建筑艺术的国际展览,艺术家菲利普约翰逊. 约翰逊和合作者亨利-罗素阁纠集许多鲜明的线索和趋势, 内容相似,有⼀个共同的⽬的,巩固了他们融⼊国际化风格这是⼀个重要的转折点. 在⼆战的时间包豪斯的代表⼈物逃到美国,芝加哥，到哈佛⼤学设计⿊⼭书院. 当现代建筑设计从未成为主导风格单⼀的住宅楼，在成为现代卓越的体制和商业建筑, 是学校(专业领导)的唯⼀可接受的, 设计解决⽅案,从约1932年⾄约1984年.那些从事国际风格的建筑师想要打破传统建筑和简单的没有装饰的建筑物。
外文翻译---高层建筑及结构设计
中文3220字附录：毕业设计外文翻译院（系）建筑工程学院专业土木工程班级姓名学号导师2011年4月15日英文：High-Rise Buildings and StructuralDesignAbstract：It is difficult to define a high-rise building . One may say that a low-rise building ranges from 1 to 2 stories . A medium-rise building probably ranges between 3 or 4 stories up to 10 or 20 stories or more . Although the basic principles of vertical and horizontal subsystem design remain the same for low- , medium- , or high-rise buildings , when a building gets high the vertical subsystems become a controlling problem for two reasons . Higher vertical loads will require larger columns , walls , and shafts . But , more significantly , the overturning moment and the shear deflections produced by lateral forces are much larger and must be carefully provided for .Key Words：High-Rise Buildings Structural Design Framework Shear Seismic SystemIntroductionThe vertical subsystems in a high-rise building transmit accumulated gravity load from story to story , thus requiring larger column or wall sections to support such loading . In addition these same vertical subsystems must transmit lateral loads , such as wind or seismic loads , to the foundations. However , in contrast to vertical load , lateral load effects on buildings are not linear and increase rapidly with increase in height . For example under wind load , the overturning moment at the base of buildings varies approximately as the square of a buildings may vary as the fourth power of buildings height , other things being equal.Earthquake produces an even more pronounced effect.When the structure for a low-or medium-rise building is designed for dead and live load , it is almost an inherent property that the columns , walls , and stair or elevator shafts can carry most of the horizontal forces . The problem is primarily shear resistance . Moderate addition bracing for rigid frames in“short”buildings can easily be provided by filling certain panels ( or even all panels ) without increasing the sizes of the columns and girders otherwise required for vertical loads.Unfortunately , this is not is for high-rise buildings because the problem is primarily resistance to moment and deflection rather than shear alone . Special structural arrangements will often have to be made and additional structural material is always required for the columns , girders , walls , and slabs in order to made a high-rise buildings sufficiently resistant to much higher lateral deformations .As previously mentioned , the quantity of structural material required per square foot of floor of a high-rise buildings is in excess of that required for low-rise buildings . The vertical components carrying the gravity load , such as walls , columns , and shafts , will need to be strengthened over the full height of the buildings . But quantity of material required for resisting lateral forces is even more significant .With reinforced concrete , the quantity of material also increases as the number of stories increases . But here it should be noted that the increase in the weight of material added for gravity load is much more sizable than steel , whereas for wind load the increase for lateral force resistance is not that much more since the weight of a concrete buildings helps to resist overturn . On the other hand , the problem of design for earthquake forces . Additional mass in the upper floors will give rise to a greater overall lateral force under the of seismic effects .In the case of either concrete or steel design , there are certain basic principles for providing additional resistance to lateral to lateral forces and deflections in high-rise buildings without too much sacrifire ineconomy .1、Increase the effective width of the moment-resisting subsystems . This is very useful because increasing the width will cut down the overturn force directly and will reduce deflection by the third power of the width increase , other things remaining cinstant . However , this does require that vertical components of the widened subsystem be suitably connected to actually gain this benefit.2、Design subsystems such that the components are made to interact in the most efficient manner . For example , use truss systems with chords and diagonals efficiently stressed , place reinforcing for walls at critical locations , and optimize stiffness ratios for rigid frames .3、Increase the material in the most effective resisting components . For example , materials added in the lower floors to the flanges of columns and connecting girders will directly decrease the overall deflection and increase the moment resistance without contributing mass in the upper floors where the earthquake problem is aggravated .4、Arrange to have the greater part of vertical loads be carried directly on the primary moment-resisting components . This will help stabilize the buildings against tensile overturning forces by precompressing the major overturn-resisting components .5、The local shear in each story can be best resisted by strategic placement if solid walls or the use of diagonal members in a vertical subsystem . Resisting these shears solely by vertical members in bending is usually less economical , since achieving sufficient bending resistance in the columns and connecting girders will require more material and construction energy than using walls or diagonal members .6、Sufficient horizontal diaphragm action should be provided floor . This will help to bring the various resisting elements to work together instead of separately .7、Create mega-frames by joining large vertical and horizontal components such as two or more elevator shafts at multistory intervalswith a heavy floor subsystems , or by use of very deep girder trusses .Remember that all high-rise buildings are essentially vertical cantilevers which are supported at the ground . When the above principles are judiciously applied , structurally desirable schemes can be obtained by walls , cores , rigid frames, tubular construction , and other vertical subsystems to achieve horizontal strength and rigidity . Some of these applications will now be described in subsequent sections in the following .Shear-Wall SystemsWhen shear walls are compatible with other functional requirements , they can be economically utilized to resist lateral forces in high-rise buildings . For example , apartment buildings naturally require many separation walls . When some of these are designed to be solid , they can act as shear walls to resist lateral forces and to carry the vertical load as well . For buildings up to some 20storise , the use of shear walls is common . If given sufficient length ,such walls can economically resist lateral forces up to 30 to 40 stories or more .However , shear walls can resist lateral load only the plane of the walls ( i.e.not in a diretion perpendicular to them ) . Therefore ,it is always necessary to provide shear walls in two perpendicular directions can be at least in sufficient orientation so that lateral force in any direction can be resisted . In addition , that wall layout should reflect consideration of any torsional effect .In design progress , two or more shear walls can be connected to from L-shaped or channel-shaped subsystems . Indeed , internal shear walls can be connected to from a rectangular shaft that will resist lateral forces very efficiently . If all external shear walls are continuously connected , then the whole buildings acts as a tube , and is excellent Shear-Wall Systems resisting lateral loads and torsion .Whereas concrete shear walls are generally of solid type withopenings when necessary , steel shear walls are usually made of trusses . These trusses can have single diagonals , “X”diagonals , or“K”arrangements . A trussed wall will have its members act essentially in direct tension or compression under the action of view , and they offer some opportunity and deflection-limitation point of view , and they offer some opportunity for penetration between members . Of course , the inclined members of trusses must be suitable placed so as not to interfere with requirements for windows and for circulation service penetrations though these walls .As stated above , the walls of elevator , staircase ,and utility shafts form natural tubes and are commonly employed to resist both vertical and lateral forces . Since these shafts are normally rectangular or circular in cross-section , they can offer an efficient means for resisting moments and shear in all directions due to tube structural action . But a problem in the design of these shafts is provided sufficient strength around door openings and other penetrations through these elements . For reinforced concrete construction , special steel reinforcements are placed around such opening .In steel construction , heavier and more rigid connections are required to resist racking at the openings .In many high-rise buildings , a combination of walls and shafts can offer excellent resistance to lateral forces when they are suitably located ant connected to one another . It is also desirable that the stiffness offered these subsystems be more-or-less symmertrical in all directions .Rigid-Frame SystemsIn the design of architectural buildings , rigid-frame systems for resisting vertical and lateral loads have long been accepted as an important and standard means for designing building . They are employed for low-and medium means for designing buildings . They are employed for low- and medium up to high-rise building perhaps 70 or 100 stories high . When compared to shear-wall systems , these rigid frames bothwithin and at the outside of a buildings . They also make use of the stiffness in beams and columns that are required for the buildings in any case , but the columns are made stronger when rigidly connected to resist the lateral as well as vertical forces though frame bending .Frequently , rigid frames will not be as stiff as shear-wall construction , and therefore may produce excessive deflections for the more slender high-rise buildings designs . But because of this flexibility , they are often considered as being more ductile and thus less susceptible to catastrophic earthquake failure when compared with ( some ) shear-wall designs . For example , if over stressing occurs at certain portions of a steel rigid frame ( i.e.,near the joint ) , ductility will allow the structure as a whole to deflect a little more , but it will by no means collapse even under a much larger force than expected on the structure . For this reason , rigid-frame construction is considered by some to be a “best”seismic-resisting type for high-rise steel buildings . On the other hand ,it is also unlikely that a well-designed share-wall system would collapse.In the case of concrete rigid frames ,there is a divergence of opinion . It true that if a concrete rigid frame is designed in the conventional manner , without special care to produce higher ductility , it will not be able to withstand a catastrophic earthquake that can produce forces several times lerger than the code design earthquake forces .Therefore , some believe that it may not have additional capacity possessed by steel rigid frames . But modern research and experience has indicated that concrete frames can be designed to be ductile , when sufficient stirrups and joinery reinforcement are designed in to the frame . Modern buildings codes have specifications for the so-called ductile concrete frames . However , at present , these codes often require excessive reinforcement at certain points in the frame so as to cause congestion and result in construction difficulties 。
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设计（论文）外文参考资料及译文译文题目：Discussi on on The Pla nning and Design ofCommercial Buildi ngs学生姓名：XXX 学号：09******83专业：________________ 建筑学______________所在学院：_____________ XX学院____________指导教师：_____________ XX _____________职称: ________________ 畐U教授 ___________201X年XX月XX 日原文:Discussion on The Planning and Designof Commercial BuildingsAbstract: the commercial building in residential buildings has become, most attract sb.'s atte nti on, the largest build ing is in flue need by the type of en ergy and Ian dscape of the city pla nning, desig n of commercial buildi ngs will face more problems. This paper discusses how to carry on pla nning and desig n of commercial buildi ngs, the con structi on of a rati on al, reas on able, appropriate bus in ess build ing, so as to create a good social and econo mic ben efits.Keywords: con structi on pla nning; commercial build in gs; architectural desig nPrefaceComprehe nsive is the developme nt trend of moder n commercial buildi ngs, architects in the design of commercial buildings and functions are changing, different positioning of pla nning, bus in ess characteristics and local cultural in flue nce commercial buildi ng mode, which requires us to continuously improve our project products, create more in line with the bus in ess n eeds of the best pla n and desig n works, and fin ally let inv estors and con sumers feel a con sta nt value, so that they feel superior comb in atio n of spatial con ti nu ous operati on, let the customer feel shopp ing pleasure, feel the beauty of life and the world.1. Commercial architectural schemeCommercial buildi ngs are gen erally large inv estme nt, high risk, long cycle, the successful operati on of returns, differe nt commercial patter ns determ ine differe nt commercial build ing form, and commercial patter n is determ ined and market positi oning, the positi oning accuracy of the architect, to commercial buildi ng various fun cti ons, property, facilities should have full understanding and effective organization, and different commercial construction pla nning ideas to produce commercial architectural desig n works are differe nt, econo mic ben efits of inv estme nt has great differe nce. Good architectural pla nning has decided the success or failure of architectural desig n.I. Market survey of commercial building design must be based on the market survey results. Based on the characteristics and trend of foreig n con sumpti on, econo mic con diti ons, traffic con diti ons, the surro unding commercial patter n, city in frastructure, city developme nt pla nning, full market research bus in ess situati on, on the project itself, choose format, format portfolio, the distributi on of in dustrial cha in and area proporti on, in dustry select ion, distribution and area ratio to the shops, division, architectural form, area and the floor function, people oriented system, project environment and supporting facilities are set in adva nce. Provide desig n basis for the architect to desig n.2. Mode dema nd regardless of commercial buildi ng is ren tal, sale or ren tal runcomb in atio n, the most importa nt is to determ ine the main format, for commercial build in gs, differe nt types of decisi on model is differe nt, its bus in ess scale, function flow, and so on are desig ned by itself to determ ine, differe nt formats have differe nt functional requireme nts, and desig n the use is required by the bus in ess decisi ons rather tha n the developer to advocate. The lack of directi onal desig n basis, the desig n appears to be uni versal, but shoot at ran dom. Once the fun cti on with the shop owner con flict, the desig n must be from the beg inning. Lan guage planning can increasethe early unnecessarycost and later investment difficulty. Therefore, architects should desig n accord ing to differe nt formats of differe nt architectural space mode an alysis and recomme ndatio ns.3.ln commercial buildings in the process of planning, commercial real estate is the key to grasp the global experts and architects. Commercial real estate planner requires multidiscipli nary pers onnel coord in atio n ability of orga ni zatio n, accordi ng to the project of regional history and culture characteristic, according to local consumer preferences, in particular, the design project of the overall concept, culture orientation and market orientation is determ in ed. At prese nt, the commercial real estate projects gen erally orga ni zed by developers to overall pla nning, the in vestme nt in the project n eeds and bus in ess man ageme nt experts, bus in ess format store man agers and retail market ing pla nner, pla nner, com muni cati on Ian dscape pla nn ers, architects,etc. In the impleme ntati on of con struct ion pla n, still n eed to urba n pla nner, computer tale nted pers on to participate, to form a complete con structi on pla ns. Neither side may be arran ged to replace, the architectural desig n is in clusive and absorb ing these opinions, solutions and professional values of materialized labor and can form a complete architectural pla nning and desig n.4.Susta in able developme nt and the characteristics of commercial buildi ng is a public place, with the developme nt of bus in ess, commercial build ings in 5-6 years will be to do a decorati on, simple and durable quality, less as far as possible n eed to repair and maintenan ce, and at the same time, accord ing to the differe nt project en vir onment and commercial content is flexible to adapt and ultimately the value of investors and consumers are continuous. Complete function, rich forms, and space is varied, characteristic, design must be the con temporary tendency of time aga in at the same time, in all sorts of culture and the differe nces betwee n s res on ate.2. Commercial building designCommercial buildi ng desig n is for the purpose of the con struct ion project to produce a good and last ing econo mic ben efits, the architect in commercial build ing desig n is to realize project to achieve a dyn amic model of inv estme nt retur n, is to complete a final accepta nee by consumers and continuous use of building products. Prophase planning orientation, inv estme nt, operati on and man ageme nt,each situati on is very complex, has brought great in flue nee, architecture desig n is an importa nt link. And architects for commercial architecture design is inclusive and absorbing these opinions, solutions and professional values of materialized labor and can form a complete works of architectural desig n.(1) Formats combination designThe compositi on of commercial complex is decided by the bus in ess itself in dustry valuecha in, what kind of bus in ess comb in atio n is better for bus in ess. Architects should accord ingto the preliminary planning and positioning, the first investment, operation andmanagement J ) :the of the pla nning scheme, start ing from the basic function and practical applicati on of build ing clear the relati on ship betwee n the fun cti on, space, en vir onmen t, i n line with TheTimes tc desig n not only requires a new breath, also requires a reas on able and clear arran geme nt of whole spacef un cti onal requireme nts, and actively guide the passe ngerflow, manu facturi ng 1 i flow, differe nt articles require differe nt forms of space and locati on, reas on able distribution area, the partition of floor paving segmentation and supporting facilities design can avoid all i kinds of goods mixed Chen, mixed traffic situation, the architect should create rich, flexible, comply with the appropriate space to con tai n differe nt aspects of bus in ess comb in ation tech no logy n eeds.Must do to make it a complex, the in dustrial cha in, in dustrial cha in out after the value cha in came out, can produce all kinds of ben efits.(2) Pattern designPlanning, design of commercial building in different commercial real estate developmentmode, have completely differe nt results. Rent is not only sales, emphasiz ing on man ageme nt and value-added shops, if considering concurrently, also consider the preferences andrequireme nts of the buyer shops. Commercial build ings due to the differe nt requireme nts for mercha nts fun cti on layout is differe nt, also differe nt brands to the layout of the same forms are differe nt. By the limit of commercial build in gs, or differe nt developme nt cycle, or running effect is differe nt. Those who do not conform to the bus in ess law of commercial buildi ng desig n, although space modeli ng is rich, has implied the bad man ageme nt of hidde n trouble.Therefore, meet the dema nd of mercha nts, digest the n egative in flue nee of all kinds of cha nges, architects in the desig n of the flexible space comb in ati on, provid ing differe nt pattern desig n, to the use of a variety of forms do fully con sider fun cti on of bala nee and coordi nati on. Commercial buildi ng itself the fun cti on of the comb in ati on is very complex, forcommercial, reside ntial, office each mixed complex project, the process will be more difficult. Commercial and apartment part often deployed in a low-end, office and hotel in the high-end. The advantages of this design can facilitate the building line layout; Low-end flat layer in the core tube locatio n is adva ntageous to the toilet set up; High-e nd part of the Ian dscape adva ntage is more adva ntageous to project high value products. But in the con crete project, but should also fully con sider buildi ng itself the vertical tran sportati on efficie ncy of the impact on bus in ess. In the design of architectural plane layout, space efficiency will approach combined with architectural form and structure. For example, many senior project adopted the practice of An gle, whe n the desig n accord ing to the econom y, it can in crease econo mic retur ns of about 30%, but in the specific project be careful not to damage to the corner form.(3) The guidance system designStream of people, logistics, decisi on fun ctio n layout reas on able guida nee system is the key to the successof commercial build ing desig n. Make sure people line, logistics, in ward and outward, cha nnel form, to make the layout of the commercial fun cti on, con sumer groups have a wide range of interest and today free time, thus providing rich architectural space, in tegrat ing shopp ing, en terta inmen t, leisure and so on n eed comprehe nsive shopp ing mall is theirneeds. Rich function as much as possible to meet the requirements of the customers, but alsosatisfy the buyers (paveme nt inv estors, bus in ess inv estors) n eeds to provide convenientlogistics cha nn el. And express more in terest in the con struct ion details. And the n to create new bus in ess en vir onment. Let the con sumer feel the pleasure shopp ing con sumpti on, feel the beauty of life and the world at the same time, create more econo mic ben efits for store operators.(4) Green building and characteristicGree n buildi ng on the one hand can save en ergy, on the other hand the susta in able of ben efits will far outweigh the prophase in vestme nt so as to achieve the value of overall impleme ntati on, gree n build ings gives the possibility of ability of susta in able developme nt and alterati on, whe n architects in the desig n of commercial build ings so there is no n eed to do best, do it right, and not have to do much more luxurious style reflected is the commercial build in gs, stron ger in proper. Commercial buildi ngs tend to be the cen ter of the city commercial culture, different cities have different style, therefore, the architects in the use of his style and technique, need deep understanding urban commercial culture characteristics, extract the essenceof the regional culture, architectural design make commercial buildings should have cultural features, local feature, more want to highlight the characteristics of the formats, spatial characteristics, cultural characteristics used in commercial build in gs, not only can sense the material shell, are show ing stro ng commercial build in gs.3. ConclusionModern commercial architecture planning and design major programs, including the inv estme nt purpose and the un dersta nding of the bus in ess en vir onment for inv estors, commercial content on the project, the locatio n of the bus in ess en vir onment of con sumer behavior, commercial build in gs, the un dersta nding of the bus in ess con cept research, commercial building project planning, design process and method of design, for project con struct ion total pla ne desig n and auxiliary space desig n professi onal desig n, space form and form design, the project design space and form of management main body,property requireme nts,facilities and equipme nt requireme nts,architectural engin eeri ng and con structi on of the professi onal requireme nt.中文译文：浅谈商业建筑规划设计摘要：商业建筑现已成为除居住建筑以外，最引人注目的，对城市活力和景观影响最大的建筑类型，商业建筑规划设计将面临更广泛的问题。