黑龙江大学09-10学年第一学期《大学英语跨文化交际》复习重点
跨文化交际__考试重点归纳
跨文化交际—考试重点归纳题型：part I, True or False, 30% （提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A,错的画B）15x2（除第八章）part II. Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1. （2,4,5 细节）Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% （与课后习题中的 cultrual puzzles 类似，不过是四个选项，范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例）5X2..Term Matching 15%（名词解释，从备选的terms中选择与其对应的Part IVdefinitions,要考到的terms都已经发给大家）15x1.Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% （简答题，范围在我们划过的重点内）5X3.Part VI. Case Study 10% （课外案例分析，阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题，题目不会超出课内讲解的内容）10 xl.要补充的重点为pl 14, （E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English）, pl29, （B・ What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively）另外让学生深入研究 unit 5 和 Unit 2, Unit 4 （culturally-loaded words）,以及每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A, B(划过的问答题)，C (EuphemismUnderstanding), 以及 E (cultural puzzles)TermsUnit 11・ Economic globalization:经济全球化 the integration of national economies intothe international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2・ Global village:地球木寸 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet・ 3・ Melting pot: 大熔炉 a socio-cultural assimilation of peopleof differentbackgrounds and nationalities・4.Cultural Diversity:文化多样性 the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and subculturesto which membersbelong・5.Intercultural communication:跨文化交际 communication between people whosecultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event・6.Culture:文化 a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relativelylarge group of people・ 7. Enculturation:文化适应 all the activities of learning one' s culture are called enculturation.8・ Acculturation:文化传入 the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures・ 9. Ethnocentrism:民族优越?感 the belief that your own cultural background is superior・munication:交际 to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge・(以下为components ofcommunication)PS: what is the difference between encoding & decodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol・Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to the symbols received.11.Source 发送信息的人 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate・12.Encoding 编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to conimunicate・ Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol・13.Message 信，息 The term message identifies the encoded thought・Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object・14.Channel 渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted・ The channel or medium,then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.15.Noise 噪咅 The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes・16.Receiver 接的人 The receiver is the person who attends to the message ・17.Decoding 解码 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process・ The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received・18.Receiver response 反馈 The receiver is the person who attends to the message・ Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message・19.Feedback 反馈 Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning・20.Context 语境 The final component of communication is context・Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the conimunication takes place and which helps define the communication.精讲案例 Case 1 (p. 1) case 2 (p. 2)思考题1、 what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? P8-9+简要说明convenient transportation systemsinnovative communication systemseconomic globalizationwidespread migrations2・ What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)Behavior(what they do)Concept(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg? P7The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught・The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.4.What are the characteristic of culture?Shared , learned, dynamic, ethnocentric (文化中心主义),5・ What are the characteristic of communication?Dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional, contextual Unit 2-411.Pragmatics: in JU the study of the effect that language has on humanperceptions and behavior・12.Semantics:语意 the study of the meaning of words・13.Denotation:字面意思 the literal meaning or definition of a word-- the explicit, particular, defined meaning・14.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Connotation:弓玄夕卜之音 the suggestive meaning of a word ------------------ all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical andassociative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning・15.Taboo:禁忌语 some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons・ 16. Euphemism：委婉语 the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive・精讲案例 Case 1, case 2 (p. 17) case 4 (p. 19) Case 2 (p 43) case 3(p. 45) Case 1 (p. 67) case 3 (p. 69)思考题6・ How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(P. 33)The Americans tend to address only with given names while theChinese may use the full name・ Even when the full names are used in some formal occasions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite・Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used・7・ What are the social functions of compliments? (p. 60)(答案 p50 第一段)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks orcongratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment・ Unit 517.Chronemics:时T可学 The study of how people perceive and use time・18.Monochronic time:一元时'间概念 paying attention to and doing only one thingat a time・19.Polychronic time:多元时间概念 being involved with many things at once ・20.Proxemics:空「可学 the perception and use of space・21.Kinetics:身势学 the study of body language22.Para language: W involving sounds but not words and lying betweenverbal and nonverbal communication.精讲案例 case 1 (p. 85) case 3 (p. 87) case 5, 6 (p. 90) case 7 (p. 91) 思考题8・ What are the different features of M-time and P-time? (p97)M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time・M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness・ It features one event at a time・ Time is perceived as alinear structure and something concrete tangible・P-time means being involved with many things at once・P-time is less rigid and clock-bound・ It features several activities at the same time・ It is more flexible and human-centered.9.what is the meaning of common gestures in English? P114 (答案 P233-234)Unit 6精讲案例 case 1 (p. 115) case 2 (p. 116) p. 124-126 中的小案例思考题9.How is gender different from sex? (p. 129)(答案 P. 119/120)10.What has influenced the gender socialization?There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.11.What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication? (p. 129)(答案 127-128)Suspend judgement, recognize the validity of different communication styles, provide translation cues, enlarge your own communication style, suspend judgement・ 12. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively?P123Un辻7精讲案例 case 1 (p. 137) case 3 (p. 139)13.Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (pl53)(结合最后一个单元中 ppt 的讲解，了解 high-context culture 和 low-context culture 两个概念)A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message・ In high-context cultures,verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.（沉默是金;一切尽在不言中；心有灵犀一点通）A low context communication is the just the opposite; i・ e・ the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code・High-context culture low-context cultureJapanese Chinese Korean American ......... ・・ German German-SwissUnit 923. A planetary culture:行星文化 a culture that integrates eastern mysticism withwestern science and rationalism.24.Intercultural person:跨文化的人represents someone whose cognitive, affective,and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture・思考题13. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?（ppt 中的补充内容）s far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but Aperfectible through hard work・ As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature・ They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented・ They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quiteindividualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group ・As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature・ They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past- oriented ・ They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eterna1. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group・14.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede* s cultural dimensions and use themto analyze the cases （案例分析）。
黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结（超全）
黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结（超全）第一篇：黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)跨文化考试总结考试构成：一、单选 1*10=10分。
（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。
二、判断 1*10=10分。
（A—>true,B—>false)课后习题所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：Chapter 1 Culture Keywords(1)Culture(from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。
）(2)Culture(from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”（从人类学.角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总
Unit 1
Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
--- the explicit, particular, defined meaning. Connotation: the suggestive meaning of a word --- all
the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning. Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. Euphemism: the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
《跨文化交际》复习提纲
《跨文化交际》复习提纲1. Intercultural communication competence involves being able to communicate efficiently and effectively with people from other cultures, to achieve mutual understanding and to gain better cooperation.2. In order to make effective cross-cultural communication, people should not only know the differences of a foreign language in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, but should also know the pragmatic rules that govern the language.3. People in Asia, Africa and Europe interacted with each other through “ Silk Road”in Chinese history.4. Edward Hall is considered as the father of IC with his publication “The Silent Language”in1959 and his many other books.5. Intercultural Communication, as a relatively newly developed discipline, started in America in 1960s.6. Intercultural Communication is of a multi-disciplinary nature. It has direct or indirect relationship with the development of its neighboring disciplines.7. It is more important to know “how to say” than “ what to say” in intercultural communication.8. It is often thought that people can communicate with foreigners effectively if they have listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities in a foreign language.9. All the components of culture are interrelated, and the change of one aspect of culture will certainly bring about changes in other aspects as well.10. Both communication and culture are dynamic, they are not static.11. Communication mainly includes the following levels: 1) international communication, 2) interracial communication, 3) interethnic communication, 4) inter-regional communication, and 5) intracultural communication.12. Generally speaking, the people from China belong to high –context communication nations, more information can be obtained from contexts, while the people from English-speaking countries belong to low –context communication nations, more information can be provided through explicit words.13. Language, culture and communication are inseparable. Language is not only a channel of culture but also a means of communication.14. Communication is just like the swimming action, language is just like the swimming skill, and culture is just like water. Without language, communication would remain to a very limited degree; without culture, there would be no communication at all.15. In Britain, “east wind” may bring coldness which makes life dull, and “ west wind” may bring spring which makes life awakening, while, in China, “east wind” may bring spring and warmth which makes life prosperous, and “ west wind” may bring deep autumn and coldness which makes life withering,16. Cranes, pines, cypress, plum blossoms, orchard, bamboos and chrysanthemums are simply common plants or animals to English-speaking people, but to the Chinese people, they are embodiments, of longevity, uprightness, perseverance, endurance, and loftiness.17. In English, dragon is a mythical monster like a reptile with wings able to spout fire while in Chinese, it is a symbol for power, glory and luck.18. In English, dog has positive meaning, usually standing for man’s best friend while in Chinese, it usually has negative or derogative meaning.19. In English, willow is a symbol for depression, sadness resulting from death while in Chinese, it usually refers to sadness resulting from departure.20. In English, “red”is usually associated with such negative sense as danger, violence, misfortune, etc. while in Chinese, it is usually associated with such positive senses as victory, revolution, etc.21. In English, “bat”, “dog”, “chicken”, “cat”, “cow”, “hen”, or “mutton” can be used to refer to old woman or prostitutes.22. Such 4-letter words as “shit”, “hell”, “damn”, “fuck” or “tits” are taboos which are considered very rude and offensive and should be avoided.23. Such expressions as “relieve oneself”, “wash one’s hands”, “pay a call”, or “powder one’s nose” are euphemisms which are considered “good speech” for excretion and should be applied in daily life.24. Euphemisms change with times and circumstances.25. Such communicative styles as being polite and interdependent, being loyal to group, face-saving, respecting others and disgracing oneself are the typical cultural values of the Chinese people’s collectivism.26. Such values as privacy, independence, equality, fairness and competition are the direct product of are the typical cultural values of the English-speaking people’s individualism.27. The typical cultural values of the Chinese people’s collectivism has been labeled as “we”cultures..28. The typical cultural value of the English-speaking people’s individualism has been labeled as “I” cultures.29. Chinese people have put more stress on “what a man should be” than “what a man should do”. As a result, they avoid being aggressive, tend to talk less or even just keep silent in their interpersonal communication.30. People in the English-speaking countries prefer doing something to being somebody. As a result, they like taking risks, tend to be talkative in their interpersonal communication.31. The Asians, including the Chinese people, like to look backward. As a result, they tend to conform the conventions and respect elders.32. The American people tend to look forward. As a result, they do not like to conform the conventions or respect elders as much as the Chinese people do.33. The Chinese people like to be masters to time, they use time more freely and elastically. As a result, they are not as punctual as the westerners.34. Unlike the Chinese people, the westerners like to be slaves to time and they use time strictly and elastically. As a result, they are punctual.35. “A man’s home is his castle”, which originated from England, reflects such English-speaking people’s cultural value as privacy.36. “Time is money”, which originated from USA, reflects such American people’s cultural value as efficiency.37. “All people are created equal”, which originated from USA, reflects such American people’s cultural value as equality.38. “树有皮，人要脸”, which originated from China, reflects such Chinese people’s cultural value as face.39. “先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”, which originated from China, reflects such Chinesepeople’s cultural value as collectivism.40. “君臣父子，上下有序”, which originated from China, reflects such Chinese people’s cultural value as hierarchy.41. Traditional Chinese medicine is a typical example of Chinese synthetic thinking pattern.42. Western medicine is a typical example of western analytical thinking pattern.43. Traditional Chinese painting is a typical example Chinese synthetic thinking pattern.44. According to Kalpan (1970), Asians employ indirect thinking pattern while westerners employ direct thinking pattern.45. The formation of Chinese characters , especially 象形字，is a typical example of Chinese concrete thinking pattern.46. English words, which are made up of 26 letters, neglect concrete images, are more abstract.47. English is overtly coherent and hypotactic because it frequently uses relative words, conjunctions and prepositions in a sentence. In contrast, Chinese is covertly coherent and paratactic with fewer or even no conjunctions and prepositions in a sentence.48. As a result of inductive thinking pattern, Chinese sentences are top-heavy, looking like an inverted pyramid ( lion head), in which, the important elements are often said at the end of a sentence.49. As a result of deductive thinking pattern, English sentences are end-heavy, looking like a pyramid ( peacock tail), in which, the shorter elements often go before longer ones.50. In most cases, English –speaking people like to introduce topic first and then give supporting details while the Chinese people prefer giving supporting details first and then generalize results.51. In Chinese, the family name comes first and the given name comes second, while in English, the order is just the opposite.52. In English, kinship terms are more general while In Chinese, they are more specific.53. It is culturally wrong in English to address “Teacher Wang”, and idiomatically correct to address “Mr. Wang/ Miss Wang”54. “Lisa” is one of the 16 pet names for “Elizabeth” which means “devoted to God”55. “Madge” is one of the pet names for “Margaret” which means “pearl”56. “Maria” is one of the pet names for “Mary” which means “suffering”57. “Bob” is one of the pet names for “Robert” which means “brightness”58. In English –speaking countries, people usually introduce males to females, unmarried females to married females, people of lower status to people of higher status, or younger people to elder people.59. While introducing others, people in China usually introduce people of higher status, elder people, or males first.60. In Chinese, “Have you eaten? 吃了吗？” is not a genuine question in fact, but only a form of greetings.61. In English, “Good night!” is used only when people will not meet again after parting at night.62. “ Thank you” is far frequently used in English than “谢谢” in Chinese. Yet it does not mean that the Chinese people do not like to thank others, they have far more ways.63. “It doesn’t matter” , “ Never mind” are responses to apologies “ I’m sorry” , not to thanks64. “Lets get together soon.” or “I’ll invite you to tea later.” are just expressions of goodwill rather than genuine invitations.65. English –speaking people tend to accept the compliments whereas the Chinese people tend toefface themselves in words, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments.66. In English, the pronoun “ I” is used more often, e.g. “ I love it”, “ Like it”, while in Chinese, the compliments often begin with the pronouns “你”or “你的”67. While asking who the caller is, English –speaking people usually do so: “Is that Mary?? Or “Is that Mary speaking?”, not “ Are you Mary?”68. In broad terms, nonverbal communication covers four areas: Body language, paralanguage, object language and environmental language.69. The function “repeating” of nonverbal communication is reflected in the following example: we point in a certain direction after we have said: “The dinning hall is south of the library.”70. Being the core of body language, gesture is the most commonly used and the most important means in the process of nonverbal communication.71. For the “OK” sign in America, it means “ money” in Japan；in France, it means “ zero’；in Brazil and Germany, it means something quite rude.72. Handshaking is imported into China from outside, It should go together with smile, polite postures, appropriate distance and eye-contact in cross-cultural communication.74. In America, a smile can be a sign of happiness or friendly affirmation, In China, however, it can be used to mask an emotion, or to avoid answering a question, or even to hide embarrassment.75. U.S people tend to need more space than do persons of certain cultures such as Greeks, Latin Americans or Arabs.76. The Americans tend to talk with those people opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them; the Chinese people tend to talk with those people sitting next to each other.77. In western banquets, the right side is considered as superiority, while the left side is considered as inferiority. In Chinese banquets, the seats facing the gate or facing the south is considered to be superior.78. Past-oriented cultures such as the Chinese, the British place much emphasis on tradition and are often perceived as resisting change; Filipinos and Latin Americans are present-oriented and emphasize living in the moment; Most of the Americans are future-oriented and put great faith in the future.79. Northern American and Western European cultures are typical M- Time cultures; Latin American, African, Arab and most of the Asian cultures are P-Time cultures.79. Most of the traditional Chinese festivals originate from seasons while most of the traditional Western festivals originate from religion.80. In the Western world, the largest traditional festival is Christmas, and the second largest traditional festival is Easter.81. Chinese diets have been focusing on the delicacy and flavor while the western diets have been focusing on the nutrition and its balance.82. The word “friend” in the United States has a broad meaning, including everyone from a casual acquaintance to a long-time best friend, while in China, people reserve the word “friend” for a few people who are very close.83. The Americans tend to help their friends to find out the solutions to problems by asking “What do you want to do?”while the Chinese people tend to give their friends specific advice by suggesting “You should…” or “ You can…”.84. People in the English-speaking countries usually give some novelties as gifts while people in China would like to give something expensive or even money as gifts.85. People in the English-speaking countries will take gifts happily and open them quickly while in China, gift-receivers usually complain much to gift-givers before they receive the gifts or even just put them aside, leaving uncovered.86. In the west, the tradition “Lady First” may come from Christianity, where Maria is respected as embodying noble and lofty emotions or from knighthood, which originated in the middle Ages Europe.87. People in the English-speaking countries usually regard age, marriage status, health, salary, price, religion or politics as something private, which should be avoided talking about.88. Both English-speaking people and Chinese people can share talking about such topics as entertainments, traveling, weather, work or spending holidays.89. “Thinking culturally and globally”by Linell Davis tells us that nowadays,in intercultural communication, people should take cultural differences into consideration.90.Potential problems in intercultural communication mainly include ethnocentrism, stereotype, culture shock and prejudice.91.Prejudice is an unfair, biased or derogatory attitude or set of attitudes towards all or most of the members of a group.92. Empathy is generally defined as the degree to which we can accurately infer other people’s thoughts or feelings, or the ability to put oneself in other people’s shoes.93. Adaptability refers to the ability to adjust and fashion our communication behaviors to culture differences as well as a new culture.94. Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one’s culture is better or the belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic group.95. Stereotypes are the beliefs or perceptions people hold about groups or individuals based on previously formed opinions and attitudes.96. Culture shock is the feeling of confusion, insecurity, and anxiety caused by the strangeness ofa new environment.97. Culture shock has four stages: honeymoon, crisis, recovery and adjustment.98. There is a reverse culture shock that takes place when people return “home” after a long period of time in another country.99. China is called “中国”, meaning “the center of the world”, in the past, the world beyond China was called “蛮夷”, meaning “the place of savages”. The belief above is called ethnocentrism.100, The belief that “Men are breadwinners” and “Women are homemakers” is called stereotype.。
跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)
跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总29页PPT
66、节制使快乐增加并使享受加强。 ——德 谟克利 特 67、今天应做的事没有做，明天再早也 是耽误 了。——裴斯 泰洛齐 68、决定一个人的一生，以及整个命运 的，只 是一瞬 之间。 ——歌 德 69、懒人无法享受休息之乐。——拉布 克 70、浪费时间是一桩大罪过。——卢梭
大学英语跨文化交际 要点汇总
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6、、心急吃不了热汤圆。
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8、你可以很有个性，但某些时候请收 敛。
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9、只为成功找方法，不为失败找借口 (蹩脚 的工人 总是说 工具不 好)。
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10、只要下定决心克服恐惧，便几乎 能克服 任何恐 惧。因 为，请 记住， 除了在 脑海中 ，恐惧 无处藏 身。-- 戴尔． 卡耐基 。
跨文化交际考试重点总结
UNIT1ObjectivesThis course aims at leading students to a general understanding of the complexities of intercultural communication and providing them with a cultural perspective in dealing with the common problems in intercultural communication. With the help of the this course the learners will:11. Come to see how culture influences our interaction with people of different cultural groups;2. Increase their cross-cultural awareness;3. Learn to predict and solve possible problems in intercultural communication;4. Overcome cultural barriers in EFL learning and teaching;5. Better understand and appreciate the Chinese people, Chinese language and Chinese culture.2课程的目的和主要任务本课程主要介绍跨文化交际学的基本概念和基本理论，重点学习东西方文化在感知方面（包括价值观、世界观、和宗教观等）、言语方面（包括言语交际模式、交际风格、交际策略及思维方式）和非言语交际方面（包括体态语言等）异同。
宗旨是培养学生跨文化交际意识，了解和掌握跨文化交际基本理论和基本内容，提高跨文化交际能力。
跨文化交际重点归纳
跨文化交际重点归纳Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we can’t survive in societyA metaphor比喻of cultureWe compare culture to iceberg.It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part.“Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into one’sprivacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please.B. Come here, please.C. Follow me, please.D. Move on.2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitor’s “Excuse me”?A. What’s the matter?B. Yes?C. That’s all right.D. Don’t worry.3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “I’m terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesn’t matter.B. Never mind.C. Don’t worry.D. That’s all right.What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons who identify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication? Language difference.(If we understand others’ language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.) Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc. Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc.Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/…Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said….1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries.3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode ofcommunication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation. Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesn’t know.There is an honest misunderstanding.L ee misunderstood what the driver said, or didn’t hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself –an unreasonably large one. Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs gettheir own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancy’s problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians won’t drink alcoholic beverages.Read Fran’s Response: Not Eating after class and get more information. Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners.Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteinsand so on.we would invite many people “the more the better”If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guest’s bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink.Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist? Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivistone?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解释、翻译of greetings上哪去？Where are you going?It’s none of your business!去哪啦？Where have you been?吃过了吗？Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀？吃饭去？回来了？忙着呢？忙什么呢？在洗车呀？这衣服真漂亮，新买的吧？你看起来气色不错。
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黑龙江大学09-10学年第一学期《大学英语跨文化交际》复习重点Chapter 1 CultureI.定义Culture(from intellectual perspective):从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现Culture(from anthropologic perspective)：从人类学角度定义文化：文化有清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号有人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。
文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。
Culture(from psychological perspective) : 从心理学角度定义文化：文化是使一个人类群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。
Culture(from sociological perspective): 从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的，基于群体的认知模式——包括言语与非言语符号，态度，价值观，信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。
Culture(from intercultural communication perspective): 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
Culture Identity: 文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
Co-culture 共文化——指具有独特的交际特征，感知特点，价值观，信仰和行为，区别于其他群体，社团以及主流文化的群体或社团。
Subgroup 亚群体——相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体时代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。
Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
3. Encoding: 编码：之信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
4. Channel/Medium渠道/媒介：只发送信息的方法5. Receiver:信息接受者：指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人6. Decoding: 解码：指信息接受者赋予其受到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
7. Feedback: 反馈“指信息接受者对信息源信息所作出的反应。
8. Noise: 干扰：指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。
包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。
9. Context: 语境，指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
10. Intercultural communication: 跨文化交际，指的是那些在卫华人之和符号系统上存在差异的人们之间的交际。
这些差异足以改变整个交际事件。
11. International communication: 国际交流，指发生在国家和政府之间而非发生在个人之间的交际，此种交际非常正式和仪式化。
12. Interracial communication: 跨种族交际，指交流信息的信息源和信息接受者来自不同的种族的交际。
13. Interethnic communication: 跨民族交际：来自一个国家或文化内部的不同民族群体的人们之间的交际。
14. Intercultural communication:文化内交际指统一文化内部的成员之间的交际。
Chapter 3 Culture’s Influence on Perception1. Sensation:感觉，是人们意识到周围环境的神经过程。
2. Perception知觉：是一种人们通过各种感觉来觉察事物，事件，任何人的行为的过程。
它是解释感觉信息更为高价的认知过程。
3. Selection:选择，是从周围的选择的刺激信息中筛选出所需要的信息的过程。
4. Organization组织：是把从周围选择的刺激信息，以一种有意义的方式整理，组合的过程。
5. Interpretation:释义，是赋予感觉信息意义的过程，类似于解码过程。
Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers1. Anxiety: 焦虑，当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。
2. Uncertainty: 不确定，是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情镜导致的。
3. Assuming similarity instead of difference: 假定一致性，是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己处境的相似，儿事实上却并非如此。
4. Ethnocentrism: 民族优越感，只从本国文化得标准出发，消极地审视另一文化。
5. Stereotypes: 文化定势，指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。
6. Prejudice: 偏见，指对于某一特定群体，种族，宗教，或性取向的无端地憎恶和怀疑。
7. Racism: 种族主义，指基于种族把性格特点或地位归因于个人的任意政策，做法，信仰或态度。
Chapter 5 Verbal Intercultural CommunicationVerbal intercultural communication:来自不同文化北京的人用言语进行的交际即言语跨文化交际。
Dialect: 方言指某一群体特有的语言，与整个群体的言语不同。
Sociolect: 社会方言指由于社会阶级或言语分割不同而产生的方言。
Pidgin: 洋泾浜；是一种特殊的语言变体，指为贸易等目的将两种或几种语言混合使用。
Creole: 当有人以洋泾浜为母语，并成为某一地区永久的语言时，它就成为克里奥尔语或混合语。
Lingua franca: 通用语指作为国际间交流手段的一种特殊语言。
Taboo: 禁忌语指被禁止或避免的具有毛反省的不礼貌行为。
Euphemism: 委婉语是替代具有毛反省的不礼貌的禁忌语词语。
Jargon: 行话是指演变而来的专门的或科技词汇，用以满足特殊职业的特殊需要，例如医药或法律。
Chapter 6 Nonverbal Intercultural CommunicationNonverbal communication: 非言语交际：不运用言语语言传递信息。
Proxemics : 时空行为是指对空间关系的研究。
Chronemics: 时间行为是对于人们如何理解和利用时间的研究。
Paralanguage: 为增强其含义，伴随言语语言产生的可听到的声音符号系统。
Olfactics: 气味行为：研究气味对于交流的影响的学科Oculesics: 目光语：对于有眼睛所传达的信息的研究。
不同的文化对于交际时眼神的接触有不同的要求。
Haptics: 触觉行为：指通过身体接触来交流。
Chromatics: 色彩学：指对于影响人们人之，行为和他人印象的色彩的研究。
Kinesics: 身势语：指手势，面目表情，眼神交流，身体姿势，肢体运动和问候方式以及它们与交际的关系。
Chapter 7 Cultural PatternsCultural patterns: 文化模式是指相对稳定的共有的信仰，价值观，标准和社会实践，这些文化模式在相似的情形下会使人产生相似的行为。
Context: 语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的解读具有重要参考价值。
High Context Communication: 高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。
Low Context Communication: 低语境交际是指大量的信息通过明确的语言编码被传递的交际。
Uncertainty Avoidance: 不确定性规避是指某一文化的成员对不确定性因素的规避程度。
Power Distance: 权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权力被不平等分配的接受程度。
Chapter 8 Cultural Influences on ContextsCommunication context: 交际语境，交际无法脱离外部环境的影响，所有的人类交接都或多或少受到社会，物理和文化场景的影响，这些场景成为交际语境。
Chapter 9 Intercultural Adaptation1. Acculturation 文化适应：指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程。
2. Assimilation 同化，指一个民族群体的人们逐渐失去自己原有的文化，接受新的主流文化的过程。
3. Integration 文化融合：指人们在文化适应过程中高度接受新的主流文化，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性。
4. Separation: 分离，指人们在文化室内光影过程中对自己原有文化进行重新肯定的认同，保留了原有文化，对新的主流文化及与其相关的微观文化不接受不认可。
5. Segregation: 隔离，当境界和政治上更强大的新主流文化不接受人们与它进行文化接触，人们就会被这种文化隔离在外。
6. Marginalization:边缘化，指人们不但失去自己原有的文化身份，而且无法融入新的主流文化。
7. Culture shock: 文化冲击/休克，指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。
8. Intercultural adaptation:跨文化适应指人们不断提高自己的适应能力，以期达到新文化环境的需要。
2. 判断1.T The iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly.2.F Culture is innate as soon as a person is born.3.T People may sometimes get confused about his or her cultural identity.4.F Scholars prefer the term subculture to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominant culture.5.T A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time.6.F Intercultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.7.T Communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected.8.F The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. This activity is called decoding.9.T The process of communication has nine components:sender,encoding,message, channel, noise, receiver, decoding, feedback, and context.10.T No two of us can assume that our sensations are the same.Different stimuli can produce the same sensations.11.T The same stimuli can produce very different sensations.12.T Our perception are influenced by who we are, including the accumulation of our experience.13.F We give meaning to or “decode”the information that we have selected and organized during the selection stage.14.T The psychological filters refer to the psychological factors, including the attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions of the individual.15.T Ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism are learned.16.T Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments,they can also be positive.17.T When communicating with people from other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as”his people”and to assume there is only one way of doing things:that is”his way”.18.F Assumption of superiority may lead to assuming similarity instead of difference.19.F Industrialization is not the reason for the persistence ofethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism.20.F An exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures.21.F The self-effacement verbal style emphasizes the importance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.22.T The elaborate,exacting,or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups.23.T Dialect refers to geographic variation,while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group.24.T An elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures.25.F Speaking is the only mode of effective communication.26.F Chinese like to touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children’s head.27.T Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures.28.T The appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures.29.T Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words.30.T Industrialized societies like the United States,the masteruy-over-nature view tends to predominate.31.F The harmony-with-nature orientation draws chear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernatural.32.F Both Americans and British show respect for tradition.33.T A doing orientation involves a focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else.34.T In Being cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does.35.F In Saudi Arabia,greetings tend to be informal. Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving.36.T In Finland,firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women.37.T Americans might regard gift giving as a form of bribery.38.F In Japan,one should open the gift in front of the giver.39.T Mexican negotiators emphasize relational concerns prior to the real negotiation.40.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.41.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.42.F Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.43.T Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.44.F The second stage of intercultural adaptation is called honeymoon stage or initial euphoria stage.45.F All the activities of learning one’s culture are called acculturation.46.F Insomnia can be one example of the physical symptoms of culture shock.47.T Financial matters can result in culture shock.3. 简答1. Emotional problems as barriers to intercultural communication?a. Anxiety and uncertaintyb. Assuming similarity instead of difference2. Attitudinal problems as barriers to intercultural communication?a. Ethnocentrismb. Stereotypingc. Prejudiced. Racism3.Five dimensions of stereotypes?a. Directionb. intensityc. specificityd. consensuse. accuracy4.Reasons for the persistence of ethnocentrism,stereotyping,prejudice and racism？a. Socializationb. social benefitsc. economic benefitsd. psychological benefits5.Translation problems as language barriers?a. Lack of vocabulary equivalenceb. Lack of idiomatic equivalencec. Lack of grammatical-syntactical equivalenced. Lack of experiential equivalencee. Lack of conceptual equivalence6.Verbal communication styles?a. Direct and indirect stylesb. Self-enhancement and self-effacement stylesc. Elaborate,exacting and succinct stylesd. Personal and contextual stylese. Instrumental and affective stylesnguage diversity?a. Dialects and sociolectsb. pidgin and lingua francac. taboo and euphemismd. jargon8.Functions of nonverbal communication?a. Repeatingb. complementingc. substitutingd. regulatinge. contradicting9.Edward T.Hall’s context—culture theory?a. High-context cultureb. low-context culture10. Hofstede’s dimensions of cultural variability?a. individualism and collectivismb. uncertainty avoidancec. power distanced. masculinity and femininity11.Business etiquette norms?a. appointment seekingb. the data for businessc. greeting behaviord. gift giving12.Forms of culture shock?a. language shockb. role shockc. transition shockd. culture fatiguee. education shockf. adjustment stressg. culture distance13.Stages of intercultural adaptation?a. U-curve pattern(a)honeymood period (b)crisis period (c)adjustment period (d)biculturalism periodb. W-curve pattern4. 案例Case 34 What Is Sue’s Problem?This case can reflect nonverbal intercultural communication should be according to the different context, too. Context refers to the actual setting when communication occurs and is also important in nonverbal communication. In this case, Sue knewhow to wai and she knew that bowing was generally important in the Thai culture, but, as is so easy to do in a new environment, she forgot to consider the context. Relational hierarchy is very import ant in Thailand. Sue’s differential actions may have appropriate in certain settings, but given her status of elder visitor such actions directed toward the children were extremely confusing and uncomfortable for the students and teachers alike.这个案例反映出非言语的跨文化交际也应该根据不同的语境。