手动变速器基础外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：黄昌照学号：052115322015 年4月7日Manual Transmission BasicsIt's no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than their automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual trans actually work? With our primer on automatics(or slushboxes, as detractors call them) available for your perusal, we thought it would be a good idea to provide a companion overview on manual trannies, too.A brief history lesson shows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact, up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it's logical for many types of today's vehicles to be equipped with an automatic -- such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup -- the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, sport coupe or two-seater equipped with a precise-shifting five- or six-speed gearbox. It's what makes cars such as a Corvette, Mustang, Miata or any BMW sedan or coupe some of the most fun-to-drive cars available today.We know which types of cars have manual trannies. Now let's take a look at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the '60s to the most high-tech six-speed in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing) that, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive, the transmission still attaches to the engine in a similar fashion but is usually referred to as a transaxle. This is because the transmission, differential and drive axles are one complete unit. In a front-wheel-drive car, the transmission also serves as part of the front axle for the front wheels. In the remaining text, a transmission and transaxle will both be referred to using the term transmission.The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft and rear wheels (or axle halfshafts and front wheels in a front-wheel-drive vehicle). Gears inside thetransmission change the vehicle's drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torque. Lower (numerically higher) gear ratios serve as torque multipliers and help the engine to develop enough power to accelerate from a standstill.Initially, power and torque from the engine comes into the front of the transmission and rotates the main drive gear (or input shaft), which meshes with the cluster or counter shaft gear -- a series of gears forged into one piece that resembles a cluster of gears. The cluster-gear assembly rotates any time the clutch is engaged to a running engine, whether or not the transmission is in gear or in neutral.There are two basic types of manual transmissions. The sliding-gear type and the constant-mesh design. With the basic -- and now obsolete -- sliding-gear type, nothing is turning inside the transmission case except the main drive gear and cluster gear when the trans is in neutral. In order to mesh the gears and apply engine power to move the vehicle, the driver presses the clutch pedal and moves the shifter handle, which in turn moves the shift linkage and forks to slide a gear along the mainshaft, which is mounted directly above the cluster. Once the gears are meshed, the clutch pedal is released and the engine's power is sent to the drive wheels. There can be several gears on the mainshaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmission shift linkage is designed so the driver has to unmesh one gear before being able to mesh another. With these older transmissions, gear clash is a problem because the gears are all rotating at different speeds.All modern transmissions are of the constant-mesh type, which still uses a similar gear arrangement as the sliding-gear type. However, all the mainshaft gears are in constant mesh with the cluster gears. This is possible because the gears on the mainshaft are not splined to the shaft, but are free to rotate on it. With a constant-mesh gearbox, the main drive gear, cluster gear and all the mainshaft gears are always turning, even when the transmission is in neutral.Alongside each gear on the mainshaft is a dog clutch, with a hub that's positively splined to the shaft and an outer ring that can slide over against each gear. Both the mainshaft gear and the ring of the dog clutch have a row of teeth. Moving the shift linkage moves the dog clutch against the adjacent mainshaft gear, causing the teeth to interlock and solidly lock the gear to the mainshaft.To prevent gears from grinding or clashing during engagement, a constant-mesh, fully "synchronized" manual transmission is equipped with synchronizers. A synchronizer typically consists of an inner-splined hub, an outer sleeve, shifter plates, lock rings (or springs) and blocking rings. The hub is splined onto the mainshaft between a pair of main drive gears. Held in place by the lock rings, the shifter plates position the sleeve over the hub while also holding the floating blocking rings in proper alignment.That's the basics on the inner workings of a manual transmission. As for advances, they have been extensive over the years, mainly in the area of additional gears. Back in the '60s, four-speeds were common in American and European performance cars. Most of these transmissions had 1:1 final-drive ratios with no overdrives. Today, overdriven five-speeds are standard on practically all passenger cars available with a manual gearbox.Overdrive is an arrangement of gearing that provides more revolutions of the driven shaft (the driveshaft going to the wheels) than the driving shaft (crankshaft of the engine). For example, a transmission with a fourth-gear ratio of 1:1 and a fifth-gear ratio of 0.70:1 will reduce engine rpm by 30 percent, while the vehicle maintains the same road speed. Thus, fuel efficiency will improve and engine wear will be notably reduced. Today, six-speed transmissions are becoming more and more common. One of the first cars sold in America with a six-speed was the '89 Corvette. Designed by Chevrolet and Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (ZF) and built by ZF in Germany, this tough-as-nails six-speed was available in the Corvette up to the conclusion of the '96 model year. Today, the Corvette uses a Tremec T56 six-speed mounted at the back of the car.Many cars are available today with six-speeds, including the Mazda Miata, Porsche Boxster S and 911, Dodge Viper, Mercedes-Benz SLK350, Honda S2000, BMW 3-Series and many others. Some of these gearboxes provide radical 50-percent (0.50:1) sixth-gear overdrives such as in the Viper and Corvette, while others provide tightly spaced gear ratios like in the S2000 and Miata for spirited backroad performance driving. While the bigger cars mentioned above such as the Viper and Vette often have two overdrive ratios (fifth and sixth) the smaller cars like the Celica and S2000 usually have one overdriven gear ratio (sixth) and fifth is 1:1.Clearly a slick-shifting manual transmission is one of the main components in a fun-to-drive car, along with a powerful engine, confidence-inspiring suspension andcompetent brakes. For more information on a manual transmission's primary partner component, check out our basic primer on clutches and clutch operation.附录B 文献翻译手动变速器基础汽车手动变速器相比于自动变速器的驾驶装备来说，在驾驶方面拥有更多的乐趣，这已不再是什么秘密了。
变速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译汽车变速器设计我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。
因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。
但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。
这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。
汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。
为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。
当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。
所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。
汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。
一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。
三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。
不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。
例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。
当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。
典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。
当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。
典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。
变速器介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录附录A 英文文献Transmission descriptionTransmission gearbox's function the engine's output rotational speed is high, the maximum work rate and the maximum torque appears in certain rotational speed area. In order to display engine's optimum performance, must have a set of variable speed gear, is coordinated the engine the rotational speed and wheel's actual moving velocity. The transmission gearbox may in the automobile travel process, has the different gear ratio between the engine and the wheel, through shifts gears may cause the engine work under its best power performance condition. Transmission gearbox's trend of development is more and more complex, the automaticity is also getting higher and higher, the automatic transmission will be future mainstream.Automotive Transmission's mission is to transfer power, and in the process of dynamic change in the transmission gear ratio in order to adjust or change the characteristics of the engine, at the same time through the transmission to adapt to different driving requirements. This shows that the transmission lines in the automotive transmission plays a crucial role. With the rapid development of science and technology, people's car is getting higher and higher performance requirements, vehicle performance, life, energy consumption, such as vibration and noise transmission depends largely on the performance, it is necessary to attach importance to the study of transmission.Transmission gearbox's pattern the automobile automatic transmission common to have three patterns: Respectively is hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT), machinery stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electrically controlled machinery automatic transmission (AMT). At present what applies is most widespread is, AT becomes automatic transmission's pronoun nearly.AT is by the fluid strength torque converter, the planet gear and the hydraulic control system is composed, combines the way through the fluid strength transmission and the gear to realize the speed change bending moment. And the fluid strength torque converter is the most important part, it by components and so on pump pulley, turbine wheel and guide pulley is composed, has at the same time the transmission torque and the meeting and parting function.And AT compare, CVT has omitted complex and the unwieldy gear combination variable transmission, but is two groups of band pulleys carries on the variable transmission. Through changes the driving gear and the driven wheel transmission belt's contact radius carries on the speed change. Because has cancelled the gear drive, therefore its velocity ratio may change at will, the speed change is smoother, has not shifted gears kicks the feeling.AMT and the hydraulic automatic transmission gearbox (AT) is the having steps automatic transmission equally. It in the ordinary manual transmission gearbox's foundation, through installs the electrically operated installment which the microcomputer controls, the substitution originally coupling's separation which, the joint and the transmission gearbox completes by the manual control elects to keep off, to shift gears the movement, realizes fluid drive.Manual transmission gear mainly uses the principle of deceleration. Transmission within the group have different transmission ratio gear pair, and the car at the time of shift work, that is, through the manipulation of institutions so that the different transmission gear pair work. Manual transmission, also known as manual gear transmission, with axial sliding in the gears, the meshing gears through different speed to achieve the purpose of torque variation. Manual shift transmission can operate in full compliance with the will of the driver, and the simple structure, the failure rate is relatively low, value for money.Automatic transmission is based on speed and load (throttle pedal travel) fortwo-parameter control gear in accordance with the above two parameters to automatically take-off and landing. Automatic transmission and manual transmission in common, that is, there are two-stage transmission, automatic transmission can only speed the pace to automatically shift, manual transmission can be eliminated, "setback" of the shift feel.Automatic transmission is a torque converter, planetary gears and hydraulic manipulation of bodies, through the hydraulic transmission and gear combination to achieve the purpose of variable-speed torque variation.Also known as CVT-type continuously variable CVT. This transmission and automatic transmission gear generally the biggest difference is that it eliminates the need of complex and cumbersome combination of variable-speed gear transmission, and only two groups to carry out variable-speed drive pulley.CVT transmission than the traditional structure of simple, smaller and it is not the number of manual gear transmission, no automatic transmission planetary gear complex group, mainly rely on the driving wheel, the driven wheel and the transmission ratio brought about by the realization of non-class change.Widely used in automotive internal combustion engine as a power source, the torque and speed range is very small, and complex conditions require the use of motor vehicles and the speed of the driving force in the considerable changes in the scope. To resolve this contradiction, in the transmission system to set up the transmission to change transmission ratio, the expansion of the driving wheel torque and speed range in order to adapt to constantly changing traffic conditions, such as start, acceleration, climbing and so on, while the engine in the most favorable conditions to work under the scope; in the same direction of rotation of the engine under the premise of the automobile can be driven back; the use of neutral, interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idle speed, and ease of transmission or power shift . Transmission is designed to meet the above requirements, so that the conditions in a particular vehicle stability.In addition to transmission can be used to meet certain requirements, but also to ensure that it and the car can have a good match, and can improve the car's power andeconomy to ensure that the engine in a favorable condition to increase the scope of the work of the use of motor vehicles life, reduce energy consumption, reduce noise, such as the use of motor vehicles.Today the world's major car companies CVT are very active in the study. The near future, with electronic control technology to further improve, electronically controlled Continuously Variable Transmission-type is expected to be a wide range of development and application.附录B 文献翻译变速器介绍发动机的输出转速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的转速区出现。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译444手动变速器如何工作
附录How Manual Transmissions WorkIf you drive a stick-shift car, then you may have several questions floating in your head.How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter?When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound, what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode?In this article, we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual transmission.Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline engine. First, any engine has a redline --a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without exploding. Second, if you have read How Horsepower Works, then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their maximum. For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 rpm. The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows down. You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best performance.Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm value. That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT).A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear ratios. In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didn't see them in production automobiles. These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more common. The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT.The transmission is connected to the engine through the clutch. The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine.A five-speed transmission applies one of five different gear ratios to the input shaft toproduce a different rpm value at the output shaft.A Very Simple TransmissionTo understand the basic idea behind a standard transmission, the diagram below shows a very simple two-speed transmission in neutral:Let's look at each of the parts in this diagram to understand how they fit together:The green shaft comes from the engine through the clutch. The green shaft and green gear are connected as a single unit. (The clutch is a device that lets you connect and disconnect the engine and the transmission. When you push in the clutch pedal, the engine and the transmission are disconnected so the engine can run even if the car is standing still. When you release the clutch pedal, the engine and the green shaft are directly connected to one another. The green shaft and gear turn at the same rpm as the engine.) The red shaft and gears are called the layshaft. These are also connected as a single piece, so all of the gears on the layshaft and the layshaft itself spin as one unit. The green shaft and the red shaft are directly connected through their meshed gears so that if the green shaft is spinning, so is the red shaft. In this way, the layshaft receives its power directly from the engine whenever the clutch is engaged.The yellow shaft is a splined shaft that connects directly to the drive shaft through the differential to the drive wheels of the car. If the wheels are spinning, the yellow shaft is spinning.The blue gears ride on bearings, so they spin on the yellow shaft. If the engine is offbut the car is coasting, the yellow shaft can turn inside the blue gears while the blue gears and the layshaft are motionless.Now, let's see what happens when you shift into first gear.First GearIn this picture, the green shaft from the engine turns the layshaft, which turns the blue gear on the right. This gear transmits its energy through the collar to drive the yellow drive shaft. Meanwhile, the blue gear on the left is turning, but it is freewheeling on its bearing so it has no effect on the yellow shaft.When the collar is between the two gears (as shown in the first figure), the transmission is in neutral. Both of the blue gears freewheel on the yellow shaft at the different rates controlled by their ratios to the layshaft.From this discussion, you can answer several questions:When you make a mistake while shifting and hear a horrible grinding sound, you are not hearing the sound of gear teeth mis-meshing. As you can see in these diagrams, all gear teeth are all fully meshed at all times. The grinding is the sound of the dog teeth trying unsuccessfully to engage the holes in the side of a blue gear.The transmission shown here does not have "synchros" (discussed later in the article), so if you were using this transmission you would have to double-clutch it. Double-clutching was common in older cars and is still common in some modern race cars. In double-clutching, you first push the clutch pedal in once to disengage the engine from the transmission. This takes the pressure off the dog teeth so you can move the collar into neutral. Then you release the clutch pedal and rev the engine to the "right speed." The right speed is the rpm value at which the engine should be running in the next gear. The idea is to get the blue gear of the next gear and the collar rotating at the same speed so that the dog teeth can engage. Then you push the clutch pedal in again and lock the collar into the new gear. At every gear change you have to press and release the clutch twice, hence the name "double-clutching."You can also see how a small linear motion in the gear shift knob allows you to change gears. The gear shift knob moves a rod connected to the fork. The fork slides the collar on the yellow shaft to engage one of two gears.In the next section, we'll take a look at a real transmission.A Real TransmissionThere are three forks controlled by three rods that are engaged by the shift lever. Looking at the shift rods from the top, they look like this in reverse, first and second gear: Keep in mind that the shift lever has a rotation point in the middle. When you push the knob forward to engage first gear, you are actually pulling the rod and fork for first gear back.You can see that as you move the shifter left and right you are engaging different forks (and therefore different collars). Moving the knob forward and backward moves the collar to engage one of the gears。
外文翻译：手动变速器概述
Manual transmissionManual transmission is the most basic of transmission of a type, its effect is changing, and provide the transmission reverse and neutral. Usually, the pilot on the clutch pedal through manipulation and in any HuanDangGan can choose between gear. There are a few manual transmission, such as motorcycles, cars, some transmission shift transmission allows only sequence, the transmission is called sequence shift transmission. In recent years, along with the electronic control components durability, computerized automatic switching clutch automatic shift of transmission in Europe since the start line are more and more popular, car V olkswagen and ford are sold in the city on the double clutch provide updated generation, transmission from the start with two clutches, every shift automatically switch to another group of clutch engagement, need not as quick as traditional in manual have only one group separated again clutch engagement, shifting speed is faster, more small change gear vibration.Internal structure: shaftDecorate a form of transmission shaft type usually have two and three shaft type two kinds. Usually a rear wheel drive car will adopt three axis type, i.e. input shaft transmission, the output shaft and oart. Input shaft front associated with engine, borrow clutch output shaft back-end through the flange and universal transmission device connected.Input shaft and the output shaft in the same horizontal line, with their oart parallel arrangement. From the input shaft power through the gears to preach to the output shaft oart again. In many input and output shaft transmission shaft could engage in together, so to power, then the gear oart called directly. Direct files through uniaxial transmission, the ratio of 1:1, the highest transmission efficiency. Even in the transmission directly, cannot offer the input shaft, and the output shaft is decorated in a straight line to reduce work needed to inherit the torque transmission.Reversing deviceGenerally speaking, the reverse gear reducer than can alsosynchronizerIn synchronized meshing gears have type synchronizer Settings, can make two gear engagement in the first, before the speed reached synchronizer in all of this manual geartransmission of the car has been usedClutch,The clutch is can make two gear with a separate with mechanical parts, two gear transmission power can be combined, but when to speed, so will depend on the first two gear clutch, change gear ratio, the two gear transmission power, continue again Control：GearIn simple terms, the high speed, low speed ShengDang when the time cameEvery car high speedCompared with automatic transmissionThis refers to the automatic transmission of traditional hydraulic transmission, namely through hydraulic torque converter and planetary gear transmission power automatic transmission.Advantages：transmission efficiency than automatic gearboxes for high, of course, theoretically can compare economical.maintenance will be cheaper than transmission.If you want to higher cost, can begin from both the row of convenience and high power手动变速器手动变速器是汽车变速器中最基本的一种类型，其作用是改变传动比，并提供倒档和空档。
手动变速器基础外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录附录A 英语科技文献Manual Transmission BasicsIt's no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than their automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual trans actually work? With our primer on automatics(or slushboxes, as detractors call them) available for your perusal, we thought it would be a good idea to provide a companion overview on manual trannies, too.A brief history lesson shows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact, up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it's logical for many types of today's vehicles to be equipped with an automatic -- such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup -- the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, sport coupe or two-seater equipped with a precise-shifting five- or six-speed gearbox. It's what makes cars such as a Corvette, Mustang, Miata or any BMW sedan or coupe some of the most fun-to-drive cars available today.We know which types of cars have manual trannies. Now let's take a look at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the '60s to the most high-tech six-speed in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing) that, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive, the transmission still attaches to the engine in a similar fashion but is usually referred to as a transaxle. This is because the transmission, differential and drive axles are one complete unit. In a front-wheel-drive car, the transmission also serves as part of the front axle for the front wheels. In the remaining text, a transmission and transaxle will both be referred to using the term transmission.The function of any transmission is transferring engine power to the driveshaft and rear wheels (or axle halfshafts and front wheels in a front-wheel-drive vehicle). Gears inside the transmission change the vehicle's drive-wheel speed and torque in relation to engine speed and torque. Lower (numerically higher) gear ratios serve as torque multipliers and help the engine to develop enough power to accelerate from a standstill.Initially, power and torque from the engine comes into the front of the transmission and rotates the main drive gear (or input shaft), which meshes with the cluster or counter shaft gear -- a series of gears forged into one piece that resembles a cluster of gears. The cluster-gear assembly rotates any time the clutch is engaged to a running engine, whether or not the transmission is in gear or in neutral.There are two basic types of manual transmissions. The sliding-gear type and the constant-mesh design. With the basic -- and now obsolete -- sliding-gear type, nothing is turning inside the transmission case except the main drive gear and cluster gear when the trans is in neutral. In order to mesh the gears and apply engine power to move the vehicle, the driver presses the clutch pedal and moves the shifter handle, which in turn moves the shift linkage and forks to slide a gear along the mainshaft, which is mounted directly above the cluster. Once the gears are meshed, the clutch pedal is released and the engine's power is sent to the drive wheels. There can be several gears on the mainshaft of different diameters and tooth counts, and the transmission shift linkage is designed so the driver has to unmesh one gear before being able to mesh another. With these older transmissions, gear clash is a problem because the gears are all rotating at different speeds.All modern transmissions are of the constant-mesh type, which still uses a similar gear arrangement as the sliding-gear type. However, all the mainshaft gears are in constant mesh with the cluster gears. This is possible because the gears on the mainshaft are not splined to the shaft, but are free to rotate on it. With a constant-mesh gearbox, the main drive gear, cluster gear and all the mainshaft gears are always turning, even when the transmission is in neutral.Alongside each gear on the mainshaft is a dog clutch, with a hub that's positively splined to the shaft and an outer ring that can slide over against each gear. Both the mainshaft gear and the ring of the dog clutch have a row of teeth. Moving the shift linkagemoves the dog clutch against the adjacent mainshaft gear, causing the teeth to interlock and solidly lock the gear to the mainshaft.To prevent gears from grinding or clashing during engagement, a constant-mesh, fully "synchronized" manual transmission is equipped with synchronizers. A synchronizer typically consists of an inner-splined hub, an outer sleeve, shifter plates, lock rings (or springs) and blocking rings. The hub is splined onto the mainshaft between a pair of main drive gears. Held in place by the lock rings, the shifter plates position the sleeve over the hub while also holding the floating blocking rings in proper alignment.That's the basics on the inner workings of a manual transmission. As for advances, they have been extensive over the years, mainly in the area of additional gears. Back in the '60s, four-speeds were common in American and European performance cars. Most of these transmissions had 1:1 final-drive ratios with no overdrives. Today, overdriven five-speeds are standard on practically all passenger cars available with a manual gearbox.Overdrive is an arrangement of gearing that provides more revolutions of the driven shaft (the driveshaft going to the wheels) than the driving shaft (crankshaft of the engine). For example, a transmission with a fourth-gear ratio of 1:1 and a fifth-gear ratio of 0.70:1 will reduce engine rpm by 30 percent, while the vehicle maintains the same road speed. Thus, fuel efficiency will improve and engine wear will be notably reduced. Today, six-speed transmissions are becoming more and more common. One of the first cars sold in America with a six-speed was the '89 Corvette. Designed by Chevrolet and Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen (ZF) and built by ZF in Germany, this tough-as-nails six-speed was available in the Corvette up to the conclusion of the '96 model year. Today, the Corvette uses a Tremec T56 six-speed mounted at the back of the car.Many cars are available today with six-speeds, including the Mazda Miata, Porsche Boxster S and 911, Dodge Viper, Mercedes-Benz SLK350, Honda S2000, BMW 3-Series and many others. Some of these gearboxes provide radical 50-percent (0.50:1) sixth-gear overdrives such as in the Viper and Corvette, while others provide tightly spaced gear ratios like in the S2000 and Miata for spirited backroad performance driving. While the bigger cars mentioned above such as the Viper and Vette often have two overdrive ratios (fifth and sixth) the smaller cars like the Celica and S2000 usually have one overdriven gear ratio (sixth) and fifth is 1:1.Clearly a slick-shifting manual transmission is one of the main components in a fun-to-drive car, along with a powerful engine, confidence-inspiring suspension and competent brakes. For more information on a manual transmission's primary partner component, check out our basic primer on clutches and clutch operation.附录B 文献翻译手动变速器基础汽车手动变速器相比于自动变速器的驾驶装备来说，在驾驶方面拥有更多的乐趣，这已不再是什么秘密了。
自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录1：外文翻译自动五速手动变速箱- EASYTRONIC 3.0。
The new Opel/Vauxhall公司在2014年秋季推出了自动化五速手动变速箱(MTA) Easytronic 3.0。
该变速器使用电动液压离合器和位移控制，其主要部件主来自手动变速箱(F17-5)。
这个新的变速器新增了停止/启动功能，而他的控制系统是根据安全标准ISO 26262设计的。
DIPL.-ING。
THOMAS ZEMMRICH是德国Adam Opel公司变速器自动化MT系统组长和技术专家。
持续战略2014年秋季，欧宝/沃克斯豪尔公司引进了新一代自动化手动变速器MTA(手动变速器) Easytronic 3.0。
这延续了公司自2001年开始战略，通过这种低成本的变速器有效代替小型车辆的常规自动变速器。
由于传统变速器在传动过程中有扭矩中断会使车辆在驾驶时舒适度不佳。
因此，他们设计了与传统变速箱相比操作操作更简便，燃油经济性更好的，并且带有运动驾驶风格的自动化变速器。
这篇文章介绍了欧宝新推出的MTA 的设计和性能特点。
变速器的设计这款新推出的变速器是在Opel公司五速手动变速箱(F17-5)的基础上开发的，它的扭矩容量为190Nm。
这款变速器用在中小型汽油发动机手动档车型上的排量高达1.4L，用在材油机手动挡车型上的排量为1.3L。
虽然拥有高达200Nm转矩容量的6速变速箱越来越受到欢迎，但是考虑到成本，目前五速版的变速箱任是小型汽车的首选。
这款变速器采用拨叉和同步器进行换档，所选的齿轮组传动比范围为5.53，这对于一个五速变速箱来说是一个相当大的传动比范围。
由于较大的传动比范围，使得一档工作时不需要输入较大的转矩，使驾驶舒适性能得到提高，且在五档工作时不需要发动机输入较高的转速就可以获得较高的驾驶速度，还能够降低噪音，提高燃油经济性。
后者是实现自动手动变速器而不损失任何性能，因为加速度可以通过快速自动降档来实现。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译unavailable。
The first step in the design process is to define the problem and XXX are defined。
the designer can begin toXXX evaluated。
and the best one is XXX。
XXX.Mechanical DesignA XXX machines include engines。
turbines。
vehicles。
hoists。
printing presses。
washing machines。
and XXX and methods of design that apply to XXXXXX。
cams。
valves。
vessels。
and mixers.Design ProcessThe design process begins with a real need。
Existing apparatus may require XXX。
efficiency。
weight。
speed。
or cost。
while new apparatus may be XXX。
To start。
the designer must define the problem and XXX。
ideas and concepts are generated。
evaluated。
and refined until the best one is XXX。
XXX.XXX。
assembly。
XXX.During the preliminary design stage。
it is important to allow design XXX if some ideas may seem impractical。
they can be corrected early on in the design process。
减速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
减速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献What is a Gearbox?A XXX.1.The n of a Gearbox1) The gearbox ces the speed while increasing the output torque。
The torque output。
is the motor output multiplied by the n。
but it should not exceed the XXX.2) The gearbox also ces the inertia of the load。
which decreases by the square of the n。
Most motors have an inertia value that can be XXX.2.Types of GearboxesCommon gearboxes include bevel gear cers (including parallel-axis bevel gear cers。
worm gear cers。
and cone gear cers)。
ary gear cers。
cycloid cers。
worm gear cers。
XXX.mon Gearboxes1) The main feature of the worm gear cer is its reverse self-locking n。
which can achieve a large n。
The input and output shafts are not on the same axis or in the same plane。
However。
it generally has a large volume。
low n efficiency。
and low n.2) XXX and power。
It has a small size and high n。
自动变速器发展现状及趋势外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Current situation and development trend of automatic transmissionFirst, transmission profile1 manual transmission (MT)As we all know, the manual transmission gearbox is one of the most common car, its basic principle is to perform power transmission with a few parallel shafts and several meshing spur or helical gear, namely the input shaft axis and the axis constitute the main gearbox, plus a reverse gear and shaft synchronizer etc.. The working process is as follows: the driver through the drive rod to achieve different gear meshing, and ultimately to achieve different gear ratio gear.2 automatic manual transmission (AMT)Automatic manual transmission (AMT) is actually a machine system to complete the operation of the clutch and select the two movements. The AMT driver is simple, saves the clutch pedal, as long as the driver stepped on the accelerator, the best time selector system will automatically choose to shift, thereby eliminating the engine, clutch and transmission errors, to avoid the wrong bit shift. This is very important for both novice and vehicle reliability. Speed reducer greatly reduces the complexity of driving, so that AMT car driving more simple, worry, and to ensure the lowest power loss. By the selector to complete the driver to step on the clutch shift action, the timing of the shift is more accurate than the driver to complete. Therefore, the background for the growing shortage of energy and the emission of CO2 AMT under increasing pressure, conform to the "energy saving" this door, the best time selector system will automatically choose to shift, thereby eliminating the engine, clutch and transmission errors, to avoid the wrong change gear. This is very important for both novice and vehicle reliability. Speed reducer greatly reduces the complexity of driving, so that AMT car driving more simple, worry, and to ensure the lowest power loss. By the selector to complete the driver to step on the clutch shift action, the timing of the shift is more accurate than the driver to complete. Therefore, the background for the growing shortage of energy and the emission of CO2 AMT under increasing pressure, conform to the "energy saving" this door, the best time selector system will automatically choose to shift, thereby eliminating theengine, clutch and transmission errors, to avoid the wrong change gear. This is very important for both novice and vehicle reliability. Speed reducer greatly reduces the complexity of driving, so that AMT car driving more simple, worry, and to ensure the lowest power loss. By the selector to complete the driver to step on the clutch shift action, the timing of the shift is more accurate than the driver to complete. Therefore, the background for the growing shortage of energy and the emission of CO2 AMT under increasing pressure, conform to the "energy saving" this door, the best time selector system will automatically choose to shift, thereby eliminating the engine, clutch and transmission errors, to avoid the wrong change gear. This is very important for both novice and vehicle reliability. Speed reducer greatly reduces the complexity of driving, so that AMT car driving more simple, worry, and to ensure the lowest power loss. By the selector to complete the driver to step on the clutch shift action, the timing of the shift is more accurate than the driver to complete.3 electronically controlled hydraulic automatic transmission (AT)Electronic control of hydraulic automatic transmission (AT) in recent years, new technologies are constantly in use, it is moving toward multi block, digital control, etc.. Japan's largest automatic transmission manufacturer AISIN AW in 2006, the successful launch of model AA80E 8 speed automatic transmission (see Figure 3), is currently being used in the Lexus LS460 car. This will form a larger total transmission ratio, while the transmission ratio is also closer than the 5 speed transmission. Therefore, the driver can choose the best transmission ratio in almost all driving conditions. Electronic control module can choose more transmission ratio, the transmission ratio depends on the driving conditions, thereby reducing fuel consumption and improve the ride comfort. The optimal matching of engine speed and running state means that the engine improves the power and fuel economy and reduces the running noise.4 continuously variable transmission (CVT)Continuously variable transmission (CVT) is only two groups of removable cone and transmission belt or transmission chain, you can achieve the number of forward gear transmission process. The CVT drive to choose power transmission and the transmission ratio of the transmission chain and the variable cone groove width belt, when cone groove widthchanges, corresponding changes in the driving wheel and the driven wheel drive belt speed contact radius. CVT is a truly stepless, and AT compared with a high operating efficiency, low fuel consumption. Through the application of the market in recent years, the momentum of development is also relatively rapid, currently in our country has been applied to the rapid development of 5 models, more than 6 kinds of. Figure 4 shows the market outlook for the Chinese market in the next few years.At present, the world each big automobile manufacturers in order to improve the competitiveness of their products are vigorously engaged in research and development of CVT, equipped with CVT, TOYOTA, NISSAN car sales are FORD, GM, AUDI and other well-known car brands in the world, CVT's annual production has reached nearly 500 thousand vehicles. It is worth noting that, equipped with CVT car market, from the initial Japan, Europe has penetrated into the North American market, CVT has become the main trend of the development of today's automobile.5 dual clutch transmission (DCT)Dual clutch transmission (DCT) is the first German V olkswagen technology, so in theV olkswagen car system also known as DSG transmission. It can be said to be the world's most advanced, revolutionary transmission system, V olkswagen in 2002 in Wolfsburg, Germany for the first time to show the world the technological innovation. DSG transmission is designed to meet the consumer's desire to drive a sense of movement and fuel-efficient vehicles, for those who love the manual transmission drivers provide a best choice. DSG brings in low fuel consumption and vehicle performance without any loss, also has excellent acceleration and top speed, and the same with the traditional automatic transmission can realize smooth shift without affecting the traction force. Therefore, not only ensures the comfort, but also embodiesDynamic acceleration.Two, the development trend of transmissionAccording to industry estimates, statistical data will be the 2013 European transmission market changes, equipped with a manual transmission car will account for 52%, equippedwith automatic manual transmission will account for 10%, equipped with CVT will account for 2%, equipped with dual clutch transmission will account for 16%, equipped with automatic transmission will account for 20%. But industry experts have pointed out that the prediction was based on the transmission type of the existing new transmission products are constantly in the development process, so in the future transmission car market may also have some changes.1 automatic transmission to multi block developmentWith the automatic transmission car quantity rise, automatic transmission technology has evolved from the past traditional simple 4 speed electronic control (3 solenoid valve) to today's 6, 7, 8 (multi speed solenoid valve control) of the fuzzy control and network control logic. In recent years, the trend of increasing the number of automatic transmission is very obvious, from the traditional 4 speed to the 5, 6, 7, speed. Block number increase means that the total transmission ratio in the range widening, and two adjacent block between the transmission ratio and closer, so the shift time will be in advance, and in the launch to ensure the fuel economy, but also meet the acceleration performance. Now, the world's largest automatic transmission manufacturers have launched more than 5 speed multi speed automatic transmission, such as Z F's 6HP series AISIN; AW company U151/U250E,TF-60SN and TR-60SN; JATCO company's J F506E transmission G M company; T40E,6L50/80E etc..2 mechanical structure gradually simplifiedAlthough the new type of transmission block number in the number, but it does not mean that the transmission of the whole structure and volume become complex and increase, this is because of the combination of mechanical components from a large number of shift actuator control multiple planetary gear to achieve a simple 4 1 variable function, the development of today's 5 shift execution the so-called "Laipeilaijie element control type planetary gear set by logic combination can achieve 6 top 1 down transmission function. The number of parts is reduced by half, and the 6hp series reducer produced by ZF is an example (see Figure 7). At present, the German ZF company and Japan AISIN AW company has successfully pushed the 8 speed automatic transmission, but the gear part is still in use for gear, thus we will find outwhether the traditional Simpson series and Lavinia, or today's Laipeilaijie type planetary gear, are composed of "single planetary gear set single row gear and single row double gear" two forms. To this end, as long as we are familiar with the two kinds of planetary gear transmission on the OK, and when we go to analyze the production of different companies 5, 6, 7, block change.3 electronic control humanizationIn the mechanical and hydraulic aspects seem to be more and more simplified structure, less components, valve number is less, but in the overall control of the electronic control method has become more and more complicated, and requires more precise control, especially in the coordinated torque control, safety control, fuzzy logic control, overlapping shift control others of the more obvious. In order to improve the shift quality, reflect the driving comfort, the engine must realize the torque coordinated control of shift process of automatic transmission, the engine is mainly through the instant change of fuel injection quantity and the ignition delay function to maintain a smooth transition in the shift performance of the shift process of automatic transmission; safety protection control mainly refers to the failure of automatic transmission machinery hydraulic, electronic control, and the fault can be a greater threat to the transmission, in order to protect the transmission from further damage, protected by an automatic transmission through the computer receives the sensor information after the start; fuzzy logic control function, it is a microcomputer to imitate human brain function, can predict to the driver's next move, and finally realize the optimum shift time control and shift point switch Such control. Here we focus on understanding the overlapping shift control, this is because many of the maintenance staff is still relatively vague understanding. The so-called overlapping shift control this new words explanation is that shifting process is actually the process of friction friction element, in the common friction clutch and clutch or clutch and brake in the shift, if the friction torque of replacement process will cause improper timing, sharp fluctuations in output torque. The replacement of the friction torque between the two clutches or between the clutch and the brake, there will always be more or less interruption interval or overlap. Overlapping or excessive overlap, will produce undue shift impact. Overlap is the separation of the clutch to be separated too fast oil separation, to be combinedwith the clutch failed to establish sufficient oil pressure, thus the emergence of the two clutch torque transmission phenomenon. In this time of overlap, the output torque is first decreased too much, and then rise sharply, resulting in a larger torque disturbance. At the same time, the engine speed can not get a smooth transition, the first is due to the reduction of load growth, but also because of the rapid increase in load and speed down. Overlap is too much in the combination of the clutch has been able to transmit a lot of torque, the clutch should be separated from the oil separation is not very good, so there are two agencies working at the same time. In a short period of time, the two gears overlap, so that the engine and the output shaft are subject to braking, so the output shaft has a large torque disturbance. Subsequently, the clutch should be separated so that the transmission4 the number of actuators is increasing, and the type of control is changingYou will find that the automatic transmission actuator solenoid valve number increasing, the switch type solenoid valve is less, while the frequency is too much, the number of mechanical valve and control circuit is also less (more solenoid valve control is to improve the quality of the shift). A slide valve may be based on the conversion of the oil to achieve multi-purpose, a simple solenoid valve will be multi-purpose, it can achieve shift control, but also can take charge of oil pressure control. In the past the traditional type of electronic control automatic transmission, switching circuit is switched by shifting the solenoid valve to control the switching circuit, the circuit is a switching type (for shifting actuator junction without excessive vibration, the buffer control circuit is usually used in throttling and storage device to achieve slow control). The actuator in the 6HP series, the 6 has a pulse width modulation solenoid valve features high flow high frequency, 1 of them (E D S5) is mainly used to complete the system pressure regulating function, the other 1 (E D S6) is used to complete the engine and the transmission gearbox mechanical connection function (T C C) and the remaining 4 solenoid valve (E D S1-A, E D S2-B, E D S3-C, E D S4-E/D) respectively control 5 shift actuators of engagement and separation, that is to say the shift circuit controlled by the switch into the original regulation, thus greatly improve the shift quality. Shift control, but also can undertake the oil pressure control. In the past the traditional type of electronic control automatic transmission, switching circuit is switched by shifting thesolenoid valve to control the switching circuit, the circuit is a switching type (for shifting actuator junction without excessive vibration, the buffer control circuit is usually used in throttling and storage device to achieve slow control). The actuator in the 6HP series, the 6 has a pulse width modulation solenoid valve features high flow high frequency, 1 of them (E D S5) is mainly used to complete the system pressure regulating function, the other 1 (E D S6) is used to complete the engine and the transmission gearbox mechanical connection function (T C C) and the remaining 4 solenoid valve (E D S1-A, E D S2-B, E D S3-C, E D S4-E/D) respectively control 5 shift actuators of engagement and separation, that is to say the shift circuit controlled by the switch into the original regulation, thus greatly improve the shift quality.自动变速器发展现状及趋势一、变速器简介1.手动变速器(MT)大家知道，手动变速器是汽车中最常见的变速器之一，其基本原理是用几根平行轴及若干相啮合的直齿或斜齿齿轮进行动力传递，即由输入轴、轴出轴和中间轴构成变速器的主体，再加上一根倒挡轴及同步器等部件。
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
汽车变速器的设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译A manual n。
also known as a standard n。
XXX。
It consistsof gears。
synchros。
roller bearings。
shafts。
and gear selectors。
The main clutch assembly is used to engage and disengage the engine from XXX gears are used to select the desired。
and the sector fork moves gears from one to another using the gearshift knob。
Synchros are used to slow the gear to a。
before it is XXX。
The counter shaft holds the gears in place and against the main input and output shaft。
Unlike automatic ns。
XXX。
as there isno XXX。
Note: XXX "n Shifter" was deleted as it had no XXX.)XXX have four to six forward gears and one reverse gear。
However。
some cars may have up to eight forward gears。
while semi trucks XXX by the number of forward gears。
such as a 5-speed standard n.The n of a standard n includes three shafts: the input shaft。