地质外文文献翻译中英文对照
地质中英译文(DOC)
The South China Sea is a classic example of the marginal basins that typify the margin of Southeast Asia, and one with a relatively complicated tectonic history that has been linked both to the development of the active margins of the Western Pacific and to the tectonics of continental Asia following the India–Asia collision starting around 50 Ma.南海边缘盆地是一个典型的例子,代表的东南亚边缘,它有一个相对复杂的构造史，与西太平洋活动大陆边的发展以及从5000万年前开始的印度-亚洲大陆碰撞所形成的地质构造都密切相关。
The tectonics of continental break-up and seafloor spreading have been studied in this area for a significant period of time, yet our understanding of why the basin formed in the first places still remains controversial.大陆解体的构造和海底传播研究在这一区域已有相当一段时间,但是我们对于该盆地最初的形成的理解仍然是有争议的。
Two competing schools have suggested two opposing visions for what caused the basin to open.两个相互对立的学派对于该盆地的形成提出了两种对立的观点。
毕业论文(设计)文献翻译(地质工程方面)-中英文对照
Formation Mechanism and Distribution of Paleogene-Neogene Stratigraphic Reservoirs in Jiyang DepressionAbstractDuring Paleogene-Neogene period, multiple scale unconformities had been formed in Jiyang depression, which provided favorable conditions for stratigraphic reservoirs. In recent years, various Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang depression have been found, and proved reserves were rising significantly, which fully showed a great exploration potential for this kind of reservoirs. But the practice of exploration in recent years indicated that the unconformities carrier system and its ability of sealing, petroleum migration and its accumulation model, distribution of stratigraphic reservoirs are uncertain, which deeply restrict the exploration degree of stratigraphic reservoirs in Jiyang depression．Based on the analysis of a large number of exploration wells and seismic data for Typical reservoirs, the paper analyses unconformities construct and its effect to generation in the Paleogene—Neogene, and summarize the distribution pattern of stratigraphic reservoirs based on petroleum mechanism and accumulation model. Finally, a highly quantitative prediction modclof height of pools in stratigraphic reservoirs was established, the research results effectively guided the explorationPra- ctice of stratigraphic reservoir .There are four macro unconformity types of Paleogene—Neogene formation which including truncation-overlap, truncation·paral lel, parallel—overlap and paralel unconformity in Jiyang depression.Besides truncation-overlap unconformity lies in slopes of depression, and parallel unconformity developed inside of depression,another two types lie in local areas. Unconformity can be developed vertically three-layer structure which including unconformity roof rock, weathered clay layer and semi-weathered rock. It also Can be two—layer structure if without weathered clay layer.And part of semi—weather rock Can be form a hard shell accuse of its filling process during the laterstage.Geological characteristic of the structure layer of unconformity is different in lithology,mineralogy, element geochemistry and weather degree index. Based on optimal partition of sequential number and principal component analysis, logging quantification recognition method about unconformity structure layers were established, on which effective identification of unconformitystnlcture layers can bu achieved in the case of no rock core. The formation of various unconformity structure types isrelated to many factors such as, parent rock lithology, interval of deposition hiatus, palaeotopography,and preservation conditions, which aretogether to control spatial distributions of unconformity structure types .Macro styles and its vertical structure of unconformity can be effected as a blocking, reservoir, trap or carrier system.Blocking affection to fluid depends on weathered clay layer,hard shell of semi-weathered rock and mudstone. So petroleum migration and accumulation units is relatively independence above and belowunconformity if structure layers mentioned above existed. Reservoir affection is due to permeable rock, including roof sandstone .Semi-weathered sandstone, semi-weathered carbonate rock, semi—weathered igneous rock and semi-weathered metamorphic. Trap—controlling affection related to macro unconformity type and its juxtapose to permeability and impermeability rock above and below unconformity. It is easy to develop stratigraphy traps where the permeability and impermeability beds juxtapose in a truncation-overlap unconformity, where up permeability and down impermeability in parallel-overlap unconformity, and down permeability and up impermeability beds juxtapose in a truncation-parallel. Transporting affection is owing to lateral continuity of permeable rock of unconformity. In a terrestrial rift basin, petroleum migration in transverse or vertical short distance in local area, and is not conducive to petroleum long distance along unconformity, because interbedding pattern of mudstone and sandstone is dominated, and its physical property of mudstone improved poorly .Because of the long distance from resource to trap, migration and accumulation procese is very complicated.. Accumulation process of Paleogene-Neogene stratigraphic traps can be summarized as following：allochthonous source rock , compound transportation , later period charging, buoyancy and pressure conversion driving for accumulation, and blocking by non-permeable layer of unconformity, Trap types and its distribution are controlled by unconformity structure styles. Petroleum distribution and its scale are controlled by generating ability of Source rock. Petroleum accumulation area is decided by positive tectonic units. If carrier systemexisted , oil column of stratigraphic reservoirs is effected by four mainfactors which including generation expulsion quantity,migrating distance, dip angle and capillary resistance of carrier layer. Based on the analysis of single factor, the prediction model of height of oil columu through multi—factor regressions was established . Based on the model , the paper defruited favorable areas, which reserves in these areas exceed 1.5 x 1 08t .Research results of the paper combined closely with exploration practice, and according to previous research results，31 exploration wells had been drilled, which of them 17 wells were successfully from 2006 to 2009. There is accumulation proved reserves Was up to 2362x104t. and predict reserves was to 3684x104t .Keywords：Paleogene; Neogene; unconformity stratigraphie reservoirs; Fomation mechanism; distribution pattern; Jiyang depression1. Preface1.1 Foundationnd and signifacance of the topic1.1.1 Theme originThe theme is from the Sinopcc project：Forming and distribution of Tertiarystratigraphic reservoir of Jiyang depression .Theme number：P06012，deadline：2006-20081.1.2 Foundation and baekground of the themeThe tectonic events frequently occurred in Jiyang depression in paleogene-Neogene．It was favour of forming stratigraphic reservoir because of existence of several kinds of unconformity . Based on statistical data , beneficial area reservoired oil is about 9500km2, and the remaining resource is about 16x 108t in stratigraphic reservoirs of paleogene-Neogene stratas．Since 1980s，many overlap and unconformity reservoirs have been founded , explored reserves Was apparently increased with deep exploring. By the end of 2006 , explored resource had been up to 3.7×108t which showed a large exploring potential.But , in fact , the research on stratigraphic reservoir is lack or Uttle , especially,Accumulation pattern and forecasting model of oil have not been studied systematically. For example , the successful ratio of exploration well testing which is the lowest in allkinds reservoirs Was only 35.7％about stratigraphie reservoir in paleogene-Neogene in Jiyang depression from2001-2005. The main loss reason for the overlap andunconformity reservoirs exploration is migration and trap of oil that is separently53.5％and 23.9％.Hereby , oil migration problem and trap validity are importantaspects for overlap and unconformity reservoir exploring.In short，it has three aspects as followed：(1)Shallow comprehension about conduction of ability of unconformity Research on unconformity in present indicated that it is not a simple surface three-dimension body which is important for migration of oil and gas．There has some deep knows about the basins in west China and the marine basins in China. The systematic theory is lack about structure characteristic which deeply affect accumulating oil and gas.(2)The remain uncertain migration and accumulation process of oil and gas about stratigraphic reservoir remain uncertain .Stratigraphic reservoir lay in edge of basin . So it is difficult to exactly hold accumulation regular of oil and gas because far distance traps and hydrocarbon resources make a complicated migration process.(3)Forecasting model of stratigraphic reservoir that could be used to guide explore is lack It is necessity to finely evaluate and explore stratigraphic reservoir along with degree of exploration. Mayor controlling factors remain uncertain in construction offorecasting model of stratigraphic reservoirs.1.1.3 Aim, sense and application value of themeThe study resolves the problem of statigraphic reservoir formation and distribution of Paleogene-Neogene in Jiyang depression. By analysis of uniformity structure, their affect on statigraphic reservoir formation will be identify; The accumulation model will be established through study on static geologic characteristic of statigraphic reservoir ; Forecast mode of oil extent will be achieved through research on oil extent and to predict oil quality.Research results Can not only be used to effectively guide statigraphic reservoirExploring, to raise drilling Success ratio, provide technical support for increasing oilproduction of the Sinopec, and also provide reference to statigraphic reservoir exploring of Bohai Bay area . Research will enormously deepen statigraphic reservoir accumulation regular and further enrich and improve subtle reservoir exploring theory .1.2 Research present at home and abroad1.2.1 Present research and development at home and abroadUnconformity reservoir is one of important exploring object since Levorsen proposed the concept of stratigraphic trap and then published paper on‘‘Stratigraphic oil field ” in 1 936．It turns into stratigraphic reservoir and lithology reservoir based on scholars deepenly research the Levorsen stratigraphic eservoir .Stratigraphic trap is formed as a result of the updip reservoir directly contigence with unconformity above. According to trap place, accurrence and barrier, stratigraphic oil pools is divided into overlap pool, unconformity barbered pool and ancient buried-hill pool .Unconformity reservoir research covers three main sections. One is unconformityand its effect on oil accumulating. The second section is developing paaem of stratigraphic trap. The third is mechanism of migrating and accumulating of oil and gas. Present studies mainly focus on the three sections above ．(1)Unconformity and its effect on oil accumulationUnconformity is geology base and key element to form the overlap and unconformity barriered traps and relevant reservoir . In generally,research on overlap and unconformity barrier reservoirs is first unconformity research target.Oil geologists started to understand relationship between inconformity and oil and gas acumination in 1930s. Levorsen published the book of“geology of petroleumin'1954. The book entirely introduced definition and significance of unconformity and the relatiooships with oil accumulation .The research and application of unconformity were promoted by stratigraohy andrecent oil and gas accumulation theory,especially,thesequence stratigraohy pay a important role in predict of geological discontinuity .Pan zhongxiang[2’3]referred to unconformity importance for oil and gas accumulation in 1983. Unconformity is benefit to find petroleum because it is favour of oil and gas migration and accumulation. From 1990s, the research on unconformity and accumulation effect were also be done in Tarim basin, ordos basin, Bohai bay basin and Jungar basin, a important and innovation result were be achieved .Fuguang[4，5]，Wu kongyou[l6，7]and Zhang jianlin[8]had noted that unconformity is not only a simple surface but also a special geology body, a migration and accumulation passageway of oil and gas. It is represent for tectonic movement, sea or lake suface change，and geologic alteration to earlier rocks．The inhomogeneity of alteration and later overlap make the a. rchitecture of unconformity. There ale three layers structure in a ideal unconformity: roof rock above unconformity, weathered clay horizon and semi-weathered rock．Unconformity formation is related to denudation time，climate, elevation, tectonic movement and lithology. Two layers structure layers were formed as the weathered clay horizon was lack. Liuhua[16], Suifenggui[17], etc. divided unconformity into four types sand/mud, sand/sand, mud/mud and mud/sand . According to lithologic deploy of unconformity. They refcred that the migrating and accumulating ability of unconformity are decided by lithologic deploy of unconformity .Panzhongxiang[2'3],Liuxiaohant[11],Zhangkeyin[12],Chenzhonghong[14],Hedengfa,Aihuaguo[19],Wuyajun[20],Chenjianping[22'23], Zhangjiguang[2l], John S[26]etc . had a deepresearch on unconformity and refered that unconformity has an apparent controllingeffect on oil and gas accumulation. In summery, five main aspects is included: charging reservoir, charging trap,charging migrating, charging accumulating anddestroying reservoir. Based on physical modeling of oil migration, Lv xiuzheng Bekele thought the oil migration is followed the rule “migration through thin bed”, namely, migration through prevailing passway, otherwise anywhere in a conformity .(2)Development regularity of stratigraphic trapsOverlapped and unconformity is premise of overlap and unconformity reservoirExiting. so, this kind reservoir developed based on overlapped and unconformity trap formation first.Chensizhong proposed four conditions for developing overlap and unconformity reservoirs in 1982 based on research on the characteristics of overlapped and unconformity reservoirs and its distribution patterns. First is that Multiple overlapped and unconformity reservoir formed as a result of Multiple unconformityies and overlaps.second is that oil avvumulation area is above and below unconformity nearby hydrocarbon source rock. Third is that Torque subsidence of dustpan depression cause wide rang of overlap and unconformity reservoir. Fourth is that favourable overlap and unconformity reservoir lies in anti-cycle litbofacies fold play. Tong xiao guang referred four main controlling factors in 1983. First is time, lithology, attitude and weathering degree of pre-Paleogene-Neogene base rocks. Second is structure of faulted depression and movement strength．Third is overlap distribution of overlap line and feature of overlap lay above unconformity. Fourth is distribution of unconformity surface, permeability of overburden rocks above unconformity. Hujianyi[1lreferred that unconformity is the base of forming overlap and unconformity barrier trap, but not all good trap exits bearby unconformity in 1 984 and 1 986. The basic condition of forming overlap and unconformity barrier trap are six elements：three lines and three surfaces. Three lines are lithologic wedging line, layer overlap line and intended zone contour line. Three surface are unconformity surface, adjacent rock surface of reservoir and fault surface. It exits kinds of trap types when six elementsarraies.People deeply know development regularity of overlap and unconformity trapwith sequence stratigraphy spring up. Zhangshanwen[31] refer that multi. type breakcontrol overlap and unconformity trap, base on researching sequence of Zhungaer basin, Bohaibay basin and Songliao basin in 2003. Lipilong[35-39] refer that tectonic and deposit control overlap and unconformity trap in 2003 and 2004. Tectonic movement cause basin up and down, formed large area exceed peel zone in edge of basin. It is benefit to form trap．Tectonic form nosing structures in basin. It is benefit to form traps, Deposit control reservoir and barrier layer forming. Yishiwei[42] propose that oil accumulation controlled three surface, lake extensive surface, unconformity surface and fault surface, according to Erlian basin, Jizhong depression overlap andinconformity reservoir characteristic. Overlap and unconformity reservoir distributionare controlled by truncation zone and overlap zone. Enriching is controlled by beneficial accumulating phase belt.(3)Oil and gas migration and accumulation mechanism of stratigraphic trapReservoir is resuk of oil and gas migrating and accumulating in long distance, due to stratigraphic trap far from hydracarbon source rock. It is controlled by migrating dynamic, passageway, path, distance and accumulation etc.Lipilong[35-39]refer that the most effective oil path is fault-sandfault-unconformity and fault-sand-unconformity compound transmit system for overlap and unconfortuity trap in 2003 and 2004．Lichunguang[44]refer that heavy crude is secondary gas/oil pool through unconformity path migrating and accumulating in unconformity accompany trap, based on researching feavy crude reservoir of Dongyingdepression in 1999. Zhangjiazhent and Wangyongshi[48]refer thatY'Lhezhuang reservoir mainly lie in 100m above old burial hill old layer reflect shaft in 2005. Capping formation and barrier formation control the accumulation of the area oil and gas. Better Capping formation and barrier formation, better oil accumulation Suifenggui[17]refers that it is key for stratigraphic trap accumulation that‘T-S’transmit system validity and ability consist of oil soures fault，sand and ubconformity in 2005 in Jiyang depression. Layer unconformity style affects the stratigraphy trap forming and oil and gas migration．Lvxiuxiang refer that migration in uncomformity is thin bed migration through oil migrating physical analog in 2000. Oil migrates along advantage path, but not unconformity surface.All in one, there are many researches and outcome about trap develop and oil/gas accumulation of land facies basin stratigraphy reservoir home and abroad. But trap forcast is difficult because stratigraphy lie in basin edge and changeable lithofacies.Accumulation regular known less than other type reservoir, especially how unconformity affect stratigraphic reservoir develop, accumulation process, model and distribution, because of long distance between trap and hydrocarbon ,complex migtation process.1.2.2 Developing tendencyOverlap and unconformity reservoir show more and more important position with development of un-anticlinal trap exploratory development and rising of degree of exploration of petroliferous basin.Survey showed that although large of reseach and probe,research of overlap and unconformity are limited at quality. But, the common understanding include following respects:(1)Evaluation of structure, carrier system and barrier abilityUnconformity is important to develop overlap and unconformitty barrier reservoir. Now research about unconformity focus on one angle. It is tendency that begins with contributing factor of unconformity, analysis structure, make definite forming characteristic, evaluate transmiting and barrier ability,analyze the relationship between unconformity and oil/gas reservoir. (2)Mayor controlling factors and developing regularity of overlap and unconformity reservoir.It is common understanding that key overlap and unconformity barrier trap formation in develop system in home and abroad. Based Oll many research, this type trap is controlled by reservoir, cap rock and crossrange barrier, especially their valid matching．However,there is not deep research on three elements on system and contributing because of exploration phase confinement.(3)Oil and gas migration mechanism and accumulation model of overlapped andstratigraphic reservoir.With long distance migration and accumulation, reservoir development relate toDynamic, fashion, path, distance, process, etc. Element. They limit the understandingabout oil migrating mechanism. It is tendency that based on quantification, combinating type dissect, establishing accumulating model, effectively guide unconformity reservoir exploration .1.3 Research content and technique route1.3.1 Research contentThe subject confh'm following three research contents in view of key problembased on research present and development tendency .(1)Characteristic and distribution ofunconformity architecturesBased on basin the evolution of basin structure and deposition, through structural geology and sedimentology, and combined lab analysis, geophysical interpretation and mathematical statistics, the geology characteristic of unconformity and mayor controlling factors were analysised to definite spatial distribution unconformity architectures .(2)Formation mechanism and accumulation model of stratigraphic reservoirBased on geology comprehensive research and mathematical statistics ofstatic-characteristic of stratigraphy reservoir and by analysis migration and accumulation.Process, the migration path, accumulation stage and accumulation dynamic mechanism were analyzed to evaluate unconformity affect on oil/gas accumulation in geological history .Based on above research, sum up stratigraphy reservoir accumulating mechanism of Paleogene-Neogene, establish accumulating model through positive and negative respects research .(3)Distribution paRem and predict of favorable area of stratigraphy reservoirAccording to accumulation process and model, sum up distribution of stratigraphy reservoir. Based on mathematics statistics and geology analysis, make definite main element and quantification token parameter of oilness altitude, probe quantification forcast model of oilness altitude of stratigraphy reservoir starting from oil/gas migrating and accumulation process ．Based on research findings above, it mainly focus on forecasting of stratigraphicreservoir nearby unconformities between Paleogene—Neogene and pre—Paleogene, and between Neogene and Paleogene .1.3.2 Technique routeUsing for reference from outcome of predecessors, based on type characteristic and distribution of unconformity of Jiyang depression, keep layer unique feature and accumulation process dissecting loss trap analyze as key, make geology comprehensive research and mathematical statistics method, sum up accumulation process and model, sum up main element, establish quantification forcast model of trap oilness, evaluate benefit exploring area .Figl-1: Frame picture showing research technique route ofdistribution patternand formationof samigraphy reservoir in Paleogene and Neogene slratas in Jiyang depression济阳坳陷古近系一新近系地层油藏形成机制与分布规律摘要济阳坳陷古近系．新近系发育过程中，形成了多个规模不等的不整合，为地层油藏的发育提供了有利条件。
地质学滑坡中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Theory of the treatmentAbstract: the landslide is a kind of global natural disasters, huge harmfulness, often to people's life and property security caused great hidden trouble.Meizhou of guangdong province in China is located in the southern margin of the five ridges mountains, rocks are mainly quartz sandstone in the devonian strata in the area, Permian limestone has a wide distribution and the Jurassic and cretaceous red sandstone, geological environment fragile, landslide is prevalent.In this paper, through examples on landslide hazards and control measures were briefly reviewed in this paper, the and the development prospect of prevention and control and control technology is prospected.Key words: landslide loss prevention and controlLandslides refers to the soil or rock mass slopes, by rivers, groundwater activity, earthquake and artificial slope cutting and other factors, under the influence of gravity, along a weak plane or soft belt, the overall or scattered along the slope slide down the natural phenomenon, commonly known as "mountain", "mountain", "slippery", "soil slip", etc. Landslides often to industrial and agricultural production and people's lives and property caused great losses, some even is devastating ndslide is destroying the harm of rural primary farmland, destroy forests, roads, houses, harm human and agricultural machinery equipment and water conservancy and hydropower facilities, etc., sometimes even to the person of hometown devastating disasters.Located in the town of landslides often hit buried houses, human and animal casualties, damage fields, destroying factories, schools, units, etc., and destruction of facilities, shut down, causing blackouts, water supply and sometimes even destroy the whole ndslide occurred in industrial and mining areas, can destroy mine facilities, casualties worker, destruction of plants, is mine to keep factories and workers idle and often causes heavy losses.Meizhou is a prevalent landslide disasters.According to incomplete statistics, in the past 20 years a total collapse, landslides and other geological disasters in 6280, 171 people were killed and 166 injured, and direct economic loss of 600 million yuan.Geological disaster 317 per year on average, nine people were killed and eight people were injured, the economic losses of more than 3000 3000 yuan;Existing 6818 landslides, collapse hazard points, threatened a population of more than 100000 people, the threatened assets of 500 million yuan.In view of the landslide caused great harm, so the landslide prevention and control to carry out the "early detection, prevention, find out the situation, the comprehensive control, makes every effort to effect a radical cure, not for" the principle of combining the factors of the slope unstability and landslide formation of the prevention and control of internal and external conditions.A major factor in the production of landslide landslide control is a geological and geomorphic conditions, the second is internal and external motivation and the influence of human impact.Therefore, the landslide regulation mainly from the following several aspects:One, to eliminate or reduce the harm of water1. Eliminate surface water.The surface water of landslide outside is used more by the interception and guide method discharged;For landslide surface water within the anti-seepage, near together as soon as possible and take measures such as governance.2. Out of groundwater.For groundwater, thin and not blocked.Main engineering measures: blind ditch of cutoff, used to intercept and landslide area near the periphery of groundwater;Support the blind ditch, drainage and supporting role;Oblique Kong Qun, used to horizontal drilling leads to the groundwater.In addition, there are blind holes, permeability tube, vertical drilling, rule out the engineering measure of landslide in groundwater.3. To prevent the river water and reservoir water on the landslide slope toe scour, the main engineering measures are: the upstream landslide is serious erosion area, build up the mainstream towards the other side of the spur dike, in the front of landslide riprap, paving stone cage, reinforced concrete block construction platoon tube in order to make the soil slope from the river erosion.Two. Change the landslide shape, set the anti-sliding structures1. The cutting slope weight monly used in governance in a state of "top-heavy" and in the front and there are no reliable anti-sliding lots of sliding body, reduce sliding body shape improvement, center of gravity, thus improve the stability of the landslide mass.2. Construction retaining engineering.Sliding of the landslide due to loss of support or steep, sliding bed may be faster landslide, adopted the practice of construction retaining engineering, can increase the equilibrium condition, the gravity of the landslide sliding body quickly restore stability.The types of retaining structures against sliding flaky crib, anti-slide pile, such as anti-sliding retaining wall.3. Improve the earth-rock properties of sliding zone.General roasting method, blasting grouting method is used to the chemical and physical methods, such as the landslide.Due to the complexity of landslide causes, influence factors, so we need the above several methods using comprehensive treatment, and at the same time to achieve a goal.Third, strengthen public awarenessGeological hazards, our country is a country, but the weak consciousness of common people disasters.A lot of people when disaster comes, don't know to take necessary measures to cope with the situation, don't even know the gravity of the disaster.Only let people know the seriousness of disaster, people will be positive to learn knowledge about disasters, make the correct response.Our country and the government there is also a lot of dereliction of duty, to the people to the consciousness of its root cause lies in the country's propaganda is not enough.In the hill country of landslides and other disasters incidence, relevant government departments should strengthen the public awareness of disaster.In order to reduce the mountain disasters and the damage to the society, country and the government should increase for mountain hazards such as landslide area of investment, strengthen the screening and monitoring for these areas.Historical experience tells us that in natural disasters at present, in the person's subjective dynamic limited, this time we need, comprehensive management "" prevention first and prevention &treatment combination of prevention and control measures, in the face of natural disaster, we can't control and change our only" avoid disaster reduction ".Disaster before some false rumors and cause people to take some irrational behavior of important information, in the face of this situation we only to strengthen the public understanding of the disaster itself to make the right judgments.When disasters occur, people should learn the necessary treatment measures, in a concerted effort to reduce the hazards to a minimum. Landslide disaster prevention and control technology development prospects: landslide disaster formation mechanism is complex, its prevention and treatment of many factors that affect the technology selection, how to correctly select landslide, landslide characteristics, types and development strength, advanced, economic and effective measures still need we blend step research and deep.The main research direction outlook is as follows:(1) to adopt new technology and new method for prospecting and forecasting the landslide and its stability, such as remote sensing, geophysical prospecting method, GPS technology, big dipper and modern test methods;(2) drainage to further study the mechanism of the landslide stability;(3) establish a landslide disaster prevention and control of engineering database and expert fuzzy decision system;(4) the development and application of new materials and components, such as biological chemistry corrosion resistance stiffened new materials, corrosion resistance to tensile anchor cable, high strength and high durability can provide larger resistance against sliding slope protection components, etc.;(5) the development and application of new technology and new methods, such as construction, easy, and can provide larger resistance sliding force of anchoring method of high strength prestressed concrete structure, with high strength prestressed anti-slide pile and anchor anti-slide pile as big thickness high thrust retaining structure of the sliding body, used for inside the landslide reinforcement of various new grouting method, etc.;(6) research and development in harmony with the environment, combined with the land use, and the social benefits associated governance approach, all kinds of governance engineering design should be able to do to fully consider the reclamation and beautify the environment, the governance after the land resources to rational development and utilization of anti-sliding retaining structures may as bearing structure, etc.conclusionThrough the forming conditions and influencing factors of landslide characteristics analysis and research, I summarized the above many of the super-large geological disaster prevention and control measures, but also how to use more advanced methods and measures for the future improvement made a simple description.Therefore, in the face of such serious situation, each one of us should have awareness of landslide and the responsibility of the landslide control, benefit for our children and grandchildren.References:Mountain flood prevention and cure of debris flow and landslide disaster [1], science press, 1994-3[2] Ye Zhengwei history along the Yangtze river new landslide analysis, trend prediction and enlightenment [journal] disaster - 2000-6[3] YanKunLong Zhang Guirong, ndslide disaster risk analysis [M]. Science press,2010. Beijing[4] Yang Junming, liu, ndslide governance method [J] open-pit mining technology, 2005,(5) : 35 ~ 37论滑坡整治摘要：滑坡是一种全球性的自然灾害,危害性巨大，常给人们的生命财产安全造成极大隐患。
岩土工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Safety Assurance for Challenging Geotechnical Civil Engineering Constructions in Urban AreasAbstractSafety is the most important aspect during design, construction and service time of any structure, especially for challenging projects like high-rise buildings and tunnels in urban areas. A high level design considering the soil-structure interaction, based on a qualified soil investigation is required for a safe and optimised design. Dueto the complexity of geotechnical constructions the safety assurance guaranteed by the 4-eye-principle is essential. The 4-eye-principle consists of an independent peer review by publicly certified experts combined with the observational method. The paper presents the fundamental aspects of safety assurance by the 4-eye-principle. The application is explained on several examples, as deep excavations, complex foundation systems for high-rise buildings and tunnel constructions in urban areas. The experiences made in the planning, design and construction phases are explained and for new inner urban projects recommendations are given.Key words: Natural Asset; Financial Value; Neural Network1.IntroductionA safety design and construction of challenging projects in urban areas is based on the following main aspects:Qualified experts for planning, design and construction;Interaction between architects, structural engineers and geotechnical engineers;Adequate soil investigation;Design of deep foundation systems using the FiniteElement-Method (FEM) in combination with enhanced in-situ load tests for calibrating the soil parameters used in the numerical simulations;Quality assurance by an independent peer review process and the observational method (4-eye-principle).These facts will be explained by large construction projects which are located in difficult soil and groundwater conditions.2.The 4-Eye-PrincipleThe basis for safety assurance is the 4-eye-principle. This 4-eye-principle is a process of an independent peer review as shown in Figure 1. It consists of 3 parts. The investor, the experts for planning and design and the construction company belong to the first division. Planning and design are done accordingto the requirements of the investor and all relevant documents to obtain the building permission are prepared. The building authorities are the second part and are responsible for the buildingpermission which is given to the investor. The thirddivision consists of the publicly certified experts.They are appointed by the building authorities but work as independent experts. They are responsible for the technical supervision of the planning, design and the construction.In order to achieve the license as a publicly certified expert for geotechnical engineering by the building authorities intensive studies of geotechnical engineering in university and large experiences in geotechnical engineering with special knowledge about the soil-structure interaction have to be proven.The independent peer review by publicly certified experts for geotechnical engineering makes sure that all information including the results of the soil investigation consisting of labor field tests and the boundary conditions defined for the geotechnical design are complete and correct.In the case of a defect or collapse the publicly certified expert for geotechnical engineering can be involved as an independent expert to find out the reasons for the defect or damage and to develop a concept for stabilization and reconstruction [1].For all difficult projects an independent peer review is essential for the successful realization of the project.3.Observational MethodThe observational method is practical to projects with difficult boundary conditions for verification of the design during the construction time and, if necessary, during service time. For example in the European Standard Eurocode 7 (EC 7) the effect and the boundary conditions of the observational method are defined.The application of the observational method is recommended for the following types of construction projects [2]:very complicated/complex projects;projects with a distinctive soil-structure-interaction,e.g. mixed shallow and deep foundations, retaining walls for deep excavations, Combined Pile-Raft Foundations (CPRFs);projects with a high and variable water pressure;complex interaction situations consisting of ground,excavation and neighbouring buildings and structures;projects with pore-water pressures reducing the stability;projects on slopes.The observational method is always a combination of the common geotechnical investigations before and during the construction phase together with the theoretical modeling and a plan of contingency actions(Figure 2). Only monitoring to ensure the stability and the service ability of the structure is not sufficient and,according to the standardization, not permitted for this purpose. Overall the observational method is an institutionalized controlling instrument to verify the soil and rock mechanical modeling [3,4].The identification of all potential failure mechanismsis essential for defining the measure concept. The concept has to be designed in that way that all these mechanisms can be observed. The measurements need to beof an adequate accuracy to allow the identification ocritical tendencies. The required accuracy as well as the boundary values need to be identified within the design phase of the observational method . Contingency actions needs to be planned in the design phase of the observational method and depend on the ductility of the systems.The observational method must not be seen as a potential alternative for a comprehensive soil investigation campaign. A comprehensive soil investigation campaignis in any way of essential importance. Additionally the observational method is a tool of quality assurance and allows the verification of the parameters and calculations applied in the design phase. The observational method helps to achieve an economic and save construction [5].4.In-Situ Load TestOn project and site related soil investigations with coredrillings and laboratory tests the soil parameters are determined. Laboratory tests are important and essential for the initial definition of soil mechanical properties of the soil layer, but usually not sufficient for an entire and realistic capture of the complex conditions, caused by theinteraction of subsoil and construction [6].In order to reliably determine the ultimate bearing capacity of piles, load tests need to be carried out [7]. Forpile load tests often very high counter weights or strong anchor systems are necessary. By using the Osterberg method high loads can be reached without install inganchors or counter weights. Hydraulic jacks induce the load in the pile using the pile itself partly as abutment.The results of the field tests allow a calibration of the numerical simulations.The principle scheme of pile load tests is shown in Figure 3.5.Examples for Engineering Practice5.1. Classic Pile Foundation for a High-Rise Building in Frankfurt Clay and LimestoneIn the downtown of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on aconstruction site of 17,400 m2 the high-rise buildingproject “PalaisQuartier” has been realized (Figure 4). The construction was finished in 2010.The complex consists of several structures with a total of 180,000 m2 floor space, there of 60,000 m2 underground (Figure 5). The project includes the historic building “Thurn-und Taxis-Palais” whose facade has been preserved (Unit A). The office building (Unit B),which is the highest building of the project with a height of 136 m has 34 floors each with a floor space of 1340 m2. The hotel building (Unit C) has a height of 99 m with 24 upper floors. The retail area (Unit D)runs along the total length of the eastern part of the site and consists of eight upper floors with a total height of 43 m.The underground parking garage with five floors spans across the complete project area. With an 8 m high first sublevel, partially with mezzanine floor, and four more sub-levels the foundation depth results to 22 m below ground level. There by excavation bottom is at 80m above sea level (msl). A total of 302 foundation piles(diameter up to 1.86 m, length up to 27 m) reach down to depths of 53.2 m to 70.1 m. above sea level depending on the structural requirements.The pile head of the 543 retaining wall piles (diameter1.5 m, length up to 38 m)were located between 94.1 m and 99.6 m above sea level, the pile base was between 59.8 m and 73.4 m above sea level depending on the structural requirements. As shown in the sectional view(Figure 6), the upper part of the piles is in the Frankfurt Clay and the base of the piles is set in the rocky Frankfurt Limestone.Regarding the large number of piles and the high pile loads a pile load test has been carried out for optimization of the classic pile foundation. Osterberg-Cells(O-Cells) have been installed in two levels in order to assess the influence of pile shaft grouting on the limit skin friction of the piles in the Frankfurt Limestone(Figure 6). The test pile with a total length of 12.9 m and a diameter of 1.68 m consist of three segments and has been installed in the Frankfurt Limestone layer 31.7 m below ground level. The upper pile segment above the upper cell level and the middle pile segment between the two cell levels can be tested independently. In the first phase of the test the upper part was loaded by using the middle and the lower part as abutment. A limit of 24 MN could be reached (Figure 7). The upper segment was lifted about 1.5 cm, the settlement of the middle and lower part was 1.0 cm. The mobilized shaft friction was about 830 kN/m2.Subsequently the upper pile segment was uncoupled by discharging the upper cell level. In the second test phase the middle pile segment was loaded by using the lower segment as abutment. The limit load of the middle segment with shaft grouting was 27.5 MN (Figure 7).The skin friction was 1040 kN/m2, this means 24% higher than without shaft grouting. Based on the results of the pile load test using O-Cells the majority of the 290 foundation piles were made by applying shaft grouting. Due to pile load test the total length of was reduced significantly.5.2. CPRF for a High-Rise Building in Clay MarlIn the scope of the project Mirax Plaza in Kiev, Ukraine,2 high-rise buildings, each of them 192 m (46 storeys)high, a shopping and entertainment mall and an underground parking are under construction (Figure 8). The area of the project is about 294,000 m2 and cuts a 30 m high natural slope.The geotechnical investigations have been executed 70m deep. The soil conditions at the construction site are as follows: fill to a depth of 2 m to 3mquaternary silty sand and sandy silt with a thickness of 5 m to 10 m tertiary silt and sand (Charkow and Poltaw formation) with a thickness of 0 m to 24 m tertiary clayey silt and clay marl of the Kiev and But schak formation with a thickness of about 20 m tertiary fine sand of the But schak formation up to the investigation depthThe ground water level is in a depth of about 2 m below the ground surface. The soil conditions and a cross section of the project are shown in Figure 9.For verification of the shaft and base resistance of the deep foundation elements and for calibration of the numerical simulations pile load tests have been carried out on the construction yard. The piles had a diameter of 0.82 m and a length of about 10 m to 44 m. Using the results of the load tests the back analysis for verification of the FEM simulations was done. The soil properties in accordance with the results of the back analysis were partly 3 times higher than indicated in the geotechnical report. Figure 10 shows the results of the load test No. 2 and the numerical back analysis. Measurement and calculation show a good accordance.The obtained results of the pile load tests and of the executed back analysis were applied in 3-dimensionalFEM-simulations of the foundation for Tower A, taking advantage of the symmetry of the footprint of the building. The overall load of the Tower A is about 2200 MN and the area of the foundation about 2000 m2 (Figure11).The foundation design considers a CPRF with 64 barrettes with 33 m length and a cross section of 2.8 m × 0.8m. The raft of 3 m thickness is located in Kiev Clay Marl at about 10 m depth below the ground surface. The barrettes are penetrating the layer of Kiev Clay Marl reaching the Butschak Sands.The calculated loads on the barrettes were in the range of 22.1 MN to 44.5 MN. The load on the outer barrettes was about 41.2 MN to 44.5 MN which significantly exceeds the loads on the inner barrettes with the maximum value of 30.7 MN. This behavior is typical for a CPRF.The outer deep foundation elements take more loads because of their higher stiffness due to the higher volume of the activated soil. The CPRF coefficient is 0.88 =CPRF . Maximum settlements of about 12 cm werecalculated due to the settlement-relevant load of 85% of the total design load. The pressure under the foundation raft is calculated in the most areas not exceeding 200 kN/m2, at the raft edge the pressure reaches 400 kN/m2.The calculated base pressure of the outer barrettes has anaverage of 5100 kN/m2 and for inner barrettes an average of 4130 kN/m2. The mobilized shaft resistance increases with the depth reaching 180 kN/m2 for outer barrettes and 150 kN/m2 for inner barrettes.During the construction of Mirax Plaza the observational method according to EC 7 is applied. Especially the distribution of the loads between the barrettes and the raft is monitored. For this reason 3 earth pressure devices were installed under the raft and 2 barrettes (most loaded outer barrette and average loaded inner barrette) were instrumented over the length.In the scope of the project Mirax Plaza the new allowable shaft resistance and base resistance were defined for typical soil layers in Kiev. This unique experience will be used for the skyscrapers of new generation in Ukraine.The CPRF of the high-rise building project MiraxPlaza represents the first authorized CPRF in the Ukraine. Using the advanced optimization approaches and taking advantage of the positive effect of CPRF the number of barrettes could be reduced from 120 barrettes with 40 mlength to 64 barrettes with 33 m length. The foundation optimization leads to considerable decrease of the utilized resources (cement, aggregates, water, energy etc.)and cost savings of about 3.3 Million US$.译文:安全保证岩土公民发起挑战工程建设在城市地区摘要安全是最重要的方面在设计、施工和服务时间的任何结构,特别是对具有挑战性的项目,如高层建筑和隧道在城市地区。
地质专业词汇中英文对照
地质专业词汇中英文对照一、地层stratigraphy宇eonothem界erathem系system统series阶stage群group组formation段member显生宇Phaneozoic Eonothem 元古宇Proterozoic Eonothem 太古宇Archaean Eonothem新生界Cenozoic Erathem第四系Quaternary System全新统Holocene Series更新统Pleistocene Series 第三系Tertiary System晚第三系Neogene System上新统Pliocene Series中新统Miocene Series早第三系Paleogene System渐新统Oligocene Series始新统Eocene Series古新统Paleocene Series中生界Mesozoic Erathem白垩系Cretaceous System侏罗系Jurassic System三叠系triassic System古生界Paleozoic Erathem二叠系Permian System石炭系Carboniferous System泥盆系Devonian System志留系Silurian System奥陶系Ordovician System寒武系Cambrian System新元古界Neoproterozoic Erathem震旦系Sinian System中元古界Mesoproterozoic Erathem 古元古界Palaeoproterozoic Erathem 地层对比stratigraphic correlation 层位horizon标志层key bed哑层barren bed缺失lacuna尖灭feather edge透镜状结构lensoid连续continuity不连续discontinuity整合conformity不整合unconformity角度不整合angular unconformity平行不整合para-unconformity产状occurrence走向strike倾角dip真倾角true dip视倾角apparent dip倾伏角plunge侧倾角pitch层理bedding层面bedding planes交错层理cross bedding二、岩性lithology粘土clay粉质粘土silty clay砂sand砾石gravel沉积岩sedimentary rock火成岩igneous rock变质岩metamorphic rock粘土岩claystone, clay rock页岩shale泥岩mudstone粉砂岩siltstone泥质粉砂岩argillaceous siltstone, pelitic siltstone, muddy siltstone砂岩sandstone泥质砂岩argillaceous sandstone, pelitic sandstone, muddy sandstone砾岩conglomerate煤coal灰岩limestone泥灰岩marl, marlstone白云岩dolomite蒸发岩evaporite岩浆岩magmatic rock, magmatite 花岗岩granite玄武岩basalt凝灰岩tuff大理岩marble片麻岩gneiss夕卡岩skarn三、矿物mineral 石英quartz长石feldspar云母mica白云母muscovite 方解石calcspar角闪石hornblende 石膏gypsum硬石膏anhydrite 石盐rock salt钾石盐sylvine光卤石carnallite溢晶石tachydrite 水氯镁石bischofite 四、颜色colour灰色gray白色white黄色yellow蓝色blue绿色green黑色black红色red棕色brown黄褐色tan深色dark浅色light暗色dull五、构造tectonics 断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reverse fault冲断层thrust走滑断层strike-slip fault 倾滑断层dip-slip fault 断层面fault surface断层线fault line地垒horst地堑graben节理joint上盘hanging wall下盘foot wall落差throw平错heave断层泥fault gouge断层角砾fault brecci海侵transgression海退regression褶曲fold背斜anticline向斜syncline褶轴fold axis轴隆区culmination轴陷区depression翼limb穹窿dome盆地basin六、水文地质hydrologic geology河流river水库reservoir泉spring地表水surface water地下水groundwater大气降水atmospheric precipitation潜水phreatic water承压水confined water层间水interstrated water地下水位groundwater level含水层aquifer, water bearing layer隔水层aquiclude, water-resisting layer 弱含水层aquitard透水层permeable bed孔隙含水层porous aquifer裂隙含水层fissured aquifer岩溶含水层karst aquifer无压含水层unconfined aquifer承压含水层confined aquifer含水岩组water-bearing formation 含水岩系water-bearing rock series 持水度water-holding capacity给水度specific yield透水性permeability富水性water yield property溶洞karst cave孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karst water补给区recharge area径流区runoff area排泄区discharge area地下径流underground runoff地下水排泄groundwater discharge降水补给precipitation recharge地表水补给surface water recharge越流补给leakage recharge水文地质单元hydrogeological unit地下水赋存条件 groundwater occurrence水文地质条件hydrogeological condition 水文地质类型hydrogeological type地下水储存量groundwater storage地下水监测groundwater monitoring抽水试验pumping test注水试验injection test入渗试验Infiltration test水文调查hydrologic investigation渗透系数osmotic coefficient矿床充水flooding of ore deposit矿床充水条件flooding condition of ore deposit矿床充水水源Water source of ore deposit flooding 矿床充水通道flooding passage in ore deposit充水岩层flooding layer老窿水goaf water矿坑涌水量water yield of mine正常涌水量normal water yield最大涌水量maximum water yield大井法Large diameter well method开采疏干simultaneous draining in mining地下疏干underground draining地表疏干surface draining疏干钻孔drain well疏干巷道draining tunnel矿井突水water bursting in mines突水点water bursting point防水矿柱ore pillar preventing water burst矿井堵水water blocking in mines探水钻孔water exploration borehole注浆孔grouting well最高洪水位maximum flood level七、工程地质egineering geology顶板roof顶板稳定性roof stability顶板冒落带caving zone of top wall顶板裂隙带fissure zone of top wall顶板管理roof control顶板支护roof support顶板崩落collapse of roof底板floor, footwall底鼓footwall heaving岩石物理性质physical properties of rock岩石力学性质mechanical properties of rock 抗压强度compressive strength抗拉强度tensile strength岩爆rock burst软弱结构面weak structural plane工程地质条件engineering geologic condition 八、环境地质environmental geology岩崩rock fall滑坡landslide泥石流mud-rock flow地震earthquake地面沉降subsidence地面开裂land crack地面塌陷ground surface collapse塌陷坑collapse pit地下水污染groundwater pollution地表水污染surface water pollution污染源pollution source地下水资源枯竭 groundwater resource depletion地下水质恶化deterioration of groundwater quality 九、资源/储量resource/reserve矿产资源mineral resources储量reserves基础储量reserve base资源量resources可采储量proved reserves预可采储量probable reserves探明的measured控制的indicated推断的inferred预测的prognostic远景储量prospective reserves经济的economic边际经济的marginally economic次经济的subeconomic内蕴经济的intrinsically economic矿石ore矿层ore bed矿床ore deposit矿块ore block矿柱ore pillar, ore column矿石品位ore grade富矿体ore shoot, ore course 贫矿poor ore。
地质毕业论文英文翻译
翻译部分英文原文：中文译文Austar煤矿长臂式崩落采矿法的地质问题Adrian Moodie1 and James Anderson摘要：难控制的岩层、深层开采和高粘结度煤层是Austar矿的难题。
综采工作面条件差，循环载荷，沉重的挡板巷道和保持在<5.2米巷道的稳定，更不用说需要一个8.5米的巷道安装面，这些一直是管理所关注的问题。
LTCC 对解决一部分难题有很好的效果，但也引发了其他岩土岩土方面的考虑。
这些附加的岩土工程问题在LTCC的操作过程中，不仅需要控制，而且在评估新的Austar的煤矿或者在澳大利亚或者全球可用LTCC开采的能源都需要考虑。
关键词：长臂法开采， austar ，澳大利亚，兖矿集团背景2006年9月Austar开始在A1盘区使用LTCC开采。
从那以后LTCC工作面宽度从147m扩张到216m,并且最终扩张到227m，并且迄今以提交并完善运用到其他盘区。
LTCC在A1、A2，A3的运用和现在A4盘区的运用非常成功，无论从煤炭资源采后处理的角度，还是从煤矿自燃和岩层控制都有良好的作用。
本文重点介绍了LTCC在澳思达煤矿应用时的地质问题，并且也提出了在煤矿岩层控制中的一些进展。
地点：图1 - 澳思达煤矿所在地Austar煤业（奥星），是兖煤澳大利亚有限公司（兖煤）的子公司，经营Austar煤矿，地下煤矿位于下猎人谷，新州约8公里以南的塞斯诺克（参见图1）。
该矿是前Ellalong, Pelton, Cessnock No.1 和 Bellbird South Collieries合并重组而来。
位于南方Maitland煤田。
这些煤矿的开采运输由Austar集团处理。
历史地下开采开始于1916年在Pelton Colliery直到1992年仍在继续。
Kalingo Colliery在1921年开采作为一个地下矿井并且于1961年停止使用。
在上世纪60年代末期Kalingo煤矿被Pelton Colliery煤矿整合。
地质期刊中英文对照(按中文首字母排序)
地质期刊中英文对照（按中文首字母排序）A安徽地质Geology of AnhuiB北京测绘Beijing Surveying and Mapping北京大学学报(自然科学版)网络版(预印本) Beijing University(Natural Science)Network Version(Advance Copy)冰川冻土Journal of Glaciology and GeocryologyC材料与冶金学报Journal of Materials and Metallurgy采矿技术Mining Technology采矿与安全工程学报Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering测绘工程Engineering of Surveying and Mapping测绘技术装备Geomatics Technology and Equipment测绘科学Science of Surveying and Mapping测绘科学技术学报(原解放军测绘学院学报、测绘学院学报) Journal of Zhengzhou Institute of Surveying and Mapping测绘通报Bulletin of Surveying and Mapping测绘信息与工程Journal of Geomatics测绘学报Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica测绘与空间地理信息Geomatics & Spatial Information Technology测井技术Well Logging Technology长春大学学报（自然科学版）Journal of Changchun University长春科技大学学报Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology超硬材料工程Superhard Material Engineering沉积学报Acta Sedimentologica Sinica沉积与特提斯地质（曾用刊名：岩相古地理& 特提斯地质）Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology成都理工大学学报(自然科学版) （曾用刊名：成都理工学院学报;成都地质学院学报）Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science of Technology Edition)D大地测量与地球动力学Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics大地构造与成矿学Geotectonica et Metallogenia大地构造与成矿学(英文版) Geotectonica et Metallogenia大地纵横（已停刊）Overview of the Earth大陆动力学(英文版) Continental Dynamics大庆石油地质与开发Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing大庆石油学院学报Journal of Daqing Petroleum Institute大自然China Nature当代石油石化Petroleum & Petrochemical Today地层学杂志Journal of Stratigraphy地矿测绘（曾用刊名：地质测绘）Surveying and Mapping of Geology and Mineral Resources 地理教育Education of Geography地理科学Scientia Geographica Sinica地理科学进展Progress in Geography地理空间信息Geospatial Information地理信息世界Geomatics World地理学报Acta Geographica Sinica地理学报（英文版）Journal of Geographical Sciences地理研究Geographical Research地理与地理信息科学Geography and Geo-Information Science地球化学Geochimica地球科学进展Advances in Earth Science地球科学与环境学报Journal of Earch Sciences and Environment地球科学-中国地质大学学报 Earth Science--Journal of China University of Geosciences地球空间信息科学学报（英文版）Geospatial Information Science地球物理学报Chinese Journal of Geophysics地球物理学进展Progress in Geophysics地球信息科学Geo-Information Science地球学报（曾用刊名：地质科学院院报;地球学报-中国地质科学院院报）Acta Geoscientica Sinica地球与环境（曾用刊名：地质地球化学）Earth and Environment地图Map地下水Underground Water地学前缘Earth Science Frontiers地域研究与开发Areal Research and Development地震Earthquake地震地磁观测与研究Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research地震地质Seismology and Geology地震工程与工程振动（英文版）Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration地震学报Acta Seismologica Sinica地震学报（英文版）Acta Seismologica Sinica地震研究Journal of Seismological Research地质调查与研究（曾用刊名：前寒武纪研究进展;国外前寒武纪地质）Geological Survey and Research地质科技情报Geological Science and Technology Information地质科学Chinese Journal of Geology (Scientia Geologica Sinica)地质力学学报Journal of Geomechanics地质论评Geological Review地质通报Geological Bulletin of China地质学报Acta Geological Sinica地质学报（英文版）Acta Geologica Sinica地质与勘探Geology and Prospecting地质与资源（曾用刊名：贵金属地质）Journal of Precious Metallic Geology地质找矿论丛Contributions to Geology and Mineral Resources Research第四纪研究Quaternary Sciences东北地震研究Seismological Research of Northeast China断块油气田Fault-Block Oil and Gas FieldF非金属矿Non-Metallic Mines分析化学Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry福建地质Geology of FujianG甘肃科技Gansu Science and Technology甘肃冶金Gansu Metallurgy钢铁研究学报Journal of Iron and Steel Research钢铁研究学报（英文版）Journal of Iron and Steel Research,International高校地质学报（曾用刊名：南京大学学报.地球科学）Geological Journal of China Universities 高原地震Plateau Earthquake Research工程爆破Engineering Blasting工程地质学报Journal of Engineering Geology工程建设Engineering Construction古地理学报Journal of Palaeogeography古脊椎动物学报Certebrata Palasiatica古生物学报Acta Palaeontologica Sinica广东地质（已停刊）Guangdong Geology贵州地质Guizhou Geology桂林工学院学报（曾用刊名：桂林冶金地质学院学报）Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology 国际地震动态Recent Developments in World Seismology国际泥沙研究（英文版）International Journal of Sediment Research国土与自然资源研究Territory & Natural Resources Study国土资源（曾用刊名：辽宁地质学报;辽宁地质）Land & Resources国土资源导刊Land & Resources Herald国土资源科技管理Scientific and Technological Management of Land and Resources国土资源情报Land and Resources Information国土资源通讯National Land & Resources Information国土资源信息化Land and Resources Informatization国土资源遥感Remote Sensing For Land & Resources国外测井技术World Well Logging Technology国外金属矿选矿Metallic Ore Dressing Abroad国外油田工程Foreign Oil Field EngineeringH海岸工程Coastal Engineering海相油气地质Marine Origin Petroleun Geology海洋测绘Hydrographic Surveying and Charting海洋地质动态Marine Geology Letters海洋地质与第四纪地质（曾用刊名：海洋地质研究）Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology 海洋工程The Ocean Engineering海洋湖沼通报Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology海洋环境科学Marine Environmental Science海洋技术Ocean Technology海洋开发与管理Ocean Development and Management海洋科学Marine Sciences海洋科学进展Advances in Marine Science海洋石油Offshore Oil海洋通报Marine Science Bulletin海洋通报（英文版）Marine Science Bulletin海洋信息Marine Information海洋学报（英文版）Acta Oceanologica Sinica海洋学报（中文版）Acta Oceanologica Sinica海洋学研究Journal of Marine Sciences海洋与湖沼Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica海洋预报Marine Forecasts河北煤炭Hebei Coal河北冶金Hebei Metallurgy河南冶金Henan Metallurgy湖泊科学Journal of Lake Sciences湖南有色金属Hunan Nonferrous Metals华北地震科学North China Earthquake Sciences华南地震South China Journal of Seismology华南地质与矿产（曾用刊名：国外花岗岩类地质与矿产）Geology and Mineral Resources of South China化工矿产地质Geology of Chemical Minerals黄金Gold黄金地质（已停刊）Gold Geology黄金科学技术Gold Science and TechnologyJ吉林大学学报(地球科学版) （曾用刊名：长春科技大学学报;长春地质学院学报）Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition)吉林地质Jilin Geology极地研究Chinese Journal of Polar Research极地研究（英文版）Chinese Journal of Polar Science建井技术Mine Construction Technology江汉石油科技Jianghan Petroleum Science and Technology江苏地质Jiangsu Geology江苏煤炭（已停刊）Jiangsu Coal江苏冶金Jiangsu Metallurgy江西地质（已停刊）Jiangxi Geology江西煤炭科技Jiangxi Coal Science & Technology江西冶金Jiangxi Metallurgy江西有色金属Jiangxi Nonferrous Metals交通科技Transportation Science & Technology洁净煤技术Clean Coal Technology金属材料与冶金工程Metal Materials and Metallurgy Engineering金属矿山Metal Mine金属学报Acta Metallurgica Sinica金属学报（英文版）Acta Metallurgica SinicaK勘察科学技术Site Investigation Science and Technology勘探地球物理进展（曾用刊名：石油物探译丛）Progress in Exploration Geophysics科学通报Cinese Science Bulletin矿产保护与利用Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources矿产与地质Mineral resources and geology矿产综合利用Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resources矿床地质Mineral Deposits矿山测量Mine Surveying矿物学报Acta Mineralogica Sinica矿物岩石Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology矿物岩石地球化学通报（曾用刊名：矿物岩石地球化学通讯）Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry矿冶Mining and Metallurgy矿冶工程Mining and Metallurgical Engineering矿业安全与环保Mining Safety & Environmental Protection矿业工程Mining Engineering矿业快报Express Information of Mining Industry矿业研究与开发Mining Research and DevelopmentL炼钢Steelmaking炼铁Ironmaking炼油技术与工程Petroleum Refinery Engineering炼油与化工Refining and Chemical Industry露天采矿技术Opencast Mining TechnologyM煤Coal煤矿安全Safety in Coal Mines煤矿爆破Coal Mine Blasting煤矿机电Colliery Mechanical & Electrical Technology煤矿机械Coal Mine Machinery煤矿开采Coal Mining Technology煤矿现代化Coal Mine Modernization煤炭高等教育Meitan Higher Education煤炭工程Coal Engineering煤炭技术Coal Technology煤炭加工与综合利用Coal Processing and Comprehensive Utilization煤炭经济研究Coal Economic Research煤炭科学技术Coal Science and Technology煤炭学报Journal of China Coal Society煤田地质与勘探Coal Geology & Exploration煤质技术Coal Quality and TechnologyN内陆地震Inland Earthquake南方金属Southern Metals南京大学学报(自然科学版) Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences) R热带地理Tropical Geography热带海洋学报Journal of Tropical OceanographyS山地学报Journal of Mountain Science山东国土资源Land and Resources in Shangdong Province山东煤炭科技Shandong Coal Science and Technology山东冶金Shandong Metallurgy山西地震Earthquake Research in Shanxi山西焦煤科技Shanxi Cooking Coal Science & Technology山西煤炭Shanxi Coal山西冶金Shanxi Metallurgy陕西地质Geology of Shaanxi陕西煤炭Shaanxi Meitan上海地质Shanghai Geology上海金属Shanghai Metals上海有色金属Shanghai Nonferrous Metals湿地科学Wetland Science湿地科学与管理Wetland Science & Management湿法冶金Hydrometallurgy of China石化技术Petrochemical Industry Technology石化技术与应用Petrochemical Technology & Application石油地球物理勘探Oil Geophysical Prospecting石油地质与工程Petroleum Geology and Engineering石油工业技术监督Technology Supervision in Petroleum Industry石油规划设计Petroleum Planning & Engineering石油和化工设备Petro & Chemical Equipment石油化工Petrochemical Technology石油化工安全技术Petrochemical Safety Technology石油化工设计Petrochemical Design石油化工应用Petrochemical Industry Application石油机械China Petroleum Machinery石油勘探与开发Petroleum exploration and development石油科技论坛Oil Forum石油科学（英文版）Petroleum Science石油炼制与化工Petroleum Processing and Petrochemicals石油实验地质Petroleum Geology & Experiment石油物探Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum石油学报Acta Petrolei Sinica石油学报（石油加工）Acta Petrolei Sinica(Petroleum Processing Section)石油与天然气地质Oil & Gas Geology石油与天然气化工Chemical Engineering of Oil and Gas石油钻采工艺Oil Drilling & Production Technology石油钻探技术Petroleum Drilling Techniques世界地理研究World Regional Studies世界地震工程World Earthquake Engineering世界地质Global Geology世界有色金属Nonferrous Metals水文Hydrology水文地质工程地质Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology四川测绘Surveying and Mapping of Sichuan四川地震Earthquake Research in Sichuan四川地质学报Acta Geologica Sichuan四川冶金Sichuan Metallurgy四川有色金属Sichuan Nonferrous MetalsT探矿工程-岩土钻掘工程Exploration Engineering(Rock & Soil Drilling and Tunneling) 特钢技术Special Steel Technology特殊钢Special Steel特种油气藏Special oil& gas reservoirs天津冶金Tianjin Metallurgy天然气地球科学Natural Gas Geoscience天然气工业Natural Gas Industry天然气化工Natural Gas Chemical Industry天然气化学（英文版）Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry天然气勘探与开发Natural Gas Exploration and Development天然气与石油Natural Gas and Oil铁合金Ferro-Alloys同煤科技Science and Technology of Datong Coal Mining Administration铜业工程Copper EngineeringW微体古生物学报Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica武钢技术Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation Technology物探化探计算技术Computing Techniques for Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration 物探与化探Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration物探装备Equipment for Geophysical ProspectingX西北地震学报Northwestern Seismological Journal西北地质Northwestern Geology西北地质科学（已停刊）Northwest Geoscience西部探矿工程West-China Exploration Engineering稀土Chinese Rare Earths稀土信息Rare Earth Information稀土学报（英文版）Journal of Rare Earths稀有金属（英文版）Rare Metals现代测绘（曾用刊名：江苏测绘）Modern Surveying and Mapping现代地质Geoscience新疆地质Xinjiang Geology新疆钢铁Xinjiang Iron and Steel新疆石油地质Xinjiang Petroleum Geology选煤技术Coal Preparation TechnologyY亚热带资源与环境学报Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment岩矿测试Rock and Mineral Analysis岩石矿物学杂志（曾用刊名：岩石矿物及测试）Acta Petrologica Et Mineralogica岩石学报Act a Petrologica Sinica岩相古地理Sedimentary Facies and Palaeogeography岩性油气藏Lithologic Reservoirs盐湖研究Journal of Salt Lake Research遥感信息Remote Sensing Information冶金标准化与质量Metallurgical Standardization & Quality冶金丛刊Metallurgical Collections冶金动力Metallurgical Power冶金分析Metallurgical Analysis冶金经济与管理Metallurgical economics and management冶金设备Metallurgical Equipment冶金信息导刊Metallurgical Information Review冶金自动化Metallurgical Industry Automation应用地球物理（英文版）Applied Geophysics油气储运Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation油气地质与采收率Oil & Gas Recovery Technology油气井测试Well Testing油气田地面工程Oil-Gasfield Surface Engineering油气田环境保护Environmental Protection of Oil & Gas Fields油田化学Oilfield Chemistry铀矿地质Uranium Geology有色金属Nonferrous Metals有色金属（矿山部分）Nonferrous Metals(Mine Section)有色金属（选矿部分）Nonferrous Metals有色金属（冶炼部分）Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy)有色矿冶Non-ferrous Mining and Metallurgy有色冶金节能Energy Saving of Non-ferrous Metallurgy有色冶金设计与研究Nonferrous Metals Engineering & Research云南地理环境研究Y unnan Geographic Environment Research云南地质Yunnan Geology云南冶金Yunnan MetallurgyZ浙江国土资源Zhejiang Land & Resources浙江冶金Journal of Zhejiang Metallurgy震灾防御技术Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention质谱学报Journal of Chinese Mass Spectrometry Society中国地理科学（英文版）Chinese Geographical Science中国地球化学学报（英文版）Chinese Journal of Geochemistry中国地震Earthquake Research in China中国地震研究(英文版) Earthquake Research in China中国地质Geology in China中国地质教育Chinese Geological Education中国地质灾害与防治学报The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control 中国非金属矿工业导刊China Non-metallic Mining Industry Herald中国国土资源经济Natural Resource Economics of China中国海上油气China Offshore Oil and Gas中国海上油气（地质）（已停刊）China Offshore Oil and Gas(Geology)中国海洋工程（英文版）China Ocean Engineering中国海洋湖沼学报（英文版）Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 中国海洋平台China Offshore Platform中国科学D辑Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences中国科学基金Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China中国矿山工程China Mine Engineering中国矿业China Mining Magazine中国炼油与石油化工（英文版）China Petroleum Processing and Petrochemical Technology中国煤层气China Coalbed Methane中国煤炭工业China Coal Industry中国煤田地质Coal Geology of China中国锰业China's Manganese Industry中国钼业China Molybdenum Industry中国沙漠Journal of Desert Research中国石油和化工China Petroleum and Chemical Industry中国石油和化工标准与质量China Petroleum and Chemical Standard and Quality中国石油勘探China Petroleum Exploration中国钨业China Tungsten Industry中国岩溶Carsologica Sinica中国岩溶Carsologica Sinica中国冶金China Metallurgy中国油气（英文版）China Oil & Gas中国有色金属学报The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals中国有色金属学会会刊（英文版）Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 中国有色冶金China Nonferrous Metallurgy中州煤炭Zhongzhou Coal资源调查与环境Resources Survey & Environment资源环境与工程Resources Environment & Engineering资源开发与市场Resource Development & Market资源科学Resources Science资源与产业Resources & Industries自然科学进展Progress in Natural Science自然资源学报Journal of Natural Resources钻采工艺Drilling & Production Technology钻井液与完井液Drilling Fluid & Completion Fluid11。
地质学常用中英文词汇对照表(按章节)
阐述expound(explain), state引入introduce into相应的corresponding概念conception概论overview概率probability概念化conceptualize宏观的macroscopic补充complement规划plan证明demonstrate, certify, attest证实confirmation补偿compensate, make up, imburse 组合式combined type相互作用interaction稳定性评价stability evaluation均质性homogeneity介质medium层layer, stratum1地形地貌geographic and geomorphic地形land form地貌geomorphology, relief地貌单元landform unit, geomorphic unit 坡度grade地形图relief map河谷river valley河道river course河床river bed(channel)冲沟gully, gulley, erosion gully, stream(brook)河漫滩floodplain(valley flat)阶地terrace冲积平原alluvial plain三角洲delta古河道fossil river course, fossil stream channel冲积扇alluvial fan洪积扇diluvial fan分水岭divide盆地basin岩溶地貌karst land feature, karst landform 溶洞solution cave, karst cave2地层岩性地层geostrome (stratum, strata)岩性lithologic character, rock property岩层bed stratum岩层layer, rock stratum母岩matrix, parent rock相变facies change 硬质岩strong rock, film软质岩weak rock硬质的competent软质的incompetent基岩bedrock覆盖层overburden交错层理cross bedding层面bedding plane片理schistosity层理bedding波痕ripple-mark泥痕mud crack雨痕raindrop imprints造岩矿物rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物clay mineral高岭土kaolinite蒙脱石montmorillonite伊利石illite云母mica白云母muscovite黑云母biotite石英quartz长石feldspar正长石orthoclase斜长石plagioclase辉石pyroxene, picrite角闪石hornblende方解石calcite构造structure结构texture组构fabric(tissue)矿物组成mineral composition 产状attitude火成岩igneous岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩（熔岩）lava火山volcano侵入岩intrusive(invade) rock 喷出岩effusive rock深成岩plutonic rock浅成岩pypabysal rock酸性岩acid rock中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock超基性岩ultrabasic rock岩基rock base (batholith) 岩脉（墙）dike岩墙rock dike岩床rock sill岩脉vein dyke花岗岩granite流纹岩rhyolite闪长岩diorite辉长岩gabbro玄武岩basalt橄榄岩dunite火山角砾岩vulcanic breccia火山集块岩volcanic agglomerate凝灰岩tuff沉积岩sedimentary rock碎屑岩clastic rock粘土岩clay rock粉砂质粘土岩silty claystone化学岩chemical rock生物岩biolith砾岩conglomerate角砾岩breccia砂岩sandstone石英砂岩quartz sandstone粉砂岩siltstone钙质粉砂岩calcareous siltstone泥岩mudstone页岩shale盐岩saline石灰岩limestone白云岩dolomite泥灰岩marl泥钙岩argillo-calcareous泥砂岩argillo-arenaceous砂质arenaceous泥质argillaceous硅质的siliceous有机质organic matter粗粒coarse grain中粒medium-grained沉积物sediment (deposit)漂石、顽石boulder卵石cobble砾石gravel砂sand粉土silt粘土clay粘粒clay grain砂质粘土sandy clay粘质砂土clayey sand壤土、亚粘土loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土sandy loam浮土、表土regolith (topsoil)软泥ooze淤泥mire, oozed mud, sludge, warp clay冲积物（层）alluvion冲积的alluvial洪积物（层）proluvium, diluvium, diluvion洪积的diluvial冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift)deposits崩积物（层）colluvial deposits, colluvium残积粘土residual clay变质岩metamorphic rock板岩slate千枚岩phyllite片岩schist片麻岩gneiss石英岩quartzite大理岩marble3地质构造地质构造geologic structure大地构造geotectonic构造运动tectogenesis造山运动orogeny升降运动vertical movement水平运动horizontal movement完整性perfection(integrity)产状要素elements of attitude产状attitude, orientation走向strike倾向dip倾角dip angle, angle of dip褶皱fold褶曲fold单斜monocline向斜syncline背斜anticline穹隆dome挤压squeeze上盘upper section下盘bottom wall, footwall, lower wall断距separation相交intersect断层fault正断层normal fault逆断层reversed fault平移断层parallel fault层理bedding, stratification地堑graben地垒horst, fault ridge断层泥gouge, pug, selvage, fault gouge 擦痕stria, striation断裂fracture破碎带fracture zone节理joint节理组joint set裂隙fissure, crack微裂隙fine fissure, microscopic fissure 原生裂隙original joint次生裂隙epigenetic joint张裂隙tension joint剪裂隙shear joint卸荷裂隙relief crack碎裂结构cataclastic texture板状结构platy structure薄板状lamellose块状的lumpy, massive层状的laminated巨厚层giant thick-laminated薄层状的finely laminated软弱夹层weak intercalated layer夹层inter bedding,intercalated bed, interlayer, intermediate layer夹泥层clayey intercalation夹泥inter-clay连通性connectivity切层insequent影响带affecting zone完整性integrity n.Integrate v. & a.degree of integrality破碎crumble胶结cement泥化argillization尖灭taper-out错动diastrophism错动层面faulted bedding plane断续的intermittent共轭节理conjugated joint透镜状的lens-shaped a.岩屑cuttings, debris薄膜membrane, film层理stratification高角度high dip angle缓倾角low dip angle反倾anti-dip互层interbed v.Interbedding n.粒径particle size构造层tectonosphere挤压compression均一的homogeneous致密close, compact 构造岩tectonite糜棱岩mylonite断层角砾岩fault breccia方解石脉calcite vein碎块岩clastic rock角砾breccia岩粉rock powder岩屑debris, debry固结consolidation4水文地质条件hydrogeological conditions大气圈atmosphere水圈hydrosphere岩石圈geosphere地表径流surface runoff地下径流subsurface runoff流域valley, drainage basin流域面积drainage area, river basin area 汇水面积catchment area地下水ground water, subsurface water 地表水surface water大气水atmospheric water气态水aqueous (vapour) water液态水liquid water固态水solid water吸着水hygroscopic (adsorptive) water 介质medium空隙void孔隙水压力pore water pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure外静水压力external hydrostatic pressure动水压力hydrodynamic pressure渗透力seepage pressure外水压力external water pressure内水压力internal water pressure水位water level, stage level水头water head含水层aquifer透水层permeable layer, pervious layer 不透水层（隔水层）aquifuge, impervious layer,impermeable layer, aquiclude地下分水岭groundwater ridge孔隙水pore water裂隙水fissure water岩溶水karstic water结合水bound water, combined water 吸着水hydroscopic water薄膜水pellicular water毛细水capillary water重力水gravitational water凝结水condensation water地下水埋藏条件condition of groundwater occurrence地下水埋藏深度depth of groundwater occurrence压水试验packer permeability test5工程勘察engineering investigation勘测survey勘察阶段investigational stage初步设计primary design初步规划preliminary scheme初步勘探preliminary prospecting初步踏勘ground reconnaissance可行性研究阶段feasibility stage初步设计阶段preliminary stage踏勘reconnaissance, inspection地质测绘geological survey工程地质测绘engineering geological mapping钻探borehole operation, boring物探geophysical exploration洞探exploratory adits钎探rod sounding坑探exploring mining槽探trenching比例proportion地形图geographic map地貌图geomorphological map地质图geological map实测地质剖面图field-acquired geological profile(section)构造地质图geological structure map第四纪地质图quarternary geological map 地质详图detail map of geology地质柱状图geologic columnar section, geologic log纵剖面图longitudinal section横剖面图cross section展示图reveal detail map节理玫瑰图rose of joints基岩等高线bed rock contour层底等高线contour of stratum bottom岩层界线strata boundary岩面高程elevation of bed rock surface 坐标coordinate分层bed separation地质点geological observation point勘探点exploratory point (spot) 勘探线exploratory line勘探孔exploration hole金刚石钻进diamond drilling6安全监控可靠性检查reliability checking监控模型monitoring and prediction model监测monitoring资料datum, data可靠性reliability稳定性stability安全safety评估evaluation, appraise评定assessment, assess, rate评价准则criterion灾害hazard, calamity确定性方法论Deterministic methodology应急行动计划EAP(emergency action plan)事故accident静力（Static Analysis）动力（Dynamic Analysis）Evidently 明显的Correspondingly adv.相应地; 相关地; 相同地。
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长安大学资源学院英语文献翻译学院地球科学与资源学院专业资源勘查工程学生姓名张桃学号 2指导教师张亚敏2015年6月18日Title:Orthomagmatic ore depositsOne.Orthomagmatic ore depositsThe magma contains a certain number of metal and volatile components of the silicate melt. All kinds of magma after crystallization and differentiation, make the forming materials dispersed in the magma gathered and formed deposits.And this deposits is called magmatic deposits.Magmatic deposits formed in the magmatic stage, the source of the material of the deposit is the main ore-bearing magma.Magmatic deposits is the product of the magma by crystallization and differentiation, and generally have the following properties:1、Deposits have the mainly relationship with the mafic and ultramafic rocks.And a small number of magmatic deposits with alkaline rocks or magmatic carbonatite-related. Mineralization and diagenesis often begin at the same time.And this is typical of syngenetic ore deposits. Few mineralization of the magmatic deposits may be continued to a later time, but generally does not exceed a total period of magmatic activity.2、The magmatic deposits ore body majority presentstratiform, lenticular and podiform and so on.And they produced in the magma body,and the wall rock of containing ore is the mother rock.Few cases,orebody presenting vein and stockwork enter the wall rock which outside of the mother rock Between the ore body and the wall rock generally is gradual change or rapid gradual change relationship.Only penetration magmatic deposits have the clear boundaries with the wall rock.3、Except the rare and rare earth elements deposits of the magmatic carbonatite due to special causes have some alteration about the wall rock,the vast majority of magmatic deposits surrounding rock does not have a significant alteration phenomenon.4、The ore and the wall rock basically have the same mineral composition, when the useful minerals of the rock body aggregate and reach a certain size,they become the orebody.5、The ore of magmatic deposits oftenhave,disseminated,the banded,eye porphyritic,dense massive,brecciated and so on,ore structure.The ores structure can be broadly divided into the following categories:I.Structure sub-the different magmatic condensate crystalline or stacking interactions; II.Reflect the structure of the immiscible fluid crystallization process III.Reflect thechanges in the structure of the physical and chemical conditions.IV.Epigenetic structure.6、The magmatic deposits forming temperature is high, generally between 1200 to 700 ° C. The mineralization depth changes,generally formed in the ground a few kilometers to tens of kilometers.Tow.The formation conditions of magmatic deposits Magma deposits are mainly derived from the magma, it is the combined effects of the product by a variety of geological factors, which playing a leading role is the geochemistry of ore-forming elements traits, the magmatic rock conditions, tectonic conditions and physical and chemical conditions and so on.1、Control the conditions of magmatic rocks formed by magmatic depositsMagma is the main provider of the metallogenic material of the magmatic deposits and the medium of containing mineral medium.Therefore,how much of the content of useful components of magma is the possibility of the formation of magmatic deposits.I.Magmatic rocks metallogenic specializationMetallogenic specialization of magmatic rocks in thegenesis of magmatic rocks with endogenous deposits showed regular contact, and specific types of magmatic rocks are often produced specific types of deposits.a)With mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks related depositsMafic and ultramafic rock is the complex igneous complex formed by the combination of a variety of rock types, rock types from a single rock composed of rock mass is relatively rare.The size of the rock mass ranging mostly small,and rock strains, rock cover, rock, bedrock is the most common form of the rock mass. With facies and the different combinations,the mafic and ultramafic rocks can be divided into three types.b)Mineral deposits associated with syenite, nepheline syenite and carbonate igneous complexRelating to magmatic deposits of these rocks are mostly produced with the form of rock strain,the different components of rock mass facies zone often has ring distribution.II.The role of the volatile components in the magmaThe magma volatile components have the low melting point,highly volatile and they can delay the condensation rate of the magma, make the magma have more fully differentiation.III.Magmatic assimilation have an influence on the mineralization of the magma DepositsIV.Beyond one period of magma intrusion on control of the mineralization2、Tectonic conditions that control the formation of magmatic depositsTectonics have a major impact on the type of magmatic deposits, distribution, the most magmatic deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks on the Causes and space. Mafic and ultramafic magma formed by partial melting of mantle material,so the deep fault cuts through the crust to reach the upper mantle have a strict control effect on the mafic, ultramafic rocks and magmatic deposits which have some relationship with them.Three.Magmatic deposits formation and its characteristics1、The process of the magma’s useful components analysis, aggregation and positioning is called magmatic mineralization. Because the magmatic deposits mafic - ultramafic petrogenesis process is very complex, the mineralization also isvaried.According to the way and feature of the mineralization,magmatic mineralization can be divided into four categories,the crystallization differentiationmineralization, melting away from the mineralization the magma eruption mineralization and magma eruption mineralization.When magma is condensed, with the temperature gradually decreased, the various mineral sequentially from which crystallized out, result in magma changing,and the magma changes in the composition promote the crystallization of certain components, liking magma composition changed with the crystallization process is called crystallization differentiation.2、Magmatic liquation mineralization and liquation depositMagmatic liquation, also known as liquid separation action or immiscibility, refers to the the uniform composition magma melt with decreasing temperature and pressure separated into two components of different melt role.3、Magmatic eruptions and effusive the Mineralization its depositMagma outbreak mineralization kimberlite magma, together with early crystallized olivine, pyrope, diamond crystals and xenoliths along deep faults,and rise rapidly emplaced at the surface produce 2 to 3 kilometers outbreak and the role of the deposit is formed.The magmatic eruption mineralization is the ore-bearing lava spray overflow to the surface or penetration into the crater near volcanic series along certain channels, the the condensate accumulation of deposit formation. Formed deposits called magma eruption deposits.Four.Implications for researchMagmatic deposits having very important industrial significance, most of chromium, nickel, platinum group elements as well as a substantial portion of iron, copper, titanium, cobalt, phosphorus, niobium, tantalum and rare earth elements and other deposits are all from magmatic deposits in the world. Mineralization conditions, the genesis of magmatic deposits and distribution law is of great significance.题目：岩浆矿床一、岩浆矿床岩浆是含有一定数量金属及挥发性组分的硅酸盐熔融体。