农科英语 PPT

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Genomic-based breeding：
Crop physiologists（生理学家）will search for morphological（形态的） and physiological traits （生理特征） to enhance crop adaptation under such climatic variability. In this regard, crop physiology may help define ideotypes(理想型的） crops to enhancing such adaptation. In the future, crops need to be more heat tolerant（耐热性）, with greater water and nutrient use efficiency to counter（抵消） the effects of climate change in crop production
change, increasing costs of fertilizer and rising food demands from a larger and wealthier
human population. These factors point to a global food deficit unless the efficiency and resilience of crop production is increased. The intensification of agriculture has focused on improving production under optimized conditions, with significant agronomic inputs. Furthermore, the intensive cultivation of a limited number of crops has drastically narrowed the number of plant species humans rely on. A new agricultural paradigm is required, reducing dependence on high inputs and increasing crop diversity, yield stability and environmental resilience.Genomics offers unprecedented opportunities to increase crop yield, quality and stability of production through advanced breeding strategies, enhancing the resilience of major crops to climate variability, and increasing the productivity and range of minor crops to diversify the food supply. Here we review the state of the art of genomic-assisted breeding for the most important staples that feed the world, and how to use and adapt such genomic tools to accelerate development of both major and minor crops with desired traits that enhance adaptation to, or mitigate the effects of climate change.
Global agricultural intensification during climate change: a role for genomics
姓 名
支玉海、陈淼、高宏云
Vocabulary:
Genomics 基因组学 基因组育种
Genomic-based breeding
Concentrations [,kɔnsən'treiʃən] 浓度 Crop pathogens ['pæ θədʒən] and pests Domestication [dəu,mestikeiʃən] 驯化 Broadening the crop base 拓宽作物基地 Sustainability [səsteinə'biliti]可持续发展 农作物病虫害
Genomic-based breeding
Broadening the crop base
Conclusions
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Genomic-based breeding：
Impact of climate change is different for different crops and environments, tailored solutions may need to be applied. Data from multi-environment （多环境） testing provide an opportunity for modelling stress （模拟压 力）impacts on crops and target populations.
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Summary
Introduction
Genomic-based breeding
Broadening the crop base
Conclusions
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Abstract：Agriculture is now facing the ‘perfect storm’ of climate
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摘要:农业正面临气候变化的“完美风 暴”,增加化肥和粮食需求上升的成本越来 越富裕的人口。这些因素都指向一个全球 粮食短缺除非作物生产的效率和弹性增加。 农业的集约化一直专注于改进生产在优化 条件下,与重要农艺输入。此外,精耕细作的 有限数量的作物已经大大缩小了人类依靠 植物物种的数量。需要一个新的农业模式, 减少依赖高投入和增加作物多样性,产量稳 定性和环境适应力。基因组学提供了前所 未有的机遇,增加作物产量、质量和稳定的 生产通过先进的育种策略,提高主要农作物 对气候变化的适应能力,和提高生产力和一 系列小作物多样化的食物供应。在这里,基 因育种对于养活世界的最重要的意义,以及 如何使用这些基因组工具来加速发展和适 应主要和次要的作物的特征,增强适应,或减 轻气候变化的影响。
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Broadening the crop base
Genomics, can provide breeders with the knowledge they need to make more rapid selections and apply advanced breeding strategies to produce climateresilient crops. Genetic mapping and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis,association genetics (AG) studies and genomic selection (GS)approaches have recently had an impact on the development ofnew crop varieties. AG and GS were previously hampered by the lack of very high marker density coverage of the genome.However, the development of massively parallel NGS methodshas made the characterization of very large numbers of markers possible (Edwards et al., 2013).
2.Moreover, not all agroecological practices are compatible with the Green
Revolution cultivars
For example, most modern semi-dwarf (sd1) rice cultivars perform poorly under the rain-fed ecosystems of Asia and Africa that occupy ~30% of world rice lands, where drought, submergence, low soil fertility and other abiotic stresses are commonplace .
The failure to maintain global food production inline with population growth
social unrest and famine in developing countries.
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The main causes of yield loss include:
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Summary
Introduction
Genomic-based breeding
Broadening the crop base
Conclusions
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further increases in food prices in developed countries
greater global food insecurityAlteredrainfall patterns