比较Scully和Rogers关于自然与人工的观点
西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文

西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文The Way People in the West See Humans and NatureEver since there have been humans on Earth, people have had to figure out how they fit in with the natural world around them. Different cultures and civilizations have seen this relationship between humans and nature in very different ways.In the West, which means Europe and the countries that were started by Europeans like the United States, Canada, Australia and others, there have been some special ideas about how humans relate to nature. These ideas have changed over time, but some of the most important ones have stuck around for a long time.One of the biggest ideas in the West has been that humans are separate from nature, and even superior to it in some ways. This idea goes way back to ancient times in Greece and Rome. The philosophers back then taught that what makes humans special is our ability to think and reason logically. Animals and plants were seen as operating purely on instinct without higher reasoning.Because of this view of humans as gifted with higher intelligence, many Western thinkers over the centuries have seenit as the role of humans to have dominion or rule over nature. The natural world was something to study, categorize, and ultimately control and reshape based on human goals and desires.This attitude was very strong during the Scientific Revolution in Europe a few centuries ago. At that time, many new discoveries were made about how the natural world works through experimentation and the scientific method. This led people to see nature almost like a big machine that could be taken apart, analyzed, and reconstructed by humans with the right knowledge.The growth of industry and modern technology made it seem even more like humans could bend the natural world to their will through engineering and machines. Forests could be cleared, rivers dammed, and landscapes entirely transformed by the power of human ingenuity and machines.So for a very long time, the mainstream Western view tended to see humans as fundamentally different from and superior to the rest of nature. Nature existed for human use and advancement. Humans could study it, harness it, reconstruct it, and ultimately dominate it through technology.However, more recently there has been a bit of a shift in how some people in the West view the human-nature relationship. As environmental problems like pollution, habitat loss, and climate change have become bigger issues, more people have started questioning whether humans really are separate from nature.Some have argued that we are still just one species amongst millions on this planet, completely dependent on the health of natural systems to survive. Perhaps we need to see ourselves as part of the web of life on Earth, not masters over it. Harming the environment ultimately means harming ourselves.New science has also revealed how deeply humans are shaped by their environments, both the natural landscape and the presence of other living creatures around us. Our bodies, behaviors, and even ways of thinking have been molded by millions of years of evolution embedded in nature. We may be more interconnected with other life than we realized.So more and more these days, at least some people in Western societies are starting to move toward an idea of humans being deeply woven into the fabric of the natural world, not separate controllers of it. We need to start protecting nature not just for its resources, but because we are fundamentally bound together with it in ways we may not fully understand yet.Of course, these are just general trends, and views on this issue remain very diverse and complicated in the West. Some still hold tightly to human mastery over nature, while others want to return to a life of hardly interfering with it at all. Most people are somewhere in between, both benefiting from human civilization's power over nature, while also appreciating nature's beauty and importance.This question of how humans and nature truly relate to each other is still widely debated with no simple answer. But it's an important issue to grapple with. Because in the end, we're all living together on this planet whether we see it that way or not. How we sort out our relationship with the natural world will shape the future for all living things.。
人本主义代表人物马斯洛和罗杰斯

01对自己,其
特点是:逃避成 长,拒绝承担伟 大的使命。
约拿情结的基本 特征可以分为两 个方面:一方面 是表现在对自己, 另外一方面是表 现在对他人。
02对他人,其
特点是:嫉妒别 人的优秀和成功、 幸灾乐祸于别人 的不幸。
3.高峰体验论
01 “这种体验可能是瞬间产生的、压倒一 切的敬畏情绪,也可能是转瞬即逝的极 度强烈的幸福感,或甚至是欣喜若狂、 如醉如痴、欢乐至极的感觉。”
.
非指导性教学理论:教育者要信任学 生自己有能力塑造健全的人格和心灵, 通过改善学校教育环境,调动学生的 积极性,提高自主学习的能力,激发 其潜能。
建立良好的师生关系的条件:真实、接受和理解
1、要对学生进行全面的了解,对学生关心备至; 2、尊重学生的人格 3、应与学生建立良好的、真诚的人际关系; 4、要从学生的角度出发来设计教学活动和教学内容; 5、善于使学生陈述自己的价值观和态度; 6、善于采取灵活多样的教学方法,对学生进行区别对待。
价值观产生的理想自我和现实自我的偏离,差距,进而发展成心
理异常。
条件化积极关注
偏离产生 焦虑
自我机构
体验与内化的评价标准发生冲突
理想自我 现实自我
2.心理治疗理论
罗杰斯的心理治疗方法原 称非指导性疗法(nondirected therapy),后改 称为“来访者中心疗 法”(person-centered therapy)。他认为心理咨 询和治疗的一个重要目标 是填平自我概念与自我经 验之间的沟壑。.
原始社会
生存需要
奴隶社会
安全需要
封建社会
资本主义社会和社会主义社会
共产主义社会
归属需要 自尊需要
自我实现的 需要
奥苏伯尔有意义学习和罗杰斯有意义学习的比较

奥苏伯尔有意义学习和罗杰斯有意义学习的比较(实用版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制单位:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料,如职业道德、时事政治、政治理论、专业基础、说课稿集、教资面试、综合素质、教案模板、考试题库、其他资料等等,想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as professional ethics, current affairs and politics, political theory, professional foundation, lecture collections, teaching interviews, comprehensive qualities, lesson plan templates, exam question banks, other materials, etc. Learn about different data formats and writing methods, so stay tuned!奥苏伯尔有意义学习和罗杰斯有意义学习的比较认知主义心理学家奥苏伯尔和人本主义心理学家罗杰斯都提出了意义学习理论。
罗杰斯健全人格观点的特点

罗杰斯健全人格观点的特点罗杰斯健全人格观点的特点罗杰斯(Carl Rogers)是20世纪著名的心理学家和治疗师,他提出了一种健全人格的观点,即“自我实现理论”。
这种观点强调个体的内在需求和意愿,认为每个人都有能力实现自己的潜力,并且在适当的环境下可以实现这种潜力。
以下是罗杰斯健全人格观点的特点:1. 人类本性是积极向上的罗杰斯认为,每个人都有一种天生的积极向上的冲动。
这种冲动使得我们想要探索新事物、成长和发展自己。
然而,由于社会环境和其他因素的影响,我们可能会受到压抑或限制。
因此,罗杰斯认为,在一个支持和鼓励个体发展和成长的环境中,每个人都能够实现自我潜力。
2. 重视自我意识罗杰斯强调了自我意识对于健全人格发展的重要性。
他认为,一个具有健康人格特质的人需要对自己有一定程度的了解和认识。
这种自我意识可以帮助人们更好地理解自己的需求和愿望,并且更好地适应生活中的各种挑战。
3. 重视个体的主观体验罗杰斯认为,个体的主观体验对于健全人格发展至关重要。
他强调了个体的感受、情感和内在需求,认为这些因素是影响一个人成长和发展的关键因素。
因此,在治疗过程中,罗杰斯注重倾听和理解患者的主观体验,以便更好地帮助他们实现自我潜力。
4. 重视人际关系罗杰斯认为,人际关系对于健全人格发展同样至关重要。
他强调了相互尊重、信任和接纳对于建立良好的人际关系非常重要。
在治疗过程中,罗杰斯注重与患者之间建立良好的信任关系,并且通过积极倾听和理解来帮助患者建立健康的人际关系。
5. 强调自我实现罗杰斯认为,每个人都有能力实现自己的潜力,并且在适当的环境下可以实现这种潜力。
他强调了自我实现的重要性,认为这是一个人成长和发展的关键因素。
因此,在治疗过程中,罗杰斯注重帮助患者认识到自己的潜力,并且通过积极倾听和理解来帮助他们实现自我潜力。
总结:罗杰斯健全人格观点强调了个体内在需求和意愿的重要性,认为每个人都有能力实现自己的潜力。
他强调了自我意识、主观体验、人际关系和自我实现对于健全人格发展的重要性。
自我发现,罗杰斯,以人为中心的心理治疗法读后感

自我发现——浅谈罗杰斯以人为中心疗法在罗杰斯与简的谈话中,我看到了以人为中心疗法的具体操作以及所取得的具体成效。
在治疗过程中,罗杰斯一直是秉承着不带评价性的接纳性的原则对待简,无条件的给予关注。
可以注意到在谈话过程中频繁出现“确实”,“真的”,“你告诉我的是”诸如此类的语句来不断的强化当事人自我探索过程中的经验,使得当事人能够更加自由的经验自己的情感。
通过简本人的无意识心理与反应,指引着谈话双方向着问题的核心进发。
在我看来,罗杰斯的以人为中心的疗法是建立在一定的基础之上的,这个基础就是罗杰斯本人所提到的“机体智慧”和超验现象。
其中“机体智慧”这一论断是针对当事人即被治疗者而言的。
他认为每个活的机体都表现出成长,发展,实现其全部潜能的倾向。
这种内在倾向虽然会受到环境条件的作用而发生障碍,但能通过治疗师对患者的无条件关怀、移情理解和积极诱导使障碍消除而恢复心理健康。
他相信人“性本善”,能够通过自身的探索找到解决自身问题的正确的积极性方法。
这是这一理论的基础。
对于治疗师而言,超验现象是决定这种治疗方法效果的重要因素之一。
所谓的超验现象指的是当治疗师最接近内在的,直觉的自我时,可以感受到自己的内在精神和被治疗者的内在精神想碰触与交互,产生了共感的一种状态。
而这个时候治疗的效果往往是极其显著的。
这在罗杰斯对治疗过程的评价中也可以看出,比如“我此刻正相当自如的在她内心世界里漫步”,“这是一种直觉反应,我已经学会去相信它”,我的无意识控制着我,从我对对方世界的无疑是感觉中浮现出来“等等。
当然,罗杰斯还特别强调营造促进成长的氛围,包括三个具体条件:真诚、真实和恰当,接纳,关心或称赞——无条件的积极关注以及同感。
除此之外,我还想结合自己的一些经历谈一谈罗杰斯在与简的对话中提到的一些问题。
在简提出了她对艺术的热爱时,罗杰斯在对治疗过程的评价中提到“在意识中对过去曾拒绝感知或在意识中被扭曲的情感有了完全的体验”。
对此,我深有感悟。
西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文

西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文In Western culture, the relationship between humans and nature has been a topic of great interest. The perception and understanding of this relationship have evolved over time, reflecting changes in societal values, beliefs, and environmental concerns.Western societies have historically placed a significant emphasis on human dominion over nature. This perspective, rooted in Judeo-Christian traditions, views humans as distinct beings above other creatures and with theauthority to exploit natural resources for their benefit. This anthropocentric worldview has shaped Western attitudes towards nature by prioritizing human needs and desires.However, in recent decades, there has been a shift towards recognizing the intrinsic value of nature independent of human exploitation. This emerging ecocentric perspective acknowledges the interconnectedness between all living beings and promotes sustainability and ecological stewardship. It emphasizes that humans are part of naturerather than separate from it, and advocates for a harmonious coexistence with the environment.This shift in thinking is reflected in various aspects of Western society. It can be observed through increased environmental awareness, policies promoting conservation efforts, and the growing popularity of environmental movements advocating for sustainable practices. Additionally, there has been a surge in scientific research exploring ecology, biodiversity conservation, and ecosystem restoration.The arts have also played a crucial role in shaping Western perspectives on the relationship between humans and nature. Literature often explores themes such as man's struggle against nature or the consequences of ecological imbalance. Paintings depict idyllic landscapes or highlight the detrimental effects of human intervention on natural habitats. Music incorporates sounds from nature to evoke emotions or convey messages about our shared responsibility towards preserving the environment.Technology has further influenced Western views on humanity's connection to nature. Digital media platforms provide global platforms for sharing environmental issues and promoting eco-friendly lifestyles. Moreover, technological advancements enable innovative approaches to resource management and alternative energy production that aim to minimize negative impacts on the environment.Despite these positive shifts towards acknowledging our interconnectedness with nature, challenges remain. Consumerism-driven economies continue to exploit natural resources in unsustainable ways, leading to issues such as deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate change. Finding a balance between economic development and environmental preservation remains a pressing concern.To conclude, Western perspectives on the relationship between humans and nature have evolved from one of dominion over nature to an understanding of our interdependence and shared responsibility for ecological stewardship. This paradigm shift emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices and harmonious coexistence with the environment.However, there are still challenges to be addressed in ensuring that these principles are consistently integrated into societal values and actions.我的问题是:西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文我西方文化中,人类和自然之间的关系一直是一个备受关注的话题。
自然与人造的哲学观点分析

自然与人造的哲学观点分析自然与人造是人类思考和研究的对象之一,也是哲学讨论的话题之一。
自然常常被看作是与人类的文明和技术相对立的存在,而人造则是人类创造出来的事物和现象。
这两个概念在哲学中引起了许多探讨和辩论。
本文将从不同的哲学观点出发,来分析自然与人造的关系和意义。
一种观点认为,自然是独立于人类意志和行动之外的存在,是宇宙中自发形成的一切事物和规律的总和。
人造则是人类对自然进行干预和改造的产物。
按照这种观点,自然被赋予了一种超越人类的智慧和力量,人类只能在自然的规律下生存和发展。
而人造则是人类对自然规律的掌握和应用,通过技术和文明的进步,人们可以改变和利用自然资源,创造更加宜居的环境。
然而此种观点下,人造被看作是别于自然的一种存在,它的价值和意义相对较低。
另一种观点则认为,自然和人造是相互依存和相互作用的存在。
自然并非是一个与人类完全无关的实体,而是在人类与环境相互影响中形成的。
人造也不仅仅是人类对自然的改造,更是人类身体和意识的外延。
按照这种观点,人类不仅被塑造和影响于自然的力量中,也通过技术和文明的进步,主动参与并改变环境。
同时,人造也被看作是自然的一种进化和延伸,它是人类智慧和创造力的产物。
从这个角度看,自然和人造之间不存在绝对的对立,而是一种复杂而多样的关系。
它们相互交织、相互依赖,共同构成了当代社会和文明的基础。
在哲学中,有一种观点认为,人造是对自然的一种“自然延续”。
在这种观点下,人类创造的事物和现象虽然看似违背了自然的规律,但实际上是自然进化的一部分。
人类的智力和才能是自然在进化过程中的一种延伸和发展。
正如自然生命的演化一样,人类通过创造和改变环境,也在推动着自然的进步。
在这个意义上,人造不再是与自然对抗的存在,而是自然进化的一种方式和表现。
然而对于人造的角度也存在一些争议。
一些人认为,过度的人造可能会破坏自然的平衡和多样性,对生态环境造成不可逆转的破坏。
他们认为,人类需要重新审视和反思自己与自然的关系,找到一种平衡和谐的共处之道。
西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文

西方对人和自然的关系的看法英语作文English:In Western culture, the relationship between humans and nature has often been characterized by a sense of mastery and control. This perspective can be traced back to the influence of Judeo-Christian beliefs that humans have dominion over the earth and its resources, as well as the legacy of the Enlightenment period that emphasized human rationality and progress. As a result, the Western view of nature has often been anthropocentric, viewing nature as a resource to be exploited for human benefit. This mentality has led to significant environmental degradation and the depletion of natural resources. However, there is also a growing recognition in Western societies of the interconnectedness between humans and nature, and the importance of sustainable and harmonious relationships with the natural world. Concepts such as conservation, environmentalism, and sustainability have gained prominence, reflecting a shift towards a more holistic and respectful approach to nature.中文翻译:在西方文化中,人类与自然的关系往往被描述为一种掌控和控制的感觉。
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清华大学建筑学院景观系核心课程
生存与生活——比较Scully和Rogers关于自然与人工的观点
学号:2016222007 姓名:费美玉
摘要:根据马斯洛需求层次理论,人类诞生早期,最需要解决“生存”的问题,对宇宙及自然崇拜至极;景观的发展则是以“生活”为预期,满足更高层级的需求。
并分析了两人对未来景观设计提议的差异之处。
关键词:马斯洛需求层次理论、生存、生活、自然、社会
涉及景观的起源问题,笔者联想到马斯洛需求层次理论,此理论把需求分成生理需求(Physiological needs)、安全需求(Safety needs)、爱和归属感(Love and belonging)、尊重(Esteem)和自我实现(Self-actualization)五类,依次由较低层次到较高层次排列。
在自我实现需求之后,还有自我超越需求
(Self-Transcendence needs)。
笔者认为景观的缘起及推演与人类的意识发展及自我实现有直接关系。
人类诞生早期,最需要解决“生存”的问题,对宇宙及自然崇拜至极。
Rogers 认为,人类早期把神话为基础的宗教和科学观察融合为一体,赋予地点以宗教意义,基于宇宙理念的景观设计。
Scully则认为,人类起初模仿自然,就像特奥蒂瓦坎、陶斯族等,把自然神化,看做是真实、神圣的。
但Rogers和Scully
都认为人类早期对自然的推崇性,都提出了全球不同地域人类对于人地关系观点的一致性、早期景观营造的相通性,皆为一种宇宙论的景观设计。
景观的发展则是以“生活”为预期,满足更高层级的需求。
Rogers认为,任何地方、任何时代的人们都试图通过宇宙起源说,解释在混沌之中创造宇宙的过程,把原始、无序、混乱的变成系统、有序、和谐的,得以在自然的世界里交流思想并相互理解(尽管西方社会中出现过思想剧变)。
空间崇拜的信仰、自然神性与宗教神化、洞穴圣所的推崇、宇宙模型的相似性,皆为人类有史以来的共性。
Scully则认为,后期的人类以个体及社会为中心,与自然对立。
表现在人工构筑物对自然环境的威胁,尤其体现在珀特农神庙上,且过于绝对地看待现代主义。
但Rogers和Scully都承认局部区域特定时期的个性,就像西方现代社会的中的世俗和功利主义等。
两人对未来景观设计的提议具有差异。
Rogers认为,要辩证看待建筑艺术的发展,赋予空间信仰,注重场所精神及宇宙观的整体景观设计。
Scully则认为,人类应该重新审视自己的观点。
不要只从政治、社会角度来思考,要从生命本质来综合考量,辩证看待古希腊璀璨文化的两面性,找回传统,重新开始。
笔者体会,中国园林的脉络也大同小异。
从开始的通神、望天、到后来的百花齐放,进而转向其社会性、功能性。
涉及空间信仰,场所精神,真正的信仰和精神又究竟为何?人类认知水平的提高,宇宙观又会怎样发展?现如今设计的现代化,注重本土化回归,是否可以看作基于宇宙理念景观设计的回归?循环往复?
1。