英文翻译原文
英文原文及翻译
Vera Wang Honors Her Chinese Roots王薇薇以中国根为傲With nuptials(婚礼) season in full swing, Vera Wang’s wedding dress remains at the top of many a bride’s(婚礼) wish list. The designer, who recently took home the lifetime achievement award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America, has been innovating in bridal design for years—using color, knits and even throwing fabric into a washing machine.随着婚礼季的全面展开，王薇薇(Vera Wang)婚纱依然是许多新娘愿望清单上的首选。
王薇薇最近刚拿到美国时装设计师协会(Council of Fashion Designers of America)颁发的终生成就奖。
多年来她一直在婚纱设计领域进行创新──运用色彩和编织手法，甚至将面料扔进洗衣机里。
Ms. Wang said that her latest collection is about construction. “I had felt that I had really messed that vocabulary of perfection for brides for a while, where there’s six fabrics to a skirt, ” she said. “I wanted to go back to something that maybe was what I started with, but in a whole new way, and that would be architecture—not simplicity—but maybe minimalism.”王薇薇说，她的最新婚纱系列重点在于构建。
中英文翻译英文原文
BPMN 2.0 Introduction to the Standard for Business Process Modeling By Thomas Allweyer2.1 A First BPMN ModelAs a starting point, a simple BPMN process model is considered. The model of posting a job in figure 1 can be directly understood by most people who previously have been concerned with any kind of process modeling. The way of modeling is similar to well known flow charts and activity diagrams.Figure 1: A simple BPMN modelA business department and the human resources department are involved in the process “Post a Job”. The process starts when an employee is required. The business department reports this job opening. Then the human resources department writes a job posting. The business department reviews this job posting.At this point, there are two possibilities: Either the job posting is okay, or it is not okay. If it is not okay, it is reworked by the human resources department. This is once more followed by the business department reviewing the job posting. Again, the result can be okay or not okay. Thus, it can happen that the job posting needs to be reviewed multiple times. If it is okay, it is published by the human resources department, and the end of the process is reached.In reality, the process for creating and publishing a job posting can be much more complex and extensive. The presented example is –like all examples in this book –a simplification in order to have small and easily understandable models which can be used for explaining the different BPMN elements.2.2 BPMN Constructs UsedBelow each element from the model in figure 1 is explained more closely. The entire process is contained in a pool. This is a general kind of container for a complete process. In the example above, the pool is labeled with the name of the contained process.Every process is situated within a pool. If the pool is not important for understanding the process, it is not required to draw it in the diagram. In a process diagram which does not show a pool, the entire process is contained in an invisible, implicit pool. Pools are especially interesting when several pools are used in order to model a collaboration, i.e. the interplay of several partners’processes. Each partner’s process is then shown in a separate pool. This will be described in chapter 5.The pool from figure 1 is partitioned into two lanes. A lane can be used for various purposes,e.g. for assigning organizational units, as in the example, or for representing different components within a technical system. In the example, the lanes show witch of the process’s activities are performed by the business department and which by the human resource department.Pools and lanes are also called “swimlanes”. They resemble the partitioning of swimming pools into lanes. Every participant of a competition swims only in his own lane.The process itself begins with the start event “Employee required”. Processes usually have such a start event. Its symbol is a simple circle. In most cases it makes sense to use only one start event, not several ones.A rounded rectangle represents an activity. In an activity something gets done. This is expressed by the activities’names, such as “Report Job Opening”or “Review Job Posting”.The connecting arrows are used for modeling the sequence flow. They represent the sequence in which the different events, activities, and further elements are traversed. Often this is called control flow, but in BPMN there is a second type of flow, the message flow, which influences the control of a process as well, and is therefore some kind of control flow, too. For that reason, the term “sequence flow”is used. For distinguishing it from other kinds of flow, it is important to draw sequence flows with solid lines and filled arrowheads.The process “Post a Job”contains a split: The activity “Review job posting”is followed by a gateway. A blank diamond shape stands for an exclusive gateway. This means that out of several outgoing sequence flows, exactly one must be selected. Every time the right gateway in the job posting-process is reached, a decision must be taken. Either the sequence flow to the right is followed, leading to the activity “Publish Job Posting”, or the one to the left is selected, triggering the activity “Rework Job Posting”. It is not possible to follow both paths simultaneously.The logic of such a decision is also called “exclusive OR”, abbreviated “XOR”. The conditions on the outgoing paths determine which path is selected. If a modeling tool is used and the process has to be executed or simulated by a software program, then it is usually possible to formally define exact conditions. Such formal descriptions, which may be expressed in a programming language, can be stored in special attributes of the sequence flows.If, on the other hand, the purpose of a model is to explain a process to other people,then it is advisable to write informal, but understandable, statements directly into the diagram, next to the sequence flows. The meaning of “okay”and “not okay”after the activity called “Review Job Posting”is clear to humans –a program could not make use of it.Gateways are also used for merging alternative paths. In the sample process, the gateway on the left of the activity “Review Job Posting”merges the two incoming sequence flows. Again, this is an exclusive gateway. It expects that either the activity“Write Job Posting”or “Rework Job Posting”is carried out before the gateway is reached –but not both at the same time. It should be taken care to use a gateway either for splitting or for joining, but not for a combination of both. The last element in the example process is the end event. Like the start event it has a circle as symbol –but with a thick border.2.3 Sequence Flow LogicThe flow logic of the job posting process above is rather easy to understand. In more complex models it is sometimes not clear how the modeled structure exactly is to be interpreted. Therefore it is helpful if the meaning of the sequence flow’s elements is defined in an unambiguous way.The logic of a process diagram’s sequence flow can be explained by “tokens”. Just as in a board game tokens are moved over the board according to the game’s rules, one can imagine moving tokens through a process model according to BPMN’s rules.Every time the process is started, the start event creates a token (cf. figure 2). Since the job posting process is carried out more than once, many tokens can be created in the course of time. Thereby it can happen that the process for one job posting is not yet finished, when the process for posting another job starts. As it moves through the process, each token is independent from the other tokens’movements.Figure 2: A start event creates a tokenThe token that has been created by the start event moves through the sequence flow to the first activity. This activity receives a token, performs its task (in this case it reports a job opening), and then releases it to the outgoing sequence flow (cf. figure 3).Figure 3: An activity receives a token and forwards it after completionThe following activity forwards the token. It then arrives at the merging exclusive gateway. The task of this gateway is simple: It just takes a token that arrives via any incoming sequence flow and moves it to the outgoing sequence flow. This is shown in figure 4. In case A, a token arrives from the left, in case B from below. In both cases the token is routed to the outgoing sequence flow to the right.Figure 4: Routing of a token by a merging exclusive gatewayThe task of the splitting exclusive gateway is more interesting. It takes one arriving token and decides according to the conditions, to which sequence flow it should be moved. In case A in figure 5, the condition “okay”is true, i.e. the preceding review activity has produced a positive result. In this case, the token is moved to the right. Otherwise, if the condition “not okay”is true, the token is moved to the downwards sequence flow (case B).The modeler must define the conditions in such a way that always exactly one of the conditions is true. The BPMN specification does not state how to define conditions and how to check whichconditions are true. Since the considered process is not executed by software, the rather simple statements used here are sufficient. Otherwise, it would be necessary to define the conditions according to the requirements and rules of the software tool.The token may travel several times through the loop for reworking the job posting. Finally it arrives at the end event. This simply removes any arriving token and thus finishes the entire process (figure 6).Figure 5: Routing of a token by a splitting exclusive gatewayThe sequence flow of every process diagram can be simulated in this way with the help of tokens. This allows for analyzing whether the flow logic of a process has been modeled correctly.It should be noted that a token does not represent such a thing as a data object or a document. In the case of the job posting process, it could be imagined to have a document “job posting”flowing through the process. This document could contain all required data, such as the result of the activity “Review Job Posting”. At the splitting gateway, the decision could then be based on this attribute value. However, the BPMN sequence flow is constrained to the pure order of execution. The tokens therefore do not carry any information, other than a unique identifier for distinguishing the tokens from each other. For data objects there are separate BPMN constructs which will be presented in chapter 10.2.4 Presentation OptionsUsually pools are drawn horizontally. The preferred direction of sequence flow is then from left to right. On the other hand, it is also possible to use vertical pools and to draw the sequence flow from top to bottom, as in the example in figure 7.It makes sense to decide for only one of these possibilities –horizontal or vertical. Nevertheless there are modeling tools which only support horizontal modelingFigure 6: An end event removes an arriving tokenFigure 7: Vertical swimlanes and nested lanesFigure 7 also shows an example of nested lanes. The lane labeled “Sales”is partitioned into the two lanes “Sales Force”and “Order Processing”. In principle it is possible to partition these lanes again, etc., although this only makes sense up to a certain level of depth.It is not prescribed where to place the names of pools and lanes. Typical are the variants selected for figure 1 and figure 7. Here the names are placed on the left of the pools or lanes, or at the top for the vertical style, respectively. The name of a pool is separated by a line. The names of the lanes, however, are placed directly within the lanes. A separation line is only used for a lane that is partitioned into further sub-lanes. Lanes can also be arranged as a matrix. The procurement process in figure 8 runs through a business department and the procurement department, both of which span a branch office and the headquarters. When a demand occurs in a branch’s business department, this department reports the demand. In the next step, the procurement is approved by the same department in the headquarters. The central part of the procurement department then closes a contract with a supplier, followed by the branch’s purchasing department carrying out the purchase locally.Although the BPMN specification explicitly describes the possibility of such a matrix presentation, it is hardly ever applied, so far.12.2 Message CorrelationThe contents of the message flows within one conversation are always related to each other. For example, all messages that are exchanged within one instance of the conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”relate to the same advertisement order. It is therefore possible to use the order ID for the correlation, i.e. the assignment of messages to a process instance. If a customer receives an advertisement for approval, he can determine the corresponding order –and thus the process instance –based on the order ID. All messages of a conversation have a common correlation.A simple conversation which is not broken down into other conversations is called communication. Therefore, the lines are called communication links (the specification draft at some places alsocalls them conversation links). A conversation has always communication links to two or more participants.If the end of a communication link is forked, multiple partners of the same type can be part of the communication, otherwise exactly one. “Process Order for Advertisement”has exactly one customer and one advertising agency as participants, but multiple designers. Therefore, the designer’s pool contains a multiple marker. However, having only the multiple marker in the pool is not sufficient. The conversation “Handle order for an illustration”, for example, has only one designer as participant. Therefore, the respective end of the communication link is not forked.12.3 Hierarchies of ConversationsBesides communications, it is also possible to use sub-conversations. Similar to sub-processes they are marked with a ‘+’-sign. The details of a sub-conversation can be described in another conversation diagram. The diagram of a sub-conversation can only contain those participants who are linked to the sub-conversation within the parent diagram.Figure 171 shows the detailed conversation diagram for the sub-conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”As can be seen from this diagram, it is also possible to draw message flows directly into the conversation diagram. Other than collaboration diagrams, conversation diagrams are not allowed to show processes in the pools or choreographies between the pools.Figure 171: Conversation diagram for sub-conversation “Process Order for Advertisement”The diagram contains those message flows that are related to the same order. To be more precise, they relate to the same inquiry. At the beginning, an order has not been placed yet, and not every inquiry turns into an order. Therefore, the common reference point is the inquiry.Besides the explicitly displayed message flows between customer and advertising agency, the diagram also contains the communication “Assignment of Graphics Design”. All message flows of this communication are also related to the same inquiry, but this information is not sufficient for the advertising agency in order to assign all incoming messages correctly. This is due to the fact that availability requests are sent to several designers. The advertising agency has to correctly assign each incoming availability notice to the correct availability request. Thus, additional information is required for correlating these messages, e.g. the IDs of the availability requests.Therefore it is possible to define a separate communication for the message flows between advertising agency and designer. The message exchanges of this communication can also be modeled in a collaboration diagram (figure 172) or in a choreography diagram (figure 173). Of course, it is also possible to show the message flows of the entire sub-conversation within a single diagram (figures 161 and 162 in the previous chapter).Figure 172: Collaboration diagram for communication “Assignment of Graphics Design”Like sub-processes, sub-conversations can also be expanded, i.e. the hexagon is enlarged, and the detailed conversation is shown in its interior. However, it is graphically not easy to include, for example, the contents of figure 171 into an expanded sub-conversation in figure 170. Unfortunately, the BPMN specification draft does not contain any examples for expandedsub-conversations either.。
牛津英语必修一课文原文及中文翻译
M1U1S C H O O L l i f e i n t h e U KGoing to a British high school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me. I was very happy with the school hours in Britain because school starts around 9 a later than usual as schools in China begin before 8 a.m.On the first day, all of the new students attended an assembly in the school hall. I sat next to a girl whose name is Diane. We soon became best friends. During the assembly, the headmaster told us about the rules of the school. He also told us that the best way to earn respect was to devote oneself to study and achieve high grades. This sounded like my school in China.I had many teachers in the past year. Mr. Heywood , my class teacher, was very helpful. My favorite teacher was Miss Burke—I loved the lessons that she gave in English Literature. In our class there were 28 students. This is about the average size for British schools. We had to move to different classrooms for different classes. We also had different students in some classes, so it was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names.I found the homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school, but it was a bit challenging for me at firs t because all the homework was in English. I felt lucky as all my teachers gave me much encouragement and I enjoyed all my subjects: English, History, English Literature, Computer Science, Maths, Science, PE, Art, Cooking and French.My English improved a lot as I used English every day and spent an hour each day reading English books in the library.I usually went to the Computer Club during the lunch break, so I could send e-mails to my family and friends back home for free. I also had an extra French class on Tuesday evenings. Cooking was really fun as I learned how to buy, prepare and cook food. At the end of term we held a class party and we all had to cook something. I was glad that all my classmates were fond of the cake that I made.Students at that school have to study Maths, English and Science, but can stop studying some subjects if they don’t like them, for example, History and French. They can choose other subjects like Art and Computer Science or Languages such as Spanish and German. In the Art class that I took, I made a small sculpture. Though it didn’t look very beautiful when it was finished, I still liked it very much.I missed Chinese food a lot at lunch. British food is very different. British people like eating dessert at the end of their main meal. After lunch, we usually played on the school field. Sometimes I played football with the boys. Sometimes I just relaxed under a tree or sat on the grass.I was very lucky to experience this different way of life. I look back on my time in the UK with satisfaction, and I really hope to go back and study in Manchester again.在英国的学校生活在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。
英文翻译原文
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a b s t r a c t
The influence of cerium addition on tensile and creep properties of ZA104 and ZA104 + 0.3Ca magnesium alloys containing between 0 wt.% and 3.5 wt.% Ce were evaluated and compared to those of AZ91D alloy. It was shown that cerium slightly decreases the ductility but increases the yield strength of ZA104 alloy. The influence of cerium on room temperature properties remains modest for concentration up to 2.6 wt.% in ZA104 + 0.3Ca alloy. The creep strength of the ZA104 alloy is clearly improved by the addition of a minor amount of cerium. But this effect is much less pronounced for ZA104 + 0.3Ca alloy. Variations of the properties of alloys were discussed considering the presence of two new intermetallic phases (Al5 Zn3 Ce2 and Al6 Zn2 Ce2 ) in the microstructure and also the reactions that occurred during solidification. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
人生礼赞英文原文及翻译
人生礼赞英文原文及翻译
这里是一段关于人生的礼赞的英文原文及中文翻译：
English original: A song of praise for life
O life, what a gift you are. Each new day a chance to learn and grow. Moments both sweet and sour, Lessons in every flow.
Hand in hand with fellow souls, We walk this winding road. Somedays smooth, somedays steep, Together our burdens we'll stow.
Through rain and through shine This journey is mine. I'll make the most of each chance, Living with love in my heart, a song on my lips, a dance in my feet.
Chinese translation: 赞美人生的歌谣
哦，人生，你是何等宝贵的礼物。
每个新天又是学习和成长的机会。
甜蜜与酸涩同在，每一个时刻都藏着课题。
与同伴手拉手，我们走在这条弯弯曲曲的路上。
有时平坦，有时险峻，我们将共同扛起重担。
无论风雨或晴朗，这段旅程是我的。
我将珍惜每个机会，用爱在心中，歌在唇间，舞在脚下地生活。
企业社会责任英文原文加翻译
企业社会责任英文原文加翻译一(英文原文Moral Discourse and Corporate Social Responsibility ReportingBy MaryAnn Reynolds, Kristi YuthasABSTRACTThis paper examines voluntary corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting as a form of moral discourse. It explores how alternative stakeholder perspectives lead to differing perceptions of the process and content of responsible reporting. We contrast traditional stakeholder theory, which views stakeholders as external parties having a social contract with corporations, with an emerging perspective, which views interaction among corporations and constituents as relational in nature. This moves the stakeholder from an external entity to one thatis integral to corporate activity. We explore how these alternative stakeholder perspectives give rise to different normative demands for stakeholder engagement, managerial processes, and communication. We discuss models of CSR reporting and accountability: EMAS, the ISO 14000 series, SA8000, AA1000, the Global Reporting Initiative, and the Copenhagen Charter. We explore how these models relate to the stakeholder philosophies and find that they are largely consistent with the traditional atomistic view but fall far short of the demands for moral engagement prescribed by a relational stakeholder perspective. Adopting a relational view requires stakeholder engagement not only inprescribing reporting requiremenu, but also in discourse relating to core aspects of the corporation such as mission,values,and management systems, Habermas' theory of communicative action provides guidelinesfor engaging stakeholders in this moral discourse.KEY WORDS: stakeholder engagement, stakeholder reporting, relational stakeholder perspective, corporate social responsibility,Theoryof Communicative Action,discourse ethicsIntroductionThroughout this paper, we use Habermas' theory of communicative action (1984, 1987, 1990) as a means through which to critique current approaches corporate the degree menu forsocial responsibility reporting in terms to which these reports embody require moral discourse. We provide a brief introduction to key elements of the theory and ground it in social theory. We then discuss the details as they apply to CSR reporting.Our analysis is conducted in two stages, relying on different portions ofHabermas' theory. In the first part, we examine the conditions that allow for basic communicative understanding. These conditions are the unspoken assumptions underlying communication. In normal communication, four basic universal assumptions are made: that the speaker is telling the truth, that he means what he says, and that what he says is appropriate in its context, and that it is understandable to the listener. In the first part of the paper, we show how models orframeworks for CSR reporting, taken together, address these assumptions and contribute to the effectiveness of CSR reports as a form of communication.In the second part of our analysis, we rely upon the ethical aspects of Habermas' theory as a means through which to provide a normative critique of the body of CSR reporting frameworks. The theory of communicative action suggests that social progress can be accomplished through rational discourse under specific conditions. The discourse must be inclusive, democratic, and free of power asymmetries. Apel (1980) has suggested that the ethical nature of an agreement derives from theprocess used to arrive at that agreement (rather than universal or externally-imposed ethical standards).We use Habermas' principles as a means to examine the extent to corporate communication is reflective of moral discourse.We find that while the frameworks generally promote stakeholder consultation,they fall short of providing other conditions needed for moral discourse. In particular, they fail to provide mechanisms that allow stakeholders with differing resources to participate democratically in discourse.The paper is organized as follows. First,we introduce social responsibility and corporate disclosure concepts related to CSRreporting.Next,we explore widely-used frameworks associated with corporate accountability in the CSR realm. Then, as noted above, we provide a 2-part analysis of how concepts from Habermas' theory of communicative action are currently realized in guidance provided by CSR reporting models. We close with concluding rem arks.Background: social responsibility and corporate disclosureCorporate social responsibility is addressed in current business, accounting and ethics literature. The issue was widely discussed in the seventies and early eighties and then dropped out of sight. The current re-energized focus includes social, environmental and ethical reporting by corporations. The notion of corporate social disclosure arises from a view of social theory which holds that the corporation owes a duty to the society; or has a social contract. One widely cited quotation comes from Shocker and Sethi (1974, p.67):"Any social institution一and business in no exception一operates in societyvia a social contract, expressed or implied, whereby its survival and growth are based on:1 .The delivery of some socially desirable ends to society ingeneral and,2. The distribution of economic, social or political benefits to groups from which it derives its power.In a dnamic society, neither the sources of institutional power nor the needs for its services are permanent. Therefore, an institution must constantly meet the twintests of legitimacy and relevance by demonstrafing that society requires its services and that the groups benefiting from its rewards have society's approval."Carroll and Bucholtz offer a four part definition of corporatesocial responsibility, "The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal,ethical, and discretionary (philanthropic) expectadons that society has of organizations at a given point in time (2006, p. 35)." This definition reflects current thinking on corporate social responsibility and acknowledges the need to note shifts in social environment, these may be social, legal, or political.Corporate investors are questioning the adequacy of this communication approach and have called for increased reporting on issues of broad societal interest. Presently it is estimated that trillions of dollars are allocated to investments based on some social criteria (Sparkes and Cowton, 2004). Confulion may arise with the lack of comparable reporting.Implementable guidelines have consequently been developed by groups proposing models or frameworks for reporting (communicating) and auditing (verifying). Leading examples in order they were first issued are:EMAS (European, particularly German environmental management and audit)ISO 14001(Internationally recognized environmental managementcertification)SA 8000 (Social Accountability Internationallabor standard).AA1000 (International accountability assurante reporting standard).Copenhagen Charter(International standard involving stakeholdercommunications).GRI (Global Reporting Initiative) 2000 (International sustainability report).Models for corporate social responsibility reportingApproaches to social and natural environmental accountability have been developed for various purposes. Classifying them under the umbrella of CSR reporting we will discuss some widely used models and introduce a less well-known model, which may provide additional benefit.Eco-Management and Audit Scheme ( EMAS, 1995,2001)The European Commission set down the basic principles underlying the EMAS scheme in Council Regulation 1836/93 -EMAS of the European Commission. The purpose was improvement of environmental performance and was initially directed at manufacturing firms. This has since been extended to allow broad participation by any public or private entity wishing to participate. The regulation calls for an environmental statement from the entity and requires auditing.Further,there is a continual requirement to document ongoing continual improvement through the of implementation policies, programmes and management systems by a systematic, objective, and periodic evaluation of performance. There is also an obligation to inform the public of the results of the evaluation.The article on participation states that the scheme is open topublic or privateentities operating in the EU or the European Economic Area (EEA).The site may be registered if the site has an environmental policy, asite review, an environmental audit,objectives for continuousimprovement, a statement from each site, verification covering poficy, programmes, the management system, the review and audit procedure, and the statement provided. The validated environmental statement is then forwarded to the competent body in the Member State. The statement is also disseminated to the public after the registration of the site has been completed. The statement should be a concise, comprehensible description of activities at the site; with an assessment of significant relevant environmental issues, including: emissions, waste generation, consumption of raw materials, energy and water, noise and other significant aspects; a presentation of the company's environmental poficy, programme and management system at the site, the deadline for the next statement, and the name of the accredited environmental verifier. The EMAS 2001 was strengthened by requiring ISO 14001 as the environmental management system.Council on Economic Priorities Accreditation Agency Social Accountability Standard (SA8000, 1998)/renamed Social Accountability International (SAI)This standard has a change in focus and is concerned with fair labor practices world wide. It is divided into purpose and scope, normative elements and their interpretation, definitions,and social accountability requirements.The social accountability requirements include: child labor,forced labor, health and safety, freedom of associanon and right to collective bargaining, discrimination, disciplinary practices, working hours,compensation, management systems, management review,company representatives,planning and implementation, control of suppliers, addressing concerns and taking corrective action, outside communication, access for verification and anizationschoosing to adopt this standard are encouraged to require theirsuppliers to comply with its requirements also. This extends it widelyinto global society. Organizations can adopt these standards voluntarily and may disclose their tompliance with the provisions of the standard as part of other statements issued.Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability Standard AA1000 (1999) The first standard for building corporate accountability and trustwas issued in November 1999 by the Institute of Social and Ethical Accountability (ISEA).The ISEA states that the AA 1000standard“provides both a framework that organizationscan use to understand and improve their ethical performance and a means to judge the validity of ethical claims made." The AA1000 standardis described as:an Accountability standard, focused on quality of social and ethical accounting,reporting. securing the auditing and reporting”AA1000 comprises principles (the characteristics of anquality process) and a set of process standards. Thebprocess standards cover planning, accounting,auditing and reporting, embedding, and stakeholder engagement (AA1000, 1999, p. 1).The focus is on improving overall performance through measurement, quality management, recruitment and retention of employees, external stakeholder engagement, partnership, risk management, investors,governance, government and regulatory relations and training (AA1000, 1999, pp. 3-4).Auditing and quality assurance are required as a part of the system. The users of AA1000 are expected to include adopting organizations, stakeholders, service providers, and standards developers. Thus we see the inclusion of societal stakeholders as constituents.Concluding remarksIn this paper, we have adopted the relational view of stakeholders suggested by the theory of pragmatism.Under this perspective, CSR reporting becomes part of an ongoing discourse between a corporation and its stakeholders, rather than one-way communication about past performance. We use Habermas' theory of communicative action to provide guidance on how this discourse can be conducted in a manner that leadsto morally justifiable outcomes. We examine how Habermasian principles are approximated in existing reporting models such as EMAS,ISO, SA 8000, AA 1000, and The Copenhagen Charter.The widespread voluntary adoption of various reporting models allows decision makers interested in social responsibility to evaluate corporations using this information in the context of a perceived social contract. The use of frameworks that approximate principles of communicative action allows investigation not only of reported outcomes, but also of the processes involved.Based on our examination of corporate social responsibilityreporting models currently in use, we conclude that progress is being made in CSR reporting, and communication. Models exist that enablecorporations to report on their social, environmental, and ethical performance. The existing models discussed in this paper offer opportunity for some transparency and greatly enhance the ability for broader stakeholders to compare companies and their performance in these critical arenas. However,the models do not quite move to the level of ethical discourse through which social progress might be achieved. We believe that a different philosophical perspective, making stakeholders an intrinsic part of the discourse rather than peripheral to the process,and engaging them in discourse that is open, fair, and democratic would move society toward moral corporate discourse.Several of the models examined offer aspects that lead in this direction. Modifications of frameworks and frameworks in progress, such as the SA1000 Stakeholder Engagement Standard, provide evidence that corporations and their constituents recognize that corporate accountability is supported by effective stakeholder engagement. As reporting on CSR performance encourages performance improvements,we believe that the same holds for moral discourse.Ascompanies move toward greater transparency in the processes and outcomes of stakeholder discourse, we expect movement toward ideal speech and moral communicative outcomes.。
外研版九年级下册英语课文原文与翻译
外研版九下Module 1 Unit 1课文Activity 3 Listen and read.Lingling:Welcome back,everyone!玲玲：欢迎归来，各位！Betty:Hi,Lingling! How was your holiday?贝蒂：你好，玲玲！你的假期怎么样？Lingling:Not bad!1 went to see my grandparents in Henan Province. The train was full of people,and l had to stand for over three hours!玲玲：还不错！我去看望了在河南省的祖父母。
火车里挤满了入，我不得不站了3个多小时！Betty:Bad luck．Why is travel so difficult in winter?贝蒂：真倒霉。
为什么在冬天旅行如此困难？Lingling; Well, it's the busiest season in China because of the Spring Festival．Where's Tony?玲玲：哦，因为春节，它是中国最繁忙的季节。
托尼在哪里？Daming:He went to stay with his family in the UK．He's flying back today．But the flight is late.大明：他去了英国与家人待在一起。
他今天乘飞机回来。
但是航班晚点了。
Betty:Where did you go，Daming?贝蒂：你去哪里了，大明？Daming: We flew direct to Hong Kong-and the plane left a bit late tco!But the pilot in landing on time．Then we took a boat to Lantau and went to Disneyland，It was great fun!大明：我们乘飞机径直去了香港——飞机起飞也有点儿晚！不过飞行员成功地按时着陆了。
钓鱼的启示英文原文
钓鱼的启示英文原文下面是店铺收集整理的《钓鱼的启示》英文原文及翻译，大家一起来看看吧。
钓鱼的启示英文原文Eleven-year-old James and his family lived in a small island on the lake. Here, the front of the house's dock is a good place for fishing, his father is a fishing master, do not want to miss any little one from James with his father fishing opportunities.That day is a good time to catch bluegill, and from early morning the next day you can catch a bass. In the evening, James and his father put up the worm on the hook - Sunfish favorite food. James skillfully illuminated by the setting sun will hook Shuaixiang calm lake.Gradually climb out of the moon, silver water ripples quietly thrown constantly ... ... Suddenly, James pulled the fishing rod suddenly bent, he immediately realized it was a big guy. He took a deep breath to calm himself down and began to stroll slowly that the big guy. Father quietly, but turned away from time to time look at a son, is the eye of appreciation and praise.Two hours later, big guy finally stroll the exhausted James, James began to slowly close the hook. The big guy a little above the surface. James's eyes are Dengyuan: My God, enough with 10 kilograms! This is his biggest fish ever seen. James try to suppress the tension and excitement to live, carefully watching his trophy, he found that this is not the sunfish, but a big bass!Father and son on the TV a bit, then looked down at this big fish. In the dark green grass, fish forced to flip a shiny body, gills flapping up and down constantly. Father paddled a match according to a watch, a ten o'clock at night, from worse to allowtime for bass fishing two hours!Father looked at the fish, looked at his son, said: "My child, you have to put it back into the water.""Daddy!" James cried."You will also catch other fish.""Can no longer catch any fish so big ah!" My son protested loudly.James looked to the surrounding, moonlight, no one angler, not a boat, of course, no one will know it. Once again he looked back at his father.Father did not speak again. James knew there was no room for negotiation, and he tried to close your eyes, mind blank. He took a deep breath, opened his eyes, bent down, carefully put the fish from that hook to the lips off his hands lifted this heavy, still kept swinging the big fish , struggling to put it into the water.Piece of fish body in the water and whipped pendulum disappeared. James's heart is very sad.This is what happened 34 years ago. Today, James is a successful New York City architect, is also that of his father's lake house on the island, James, with his sons and daughters often go there to fish.James never did catch a big fish too, but the piece of fish has often appeared in his eyes - when faced with ethical issues, this fish will appear in his eyes.Just as his father taught him as moral issues, although only a simple right or wrong issue, but there is a certain difficulty to implement, especially when you face a great temptation when. If no one sees you act, you can insist on correct? In time of emergency, you will not be running red lights or retrograde? No one knows the case, you will not own anything for themselves?钓鱼的启示中文翻译十一岁的詹姆斯和他的家人住在湖心的一个小岛上。
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In Figure 3.4 it can be seen that the angle of incidence at this surface is much larger for the upper ray than for the lower.
The Merte ’
surface A strongly curved,collective cemented surface with a small index break (to the order of 0.06) has an effect which can be used to reduce
the undercorrected zonal spherical aberration.The central doublet of the Hektor lens shown in Fig.3.5 illustrates this principle.
3.6 Vignetting and Its Uses
Vignetting,which is simply the mechanical limitation or obstruction of an oblique beam,is usually regarded primarily as something which reduces the off-axis illumination in the image.However,vignetting
often plays an essential role in determining the off-axis image quality as well as the illumination.
3.7 Eliminating a Weak Element;the Concentric Problem Occasinally an automatic design program will produce a design with an element of very low power.Frequently this means that the element can be removed from the design without adversely affecting the quality of the design.Often a straightforward removal will not work;the design process may simply “blow up.”
3.8 Balancing Aberrations
The optimum balance of the aberrations is not always the same in every case;the best balance varies with the application and depends on the size of the residual aberration .In general,for well-corrected lenses, the aberrations should be balanced so as to minimize the OPD,that is to say,the wavefront variance,but there are
Significant exceptions.
Spherical aberration
If a lens is well-corrected and the high-order residual spherical aberration is small,so that the OPD is to the order of a half-wave or less,then the best correction is almost always that with the marginal spherical corrected to zero,as illustrated in Fig.3.6b.However,when the zonal spherical is large ,there are two situations where one may want to depart from complete correction of the marginal spherical.
If the lens will always be used at full aperture(as a projection lens,for example),and if the spherical aberration residual is large(say to the order of a wave or so),the diffraction effects will be small when compared to the aberration blur;then the spherical aberration should be corrected to minimize the size of the blur spot rather than to minimize the OPD.This will produce the best contrast for an image with relatively coarse details,that is to say,for a resolution well below the diffraction limit.As an example, at a speed of f/1.6,a 16-mm projection lens has a diffraction cutoff frequency of about 1100 line pairs per millimeter(lpm).But its performances is consided quite good if it resolves 100 lpm,an order of magnitude less than the diffraction limit.Such a lens can advantageously be corrected for the minimum diameter geometrical blur spot.This state of correction occurs (for third-and fifth-order spherical)when LA z=1.5LA m,or TA z=1.05TA m;the result is a high-contrast, but low-resolution,image.This correction is illustrated in Fig.3.6a.
The three correction states shown in Fig.3.6 also indicate the manner in which the spherical aberration is changed when the third-order aberration is changed.
Chromatic aberration and spherochromatism
Here the question is how to balance the spherochromatism,which typically causes the spherical aberration at short (blue) wavelengths to be overcorrected and that at the long (red) wavelengths to be undecorrected.
Astigmatism and Petzval field curvature
In a typical anastigmat lens the fifth-order astigmatism tends to become significantly undercorrected (i.e.,negative) as the field angle
is Increased.A typical state of correction is shown in Fig.3.7,Fig.3.8.。