德国双元制职业教育培训总结

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德国培训总结（5篇模版）

德国培训总结（5篇模版）第一篇：德国培训总结德国培训总结*年*一行*人至德国学习。

培训形式分为两种：上课、实地参观。

整个培训围绕德国社会保障体系、德国教育体系、德国职业教育双轨制、德国护理教育等主题展开学习。

我们实地走访了Domicil-养老院、德国护理人员职业联合会西北德分会、汉诺威护理专科学校、杜塞尔多夫高等护理职业学校、Mettmann基督教医院护理学校、St Vinzenz医院等机构，切实感受德国老年护理、临床护理、护理教育的现状。

随着德国社会人口老龄化进展、大众医学知识的普及、临床医学及护理的发展，对护理人员提出了更高的要求。

护理人员必须具备快速识别病情并做出决定及具备终身学习的能力。

联邦政府颁布的《医疗护理职业法》中关于护理培训要求为：在提高护理人员的护理技能、沟通技能等的基础上注重护理人员主动工作精神的培养；注重护理人员与医生配合，主动救援能力的培养；注重护理人员适应能力、协调合作能力的培养。

为此，德国职业教育大多为双轨制，理论与实践紧密结合，技能在实践中不断强化，职业能力与岗位匹配度高，避免教育、人力资源的浪费。

在德国职业教育注重以能力为本位的学习，多采用案例教学法，理论与实践紧密结合，让知识在应用中不断深化。

德国护理双轨制职业教育中，实践课时比例越来越高，有的学校实践课程占总课程已达到60%，每次实践内容基本是上一阶段的理论学习内容，通过实践，学生掌握技能。

学生实践的主要场所为医院，此外还有护理门诊、心理咨询门诊等。

护理专业学生去医院实践前，由教师及医院带教老师共同为学生进行实践培训，使学生实践目标明确。

实践时以岗位角色进行排班实习，真实的感受不同岗位护理工作的内容、特点，使社会需求、岗位设置、学校人才培养，达到了职业要求规范、标准统一、行业通用、培养与就业一体。

学校教师在学生实践期间，去临床了解学生实践情况并积极反馈学生、带教老师意见，不断修改完善实践任务、计划。

在整个实践过程中，带教老师发挥重要作用，将学校的实践计划落实到具体案例、任务中，并通过学徒制的带教，关注学生专业成长、人文关怀理念的落实等，让知识在实践中理解、应用。

双元制教育个人工作总结

一、前言自加入双元制教育项目以来，我在德国的职业教育体系中度过了充实而难忘的时光。

在此，我对自己的工作成果进行总结，以期为今后的职业发展奠定坚实基础。

二、工作成果1. 理论知识与实践技能相结合在双元制教育模式下，我既在学校接受理论知识教育，又在企业进行实践培训。

通过这种互补的教育方式，我掌握了专业领域内的理论知识，同时具备了一定的实际操作能力。

例如，在学习机电一体化技术专业期间，我在学校学习了机械设计、电子技术等理论知识，在企业实习期间，我参与了生产线上的实际操作，积累了丰富的实践经验。

2. 跨文化交流与沟通能力的提升在德国学习期间，我结识了来自不同国家的同学，与德国同事共同工作。

这使我学会了如何与不同文化背景的人进行沟通，提高了自己的跨文化交流能力。

在团队合作中，我学会了倾听、尊重他人意见，学会了在团队中发挥自己的优势，为团队的成功贡献力量。

3. 职业素养与职业规划能力的提升双元制教育注重培养学生的职业素养，使我逐渐形成了严谨的工作态度、良好的职业道德和较强的自我管理能力。

同时，通过与企业合作，我了解了行业发展趋势和市场需求，为自己的职业规划提供了有力支持。

4. 实习与就业机会的拓展在德国学习期间，我积极参与企业实习，积累了丰富的实践经验。

实习结束后，我成功进入了一家德国知名企业工作，实现了学历与工作的双丰收。

三、不足与反思1. 英语水平有待提高在德国学习期间，我发现自己的英语水平还有待提高。

在今后的工作中，我将加强英语学习，提高自己的跨文化交流能力。

2. 持续学习，提升自身能力双元制教育为我奠定了良好的基础，但职场竞争激烈，我需要不断学习，提升自身能力，以适应不断变化的市场需求。

四、展望回顾过去，我在双元制教育项目中取得了丰硕的成果。

展望未来，我将继续努力，充分发挥所学知识，为我国职业教育事业贡献力量。

同时，我也将不断提升自己的综合素质，为实现自己的人生目标而努力拼搏。

赴德国学习培训总结7篇

赴德国学习培训总结7篇篇1一、引言本次赴德国学习培训，旨在提升专业技能，深入了解德国先进的职业教育体系。

在为期一个月的学习过程中，我深入了解了德国的教育文化、教学方法以及职业素养要求。

现将本次学习培训的经历与收获进行如下总结。

二、培训内容本次培训主要分为以下几个方面：1. 职业教育体系：学习了德国职业教育的发展历程、特点以及运行机制，了解了德国双元制职业教育模式的核心要素。

2. 教学方法与技巧：参与了德国教师的课堂教学，观摩了实践教学、项目式教学等教学方法，对德国教师的教学技巧和课堂组织有了深刻认识。

3. 职业素养要求：了解了德国职业人才的标准，包括专业能力、方法能力、社会能力等方面的要求。

4. 企业文化与管理：参观了多家德国企业，了解了德国企业的管理模式、企业文化以及员工培训计划。

三、学习经历与收获1. 职业教育体系方面：德国的职业教育体系完善，双元制职业教育模式使理论与实际紧密结合，提高了学生的实践能力和职业素养。

我对此深受启发，将这一模式融入我的教学工作中，有助于提升我国职业教育的教学质量。

2. 教学方法与技巧方面：德国教师注重学生的主体性和实践性，采用项目式教学、情境教学等方法，激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性。

我通过学习，将这些教学方法融入我的课堂教学，提高了教学效果。

3. 职业素养方面：德国职业人才的标准注重专业能力、方法能力、社会能力的全面发展。

我在学习过程中，深刻认识到培养学生的综合素质的重要性，以便更好地适应社会发展需求。

4. 企业文化与管理方面：德国企业的管理模式和企业文化体现了严谨、务实的特点。

员工培训计划完善，注重员工的个人发展和团队协作。

这对我今后在企业管理方面的工作具有指导意义。

四、反思与建议1. 加强国际交流与合作：借鉴德国职业教育的成功经验，加强与国际先进教育资源的合作与交流，提高我国职业教育的国际影响力。

2. 改进教学方法与手段：将项目式教学、情境教学等教学方法广泛应用于课堂教学，激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性，提高教学效果。

德国双元制的职业教育和培训- 从专业教育可以学到什么？

427S. Billett et al. (eds.), International Handbook of Research in Professionaland Practice-based Learning , Springer International Handbooks of Education,DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8902-8_16, © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014A bstract T he dual system of vocational education and training (VET) in Germany is a speciﬁ c training system that aims at systematically combining the advantages of training in a company and education in a vocational school. Germany’s dual system is expected to strongly support a successful transition of young people from school to work and to guarantee a skilled workforce as a prerequisite for a successful economy. In addition it plays a role in educating young people. The central goal of VET in the dual system is to help students attain and develop competence in action so that they can meet current and future professional challenges and participate in deﬁ ning their voca-tional lives. Because of on-going changes in society, economy and at the workplaces, the dual system has been under pressure of adaptation in order to further maintain its effectiveness and efﬁ cacy. Consequently, especially since the 1980s, many adjustment processes have taken place on different levels of the system, namely the institutions involved, the syllabi for the different venues, and the teaching-learning processes. The article will explain the dual system as well as highlight and comment on the different endeavours for its modernisation. It focuses on parity of esteem between general and vocational education and between different forms of vocational education. Furthermore it takes into account cost and beneﬁ t of in-company training, modularisation of training occupations, and the relationship between learning and working. As a result, it will give some advice on what can be learnt about education for professions.K eywords V ocational education and training • D ual system • E ducation for professionsC hapter 16The Dual System of Vocational Education and Training in Germany– What Can Be Learnt About Education for (Other) ProfessionsB ärbel F ürstenau ,M atthias P ilz ,and P hilipp G onon B . F ürstenau (*)F aculty of Business and Economics ,T U Dresden ,D resden ,G ermanye -mail: baerbel.fuerstenau@tu-dresden.deM . P ilzF aculty of Economics ,U niversity of Cologne ,K öln ,G ermanyP . G ononI nstitute of Educational Sciences ,U niversity of Zurich ,Z ürich ,S witzerland428B. Fürstenau et al.16.1 O utlineD ual systems of vocational education and training (VET) are speciﬁ c training systems that aim at systematically combining the advantages of training in a company and education in a vocational school. Dual systems in this form do exist to a con-siderable extent in Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, Switzerland, Denmark, and parts of the Netherlands. German-speaking regions of France and Italy also (often) ﬁ t into this framework. This article focuses on the dual system of VET in Germany (hereafter only referred to as “dual system”).G ermany’s dual system is expected to strongly support a successful transition of young people from school to work and to guarantee a skilled workforce as a prerequisite for a successful economy. In addition it plays a role in educating young people. Consequently, the central goal of VET in the dual system is to help students attain and develop competence in action so that they can meet current and future professional challenges and participate in deﬁ ning their vocational lives.I n order to meet this challenge and in order to further maintain its effectiveness and efﬁ cacy, especially since the 1980s, many adjustment measures have been imple-mented. Reasons for the adjustment measures can be seen – besides others – in the demographic development, shift from industrial to service economy, or changes of workplaces and demands for the workforce. The demographic development has led to a drop in the demand for training places and thus to problems of recruiting a skilled workforce. The shift from industrial to service economy has required an increase in apprenticeships in the service sector and more service orientation of apprenticeships in other sectors of the economy. Workplaces have become more complex and require more intellectual skills such as systems thinking, and they require continuous learning. The measures taken refer to different levels of the dual system, namely the institutions involved (companies in the private sector, vocational schools, employers and employees, the F ederal Government, the German states etc.), the syllabi for the learning venues (schools and workplaces), and the working and/or learning processes at the different venues. The levels cannot be strictly separated. Accordingly, if a decision is taken on one level, the other levels are usually affected too.T his article will explain the dual system as well as highlight and comment on the different endeavours for its modernisation. As a result, we will point out what can be learnt about education for professions. The concept of profession here is understood in a broad sense, including professional practice and approaches to learning in and for professions as well as all kinds of initial and further professional education, whether it takes place in school settings or at the workplace or at both venues. Thus, we pick out aspects from education in the dual system which might be regarded in professional education in general. We explicitly do not aim at discussing a transfer of the dual s ystem to other s ystems of professional education in detail but only comment brieﬂ y on it. Through our approach, we aim at contributing to solutions for the problem of effectively developing professional (occupational) capacities that are important for fulﬁ lling both personal and societal needs.429 16 The Dual System of Vocational Education and Training in Germany…T he article starts with a description of the historical development of the dual system and its current structure in Germany. After that, an overview of current challenges and reform approaches will be taken into account. Consequently, we select relevant topics to be looked at in more detail. The selected topics address the different levels of the dual system and are – in our opinion – relevant both from a national and an international perspective. On the level of institutions, we discuss the parity of esteem between general and vocational education on the one hand and between apprenticeship in the dual system and full-time school-based vocational education on the other hand. Furthermore, on that level, costs and beneﬁ ts of vocational education will be discussed. On the level of syllabi we examine/consider initiatives that have been taken to more closely relate teaching/educational goals and contents to practice and workplace reality as well as to regional or branch-speciﬁ c needs. For that purpose, new apprenticeships have been developed and existing ones have been re-structured according to modules. On the level of teaching-learning processes we focus on measures aiming at preparing apprentices to effectively cope with modern work structures and organisations that have been implemented. For that purpose, the relationship between learning and working is reconsidered and combinations of learning and working, both at the workplace and in school, will be addressed. Though it would be possible and worthwhile to argue solely from a national perspec-tive, we also will discuss the topics from an international perspective, which allows us to consider the German approaches from other angles and integrate it in a broader context. As a summary, we will conclude what can be learned about education for other professions by taking into account the different levels and by regarding an international perspective.16.2 H istorical Development of the Dual Systemof Vocational Education and TrainingT he roots of the dual system can be traced back to the medieval ages, or even beyond, to the ancient Roman and Greek world (e.g. Münk 2010, p. 401). Based on early forms of apprenticeship, the dual system unfolds in three major phases:E arly forms of apprenticeship had been embedded in the craft system for both craftsmen and merchants. The apprentice worked together with his (or her) master craftsmen in his/her shop or travelled together with the master merchant to trade merchandise. Apprenticeship usually followed the so-called Imitatio Majorum prin-ciple, which refers to the sequence of observation, imitation, autonomous accom-plishment, and customisation (Kell 1995, p. 371). It aimed at providing the apprentice with abilities and skills matching the conventions and the accepted behaviour in the profession and the respective craft system (Bruchhäuser and Horlebein 2010, p. 408). Due to technological and cultural developments in industry and society, general knowledge, e.g. qualiﬁ cations of reading, writing and accounting, became more and more important, and thus schooling became necessary in order to prepare apprentices for job requirements (Pahl 2012, pp. 25ff; Reinisch and Götzl 2013, p. 20).430B. Fürstenau et al.T he founding phase of the dual system in Germany can be dated back to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Greinert 1995). The craft system decom-posed because of the advent of a more liberal trade law, as ﬁxed in the Trade Regulations of the Northern German Confederation. However, the empire politics aimed at protecting craft by law in order to prevent middle-class, respectively small ﬁ rms and traders from becoming proletariat (Greinert 1995, p. 21). Amendments for protecting retail trade, dated 1897, enabled the recovery of corporate structures and the apprenticeship model comparable to that of the former craft system.F urthermore, education of apprentices required a master’s certiﬁ cate. Besides traditional apprenticeships, schools for further education with a speciﬁ c focus on vocational subjects (in German: Fortbildungsschule) were established. In 1900 the German Pedagogue Georg Kerschensteiner had recommended gearing the Fortbildungsschule towards vocational education and, in so doing, to legitimise it by claiming that vocational education and professional work contributes to general human education. Through vocational education, non-academic youth should also be integrated into the national state (Gonon 2009). Between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, the number of such vocationally oriented schools increased. To sum up, the formation of the Fortbil-dungsschule is result of the promotion of small- and medium-sized craft enterprises on the one hand and youth education in times of crisis at the turn of the twentieth century on the other (Harney 2006, p. 233).T he c onsolidation phase between 1920 and 1970 was inﬂ uenced by the attempt of German industry to establish an own apprenticeship model under exclusive control of companies. This was motivated by qualiﬁ cation needs of industry (engine building and electrical industry) that grew comparatively fast and used modern production methods. Consequently, workforce in industry had to learn to cope with new technology. For that, instruction at speciﬁ c learning venues (e.g. apprenticeship workshops or factory schools), standardised courses, curricula, and test requirements were necessary (Herkner 2013, p. 16; Pahl 2012). However, industry could not implement its own apprenticeship model but instead implemented a new qualiﬁ ca-tion type for skilled workers/technicians that compares with the level of assistant in craft (Benner 1997, p. 56). Since the 1930s, the Fortbildungsschule has been renamed V ocational School (in German: Berufsschule). In 1938, (empire-wide) 3 years of compulsory VET was enacted and, in the beginning of the 1940s, the weekly hours of schooling were ﬁ xed while curricula and both school authorities and ﬁ nancing were harmonised. In the 1950s, the craft was successful in enforcing comprehensive regulations for VET established by the Handicrafts Regulations Act (in German: Handwerksordnung). However, a VET law was not enacted until 1969, the so-called Berufsbildungsgesetz (Wahle 2007, p. 195).T he f urther development phase since the 1970s is characterised by rationalisation of the dual system and by enhanced state inﬂ uence. The Berufsbildungsgesetz regulates the responsibilities of Federal Government, the German States, the repre-sentatives of employers, the trade unions and, to some extent, the teachers for voca-tional education. Furthermore, a reporting system aimed at making the developments on the apprenticeship market transparent was established in form of the vocational431 16 The Dual System of Vocational Education and Training in Germany…education report, which is published yearly. In addition, since 1972 inter- c ompany vocational training centers were established to compensate apprenticeship shortcomings, especially for small ﬁ rms. Almost every apprenticeship now also had a structure that separates 1 year of basic vocational qualiﬁ cation from 2 years of speciﬁ c vocational education (Greinert 1995, p. 32).16.3 T he Dual System of V ocational Educationand Training – Basic FeaturesW orldwide, different systems of VET exist. In order to differentiate between these systems, the role of the state can be taken into account. In market economy systems (e.g. USA, Japan, Great Britain) the state is not involved in vocational education. In school systems (e.g. France) the state plans, organises, and controls vocational education. In state-controlled market economy systems (e.g. the dual systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland), the state deﬁnes regulations for vocational education, but the private sector is responsible for the supply of training places. All other systems can be interpreted as variation of these three basic types.S tudents can enter the dual system after ﬁ nishing 10 years of compulsory schooling on the secondary level I at a grammar school, a comprehensive school, an intermediate school, or a secondary general school. Entering the dual system means entering the secondary II level. As an alternative to the dual system, students can choose to complement senior classes in grammar school, to attend a specialised grammar school, to attend a full-time vocational school, or to remain in the transi-tion system to receive preparation for an apprenticeship in the dual system. After ﬁ nishing one of these alternative tracks, it is also possible to apply for an appren-ticeship training place. Currently, about two-thirds of students leaving school start their professional career by beginning an apprenticeship in the dual system (BMBF 2013, p. 9). Overall, the dual system can be regarded as bridge from school to work-life.A pprenticeship in the dual system is only possible for state-recognised training occupations (Greinert 1995, p. 35), of which currently approximately 350 exist, ranging from baker, boat-builder, hairdresser, optician, and precision mechanic to sales associate or clerk. Successful completion of an apprenticeship programme entitles the trainee to practise an occupation as a qualiﬁ ed skilled worker in either the training occupation ( H ippach-Schneider et al. 2007, p. 25) or an occupation which requires the knowledge and skills of the training occupation. Training occu-pations and occupations/professions in the labour market in general do not neces-sarily correspond. In contrast, compared to the number of training occupations, multiple occupations/professions exist. Occupations can be grouped according to areas, main groups, groups, sub-groups, and genres. Currently, 10 areas, 37 main groups, 144 groups, 700 sub-groups, and 1,286 genres exist. Areas are, for example, agriculture, forestry, and gardening or raw materials production, production and manufacturing, or commercial service, trade, sales, hotel and tourism. Main groups432B. Fürstenau et al.in the latter area are purchasing, sales, and trade occupations or sales, tourism, hotel- and restaurant occupations. Groups in the purchasing, sales, and trade occu-pations are purchasing and sales or trade. Sub-groups within purchasing and sales are occupations in purchasing or clerks in trade. Genres within purchasing and sales are occupations are, for example, specialised trade clerks and unspecialised trade clerks (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2012). Consequently, an apprentice who completed a training occupation as a clerk can apply for numerous occupations and work as a clerk or as specialised or unspecialised trade clerk, or even as a secretary.T he dual system is not the only possibility for complementing an apprenticeship. Full-time vocational education in schools is offered as well, but it is not as established and appreciated as vocational education in the dual system. Furthermore, the dual system has to be strongly distinguished from the general education system. It has its own vocational education legislation as ﬁ xed in the Berufsbildungsgesetz (Greinert 1995, p. 10).T he name dual system refers to the fact that two learning venues in two institutions, namely vocational schools and workplaces in companies, cooperate in order to qualify apprentices for a profession (Greinert 1995, pp. 10–16). Depending on the state-recognised training occupation, the course of the apprenticeship takes 2–3.5 years. The apprentices spend approximately three fourths of this time in the companies, one fourth in vocational schools. The different learning venues are embedded in different systems formed by a different history, i. e. the vocational training system on the one hand and the school system on the other. Both systems aim at cooperating in qualifying the apprentices (Harney 2006, p. 232). From a legal point of view, the young people are both student and employee. The most important features of the dual system can be described as follows.16.3.1 C ompa nies/Workpla cesT raining places are offered by companies in the private sector (industry, craft, and agriculture), institutions of the public sector, ofﬁ ces or institutes of the liberal professions and, to a limited amount, by private households (Greinert 1995, p. 35; Hippach-Schneider and Hensen 2012, p. 16). A provider of training places, e.g. a company, has to be approved by the respective chamber or guild. In the dual system, “the state delegates regulatory competence for training system to corporatist bodies. […] They have the status of ‘competent bodies’ ( z uständige Stellen)and play a crucial role in the organisation, administration and examination of vocational training” (Ertl and Sloane 2004, p. 3). Chambers and guilds as corporatist bodies regulate apprenticeships by supervising final exams, by registering training contracts, by establishing inter-company vocational training centers, by allocating training warranties to companies, by reforming apprenticeships, and by controlling the training quality (Harney 2006, p. 232; Rebmann et al. 2011, p. 13). The in-company training follows mandatory training regulations legal for the respective state- r ecognised training occupation and valid for all companies independent of433 16 The Dual System of Vocational Education and Training in Germany…branch or size. The development and remittal of the training regulations is the responsibility of the federal government and should guarantee comparable standards for in- c ompany training nationwide. However, representatives of trade unions as well as of employers’ and employees’ head organisations are involved in the development of training regulations. Every training regulation comprises denomi-nation, length (duration) of the apprenticeship, occupational proﬁ le, framework plan, and examination requirements (Rebmann et al. 2011, p. 13).T rainers only complete a basic course on pedagogical eligibility (AEVO 2009), or sometimes even none. Usually trainers work as full-time employees and not as full-time trainers. Thus, they often suffer from heavy work pressure and, conse-quently, time limits for taking care of trainees. Big companies usually are more likely to offer systematic training compared to small and medium size companies.T he companies ﬁ nance the apprenticeships by paying training remunerations to the trainee on a monthly basis (Greinert 1995, p. 16). The individual company decides autonomously whether and what training is provided and how many apprentices they take (Hippach-Schneider et al. 2007, p. 59).I t should be mentioned that sometimes companies are not able to offer full apprenticeships. They either do not have enough trainers or sufﬁ cient technical resources. In that case, parts of the apprenticeship can be relocated from the individual company to an inter-company vocational training center. Alternatively several com-panies can form an apprenticeship network, thereby jointly taking care of an apprentice (Hippach-Schneider and Hensen 2012, p. 17).16.3.2 V oca tiona l Schools/Cla ssesV ocational schools have the task of complementing in-company training by imparting both general knowledge and job-speciﬁ c knowledge to the students. The students (=apprentices) attend the vocational school 8–16 h a week. Education in schools complies with a framework curriculum that is developed for every state- r ecognised training occupation (Hippach-Schneider and Hensen 2012, p. 16) by the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of Germany (in German: Kultusministerkonferenz), or rather its subcommittee, and is valid nationwide. As is true for the in-company training regu-lations, the framework curriculum aims at guaranteeing a uniform national standard for education in vocational schools. Because education in schools is the responsibil-ity of the individual states (and not of the federal government), each of the German states can modify the framework curriculum according to speciﬁ c needs but must adhere to central aims and contents. F urthermore, each state issues school laws which regulate kinds of schools (e.g. vocational schools, commercial high schools), educational plans, and lesson plans. In addition, each state issues regulations concerning tests, giving marks, promotion to the next class, and exams (Rebmann et al. 2011, pp. 9–10).434B. Fürstenau et al.T eachers for vocational schools take 5 years of university education and graduate with a master’s degree or a state examination. After that they have to complete a 1–2 year (depending on the regulation of the respective German State) internship in a vocational school. Only after completing these requirements are they fully certiﬁ ed to teach.T he respective German state, or speciﬁ cally the local authorities’ public funds, covers the costs for in-school education (Greinert 1995, p. 16). The German states “bear the costs of internal school affairs (e.g. supervision of schools, laying down of curricula, teacher training, teachers’ pay), and the local authorities are responsible for ﬁ nancing external school affairs (e.g. construction, maintenance and renovation of school buildings, ongoing management, procurement of teaching and learning resources)” (Hippach-Schneider et al. 2007, p. 59).16.3.3 C oordina tion of Schools a nd Compa niesT he coordination of in-company training and school-based learning is strictly regulated by a procedure to develop and harmonise training regulations and school curricula in order to jointly accomplish a central aim. As deﬁ ned in every framework curriculum, the central aim of education in vocational schools is to support students in developing competence in action, which means possessing the willingness and ability to act deliberately and be socially and individually responsible in the workplace as well as societal and private situations. Competence in action develops in three dimensions, namely in professional competence, individual competence, and social competence (KMK 2011, p. 15; Dilger and Sloane 2012, p. 32). The same aim is true for in-company training. The coordination on the local level between individual schools and companies is not regulated and often either happens by chance or is instigated for speciﬁ c reasons, e.g. misbehavior of the apprentice in matters such as daily attendance.16.4 C urrent Challenges and Reform Approaches of theDual System of Vocational Education and TrainingT he most important asset of the dual system is seen in the fact that it comes with a low rate of youth unemployment compared to other European countries. In Germany, the rate was about 9 % in 2011 (Esser 2011, p. 3; Hippach-Schneider and Hensen 2012, p. 10) and has remained low even during the latest economic crisis. Countries that implemented school-based vocational training or have no VET system are typically confronted with high rates of youth unemployment (Busemeyer 2012, pp. 6, 9). The dual system effectively enables the transition from apprenticeship to employment because vocational and occupational systems are closely linked (Bosch 2010, p. 37).435 16 The Dual System of Vocational Education and Training in Germany…By offering apprenticeships, companies can easily support young workers in their commitment to professional development and thus recruit from a skilled workforce (Busemeyer 2012, p. 16).I n order to guarantee a skilled workforce, the dual system is under constant pressure to change or adapt in response to economic, societal, and educational developments. Those developments comprise, for example demographic change, the shift to the service sector, the development of a European work and education market, or new forms of work organisation (BMBF 2012). They lead to challenges in multiple areas: the availability and suitability of training places, the integration of low-skilled youth in VET, the establishing of a European framework for education and training, the training of a highly-qualiﬁ ed future workforce.16.4.1 A vailability and Suitability of Training PlacesT aking the big picture of the apprenticeship market into account, the demand for apprenticeship training places exceeded the supply until 2007. In 2008 the global ﬁ nancial crisis negatively inﬂ uenced economic growth and led to a drop in training places. Since 2011, the amount of training places has again increased (Bosch 2010, p. 37; Deutscher Bundestag 2010, p. 1; Hippach-Schneider and Hensen 2012, pp. 9, 18). Due to demographic change, companies lack skilled personnel. The age group of young people between 17 and 25 is expected to diminish about one-ﬁ fth (BMBF 2012, p. 5). Consequently, companies face the increasing problem of recruiting suitable apprentices (BMBF2012, pp. 4, 7, 24; Autorengruppe Bildungsberi-chterstattung 2012, pp. 101, 107). The percentage of vacant apprenticeship training positions increased about 30 % (Esser 2011, p. 3). More than one-third of compa-nies could not ﬁll one or more apprenticeship training positions. Dependent on branch, size of the company, and the region, the imbalance of supply and demand on the apprenticeship market varies. Concerning the branch, problems mainly occur in the largest sector of the economy, the service sector (BMBF 2012, p. 5; Hippach-Schneider and Hensen 2012, p. 29), e.g. the hotel and catering industry, or the health care and welfare sector. In addition, a qualiﬁ ed workforce is missing in science and technical ﬁ elds. In contrast, banks and insurance companies are less likely to run into problems. Concerning the size, small enterprises have more problems ﬁ lling positions than large ﬁ rms. And concerning the region, big cities in the western part of Germany with a balanced labour market and high dynamics are more likely to have a balanced apprenticeship market than big cities, also in the western part of Germany, which already have a high rate of unemployment and regions in the eastern part of the country (Krone 2010, p. 27f.; BMBF 2012, p. 33). Resulting from demographic changes, companies cannot afford to be as selective as before when hiring apprentices. Thus, the group of apprentices for one state-recognised training occupation in one company, and also across companies, sometimes may be very heterogeneous. That, in turn, may cause problems for both the trainers and the apprentices.。

对中职教育教学改革的几点思考——学习德国“双元制”职业教育有感

德国是个联邦制的国家，文化教育是各联邦
律的规定同企业签订培训合同，得到一个培训位州的主权。因此，各联邦州的文化教育部门拥有对置，然后再到相关的职业学校登记取得理论学习本州各级各类学校包括职业学校的管理权。对于
（）育制度上的区别一教
的重要。但在实施过程中，还存在很多困难，国家
所谓 “ 元制 ” 业教育，指学生在企业接对企业参与职业学校的发展没有明确要求，企业双职是
受技能培训和在学校接受理论学习相结合的职业对参与培训的学生没有一套完整的培训计划与监
文献标识码：Ａ
文章编号：１７ — ７７２１）４０７ — ３６４７４（０２２ — ０８０
作为一名中职校的专业教师经学校推荐，省
校推荐完成，而学生所学专业与企业需要的岗位
教育厅委派，到德国进行为期四十多天的职业教是没有直接关系的，学校的专业设置有时也存在育的培训。培训的目的，是将德国“ 就双元制 ” 业盲目性，往会造成需要的岗位没有人，门的岗职往热教育的管理模式、人才培养方案以及教育教学方位人太多的现象，培养学生的形式略显单一。近几法学习借鉴运用到我们的职业教育中，长补短，取促进学校职业教育又快又好的发展，为培养更多的符合地方经济特点的实用型人才而努力。

浅谈-德国双元制职业教育模式-的体会

浅谈”德国双元制职业教育模式”的体会德国的职业教育被公认为是世界上最先进的，其中”双元制”职业教育模式是它的核心内容。

笔者通过对德国的双元制职业教育模式、教育理念及教学方法的观摩和学习，深深体会到双元制职业教育模式的内涵及特点，在教学中借鉴这些先进经验，进行适当的教学改革，取得了较理想的教学效果。

标签：双元制职业教育模式；教育理念；教学改革；教学效果高等職业院校是培养大批的提供康复一线服务的高素质应用性人才的主要基地，借鉴国际上先进的职业教育理念和教学方法，已经成为各职业院校积极追寻的风向标。

目前德国以”双元制”模式为核心的职业教育在全世界都享有盛名，其职业教育模式被公认为是世界上最先进的。

为此笔者在观摩和学习了德国的双元制职业教育模式、教育理念和教学方法的基础上，深深体会到了双元制职业教育模式的内涵和特点，在教学中借鉴这些先进经验，进行适当改革，取得了较理想的效果。

1 德国”双元制”职业教育模式的内涵德国是世界上经济和科学最发达的国家之一。

”双元制”职业教育模式是德国经济飞速发展的”秘密武器”，是促成该国强盛的关键所在。

所谓”双元制”[1]的其中“一元”指职业学校，另”一元”指企业，就是职业技术院校和企业共同合作完成对学生职业能力培养的一种职业教育模式。

学生既在企业里接受职业技能的培训，提高实践操作能力，又在职业学校接受专业理论和文化知识教育的教育模式，是一种以”职业能力的培养”为本位、以”为未来工作而学习”为目标、以”职业活动的开展”为核心的职业教育模式。

教师主要解决”为什么这么做”这个问题。

企业主要解决学生“怎么做和怎么做会更好”的问题。

所有的培训活动的组织都是”以学生为主体”，教师变成了职业活动的指导者与咨询者，学生变成了知识和技能的主动获取者，学生的学习主动性和积极性得到了充分的发挥。

2 德国”双元制”职业教育模式特点和优势2.1学生大部分时间在企业实践，有利于在毕业后投入工作“双元制”是同时在两个地点，有两个施教主体，也就是学生在企业和职业学校中进行学习。

【心得体会】德国双元制心得体会

【关键字】心得体会德国双元制心得体会篇一：德国双元制学习心得德国双元制学习心得机械技术系尹云龙XX年3月，我参加了黑龙江省第三期中等职业学校骨干教师赴德国培训班学习。

这次赴德国职业教育培训及考察活动，是我院有史以来第一次如此庞大和广泛的以教师为主体的国外学习活动，团队共计11人，由教务处长带队，五系专业带头人和骨干教师组成，2月22日临行前由省教育厅领导开会强调学习的意义和要求，学院主管教学的张迎副院长亲自到机场送行。

这次学习活动，主要在德国itw学院（柏林职业技术学院）进行，我们的到来，受到了校方的热烈欢迎。

在培训期间分别考察了柏林信息职业技术学院、柏林能源与环境质量检测职业技术公司、柏林工商行业协会等与双元制有关的学校、企业、行业职能部门。

并参观考察了西门子柏林，宝马，格拉苏蒂朗格表业纪念馆等世界顶级企业，具体行程如下表所示：在学习过程中，团员们结合国内的实际和工作中的体会，认真思考，踊跃提问，德国老师们都给予了很好的回答。

参观的内容也是十分丰富，由于各参观场所相互距较远，交通涌挤，参观时间十分有限，相当部分只能是走马观花。

授课的内容上十分丰富，较为广泛，许多内容只能囫囵吞枣，对学习的理解也是很肤浅。

主要从以下两个方面谈一谈此行的收获。

一、德国的“双元制”职业教育概况德国职业教育的发展，在全球处于领先地位。

根据权威组织的统计，德国大学毕业生占同龄人的比例仅为２０％，将近８０％的年轻人接受的则是职业教育，并以此走上工作岗位。

正是通过成功的职业教育，为“德国制造”提供了大量优秀的产业工人，也成为德国国家竞争力的重要源泉。

在德国，职业教育的规模很庞大，很正规和也很全面。

确切地说德国人从小学毕业就可以开始选择自己的职业道路。

小学毕业以后他们可以选择一个向职业化方向发展的中学或者一个普通的。

而在中学的学习结束后，就可以选择上职业高中或者普通高中了。

在普通高中生毕业以后，学生们选择上标准的大学或者高等职业学校。

德国双元制心得体会

德国双元制心得体味德国双元制是指德国的教育体制中的双重系统，即学术性教育和职业性教育并重的教育模式。

学生在完成学术性教育的同时，也可以选择参预职业性教育，以提前获得实际工作技能和经验。

这种教育体制在德国得到广泛应用，并且取得了显著的成效。

以下是我对德国双元制的心得体味。

首先，德国双元制教育注重学生的个性发展。

在学术性教育方面，学生可以选择自己感兴趣的学科进行深入研究，培养自己的学术能力和创造力。

而在职业性教育方面，学生可以根据自己的兴趣和职业规划选择适合自己的职业方向，通过实践和实习获得相关的工作经验和技能。

这种个性化的教育模式可以更好地满足学生的需求，培养他们的多元化能力。

其次，德国双元制教育注重实践能力的培养。

在职业性教育中，学生需要参预实际的工作实践，与企业合作，学习解决实际问题的能力。

通过实践，学生可以更好地理解理论知识的应用，培养解决问题和创新的能力。

这种注重实践的教育模式使学生毕业后能够更快地适应工作环境，具备实际工作所需的技能和经验。

再次，德国双元制教育注重学生的职业发展。

在职业性教育中，学生可以选择自己感兴趣和擅长的职业方向进行深入学习和培训。

学生可以通过实习和实践了解自己所选择的职业领域，了解行业的需求和发展趋势。

这种职业导向的教育模式可以匡助学生更好地规划自己的职业发展，增强就业竞争力。

此外，德国双元制教育注重理论与实践的结合。

学生在学术性教育中学习理论知识，而在职业性教育中学习实践技能，两者相辅相成。

这种理论与实践相结合的教育模式可以匡助学生更好地理解和应用所学知识，提高综合素质。

学生通过实践，将理论知识转化为实际能力，为未来的职业发展打下坚实的基础。

总的来说，德国双元制教育体制的优势在于注重学生个性发展、实践能力培养、职业发展和理论与实践的结合。

这种教育模式能够满足学生的多样化需求，培养学生的综合能力，为他们的职业发展奠定良好的基础。

通过学习德国双元制教育的经验，我们可以借鉴其优点，改进我国的教育体制，以培养更多具有创新精神和实践能力的人材。

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中德职业教育合作师资培训
德国双元制标准化师资培训
总结
2017年7月5日至7月14日,我参加了中德职业教育合作德国双元制标准化师资培训的学习;通过这十天的学习,使我对德国的职业教育有了更新的认识;通过这次的学习,开拓了我的视野,丰富了我的专业知识,增加了见识,更新了教育理念,加深了对职业教育的理解,坚定了我作为一名职业教师的信心和决心;参加培训总的感觉是,走出去,可以知道自己能力与水平,也可以知道别人的长与短,有助于完善自己,丰富自己,提高自己,具体说:接触到了最新的职业教育理念,刷新了自己对职业教育的认知;
本次培训由德国职业教育专家Uwe.Heiber博士主讲;主要内容是德国的双元制职业教育模式,包含了德国的职业培训模式概述；教学法和教学论以及课程开发的基本知识;其中在教学法中,博士不仅对传统教学法进行了阐述,还重点讲解了行为导向教学法中的实验法、角色扮演法、思维导图法、鱼骨图法及项目教学法等;为了培训需要和加深学员的印象,培训期间我们还实地参观考察了立中集团;博士讲课,严谨中不失幽默,给我们留下了深刻的音像;
德国双元制职业教育举世瞩目并始终处于世界领先地位,而德国经济腾飞的秘密武器便是德国双元制职业教育;所谓“双元制职业教
育”就是整个培训过程是在工厂企业和国家的职业学校Berufsbildenden Schule 简称 BBS进行,并且这种教育模式又以企业培训为主,企业中的实践和在职业学校中的理论教学密切结合;
德国双元制模式学制为2～3.5 年, 一般主体为中学毕业生, 其智力特征以形象思维为主, 培养目标为技术管理人员;教学分别在企业和职业学校里交替进行, 约60%-70%时间在企业, 40%-30%时间在学校;在培训的组织方式上,采用由企业进行实际操作方面的培训,培训学校完成相应的理论知识的培训,企业与职业学校两方面共同完成对职业学校学生的培训工作;
德国双元制模式的课程设计以职业需求为核心;德国双元制模式的理论课程设计是以职业活动为中心选择课程内容的,理论课覆盖了专业所需的所有理论, 知识面广, 深浅适度, 综合性强, 有利于培养学生的综合分析问题和解决问题的能力;而所有的课程都按照学期进行细分,无论哪一学期的课程,始终都是围绕汽车维修实践从泛到精、由浅入深展开的;课程的选择都是经由教学经验丰富的业内专家综合编排的,更注重直接性的职业经验;
德国双元制模式的本质在于,向年轻人提供职业培训,使其掌握职业能力,而不是简单地提供岗位培训;德国双元制模式不仅注重基本从业能力、社会能力而且特别强调综合职业能力的培养,更加注重的是综合职业能力;
德国双元制模式所培养出的综合职业能力是一种跨职业的能力,对我们未来的发展起着关键作用;通过德国双元制模式培训的学生,
可以胜任其职业领域里的所有工作任务,而不仅仅局限于某一工作岗位的任务;他们在掌握了业务能力的基础上,还学会大量基础知识以及有实用价值的社会能力,其适应能力就得到了大大的增强,为人生道路作了坚实铺垫;
德国双元制模式不但具有较强的技术鲜明性,超前性,而且更注重培养学生的职业道德;通过培训使学生获得宽广的知识技能面, 具备较强的社会适应性和市场竞争力;
德国双元制模式的主要特点:
1同生产紧密结合,培训目标更符合企业的需要;德国双元制模式下的学生大部分时间在企业进行实践操作技能培训,而且所接受的是企业目前使用的设备和技术,培训在很大程序上是以生产性劳动的方式进行,从而减少了费用并提高了学习的目的性,学生的学习目的明确“为未来工作而学习”大大激发了学生的学习动机；这样有利于学生在培训结束后随即投入工作;
2企业的广泛参与;大企业多数拥有自己的培训基地和人员;没有能力单独按照培训章程提供全面和多样化的职业培训的中小企业,也能通过跨企业的培训和学校工厂的补充训练或者委托其他企业代为培训等方法参与职业教育;
3真实的生产环境及先时的设施设备,使学生比较接近实践,接近未来工作的需要；
4能较早地接近新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料;
这带给我们的启发是：1相对于学校制职业教育,双元制职业教
育更注重实践技能的培养并使之确切保证;这使得以培养生产第一线实际操作人员的职业教育真正成为受企业欢迎的教育;虽然我国目前了非常重视学生实际操作技能的培养,但学校制的培养模式客观上使学生远离了生产第一线,而集中安排的生产实习又不利于学生及时将所学理论同实践相结合;
2在双元制职业教育体制下,由于学生在特定的工作环境中学习,使得学生和企业有了更多的交流机会,大大降低了培训后失业的风险;这对我国多年难以解决的对口录用问题有一定的借鉴意义;
3同我国现行的偏重系统理论传授的职业教育教学内容相比,以岗位要求为培训目标的双元制职业教育更受企业的欢迎;以工人技术等级考核标准的要求为培养目标并构建与之相适应的教学大纲和教学内容体系,应当是我国职业教育教学改革的重要内容;
4由于跨企业培训中心具有其它形式无可比拟的优势,在前东德地区被越来越多地用来作为培训机构不足的补救措施;对于我国而言,众多的中小企业难以单独举办职业教育中心,因此,组织企业联合举办或者由行业主办跨企业培训中心将是一个非常重要的发展职业教育的途径;
中国教育部从80年代初开始在这一领域和德国有关机构进行合作如汉斯塞德尔基金会,德国技术合作公司,实施“双元制职业教育”试点工作;中德两国总理于1993年签署了职业教育合作的联合倡议书,足以说明两国政府对这项合作的重视;这次培训,颇有相见恨晚的感觉;
行动导向教学是以“行动导向驱动”为主要形式,在教学过程中充分发挥学生的主体作用和教师的主导作用,注重对学生分析问题,解决问题能力的培养,从完成某一方面的“任务”着手,通过引导学生完成“任务”,从而实现教学目标;从学生接受知识的过程看,知识来源于实践,在实践中得到感性认识,经过反复实践才能上升到理性认识,并回到实践中去;行动导向教学要求教师在教学中要把大任务分解成小任务;教师要分层次地给学生下达行动导向;
其基本的教学步骤为：
1、课前准备：教师于课前做好充分的准备,如：多媒体课件的准备,教学任务书的准备,学生组内分工的设计,教学设备的准备,学生完成任务所必需的材料、元器件准备,仪器仪表的准备等;
2、下达任务：教师以简洁的语言陈述这节课的任务,并下发任务书,任务书包括：主题、时间、注意事项等;
3、完成任务：这个阶段是行动导向教学法的主体部分;教师引导学生掌握完成任务的基本思路、方法后,按学生的具体学情,化分学习小组,组内分工协作,完成作“任务”,形成“作品”;
4、展示学生作品,教师引导学生对作品进行讨论,找出规律特点,并对学生作品作出积极的评价;
其意义在于：
1、“行动导向”教学,让学生即学即用,激发和培养学生的学习兴趣;采用“行动导向”教学,可以变抽象为具体,变枯燥为有趣,让学生乐于去操作、掌握;当学生完成了某一任务后,内心就会产生一种成就
感,一种喜悦感,一种冲击力,这种力量不仅增强了学生的自信心,还提高了学生学习知识和技能的兴趣;
2、“任务”贯穿始终,让学生在讨论任务、分析任务、操作完成任务的过程中顺利建构起知识结构;
3、因材施教,突出培养学生的实践能力和创新能力;
当然,Heiber博士也提到：教学中,“法无定法”,老师乐于教、学生乐于学,适合的方法就是好方法,不论是传统教学法还是行动导向教学法;同时,博士多次提到学生管理对教学的影响,他特别指出,教学中,对于那些极个别的不学习、不服从管理的学生必须要有政策性的约束;
德国的职业教育,从“学徒制”到“双元制”历经约百年时间,我国从80年代初引进并试点实行,到现在已经取得了巨大的成效,但职业教育改革压力依然巨大,任务依然艰巨;每个职业教育人都要爱岗敬业,在自己的岗位上充分发挥自己的作用,不怕苦、不怕累,虽筚路蓝缕,但众志成城;
最后,再次感谢Heiber博士的精彩讲解,感谢学院领导给予的这次培训机会；感谢各级领导对这次培训的大力保障；感谢一起勇战酷暑、刻苦学习老师们,谢谢本次培训,受益匪浅;
2017年7月16日。