英语理论语言学

Lecture 2

2.2. Language teaching research

2.2.1 The Characteristic features of langauge teaching research

1) Language teaching research is an independent discipline.

2) Language teaching research is an interdisciplihary science.

3) Language teaching research is an applied science.

4) Language teaching research is an empirical science.

2.2.2 The Issues of language teaching research

a. Comparative study: of native speakers and non-native speakers, of target language and native language, of L2 learning of children and adults.

b. learning and teaching study: learning & acquisition, L2 teaching,

c. Learner study: attitudes & motivation, learning strategies & style,

d. Language study: communicative aspects, structure of convensation, code-switching, linguistic aspects of computer-assisted learning

2.2.3 possible fields of language teaching research

1)The models of linguistic theory and linguistic description

2)The models of language learning

3)The application of the theoretical models

The four areas of LT

--syllabus design, compilation of teaching material, classroom

teaching, testing/evaluation

4)Classroom teaching practice

2.2.4 Some essential factors affecting L2 learning

3. Language

3.1 Definition of language

It is really just as difficult to define language as it is to define man.

人：是一切社会关系的总和；

是唯一能把动物养成宠物和煮成食物的动物；

是一种会笑的动物；

"Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication" Wardhaugh in his "Introduction to Linguistics" (1972).语言是用于人类交际的、任意的、有声的符号系统

3.2 Design Features of Language

1) Arbitrariness---There is no logical (intrinsic or direct) connection between the sound/sign and meaning, between the word and its object, between the grammar and the meaning it carries;

or the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.

A building we live in with our family

--house in English, maison in French, dom in Russion, casa in Spanish, fangzi in Chinese

However, language is not entirely arbitrary; there are cases where there seems to be some association between sounds and meaning, e.g.

Onomatopoetic words: bang,

Some compound words: tractor driver shoe-maker

The other side of the coin of arbitrariness is conventionality. The link between linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.

A pair of trousers---- A pair of shirts

Go shopping *go buying go hunting

冬瓜(white gourd) （夏天吃的）

北戴河is not a river 中南海is not a sea.

食堂餐厅 *餐堂 *食厅

外公—外婆*外母老公—老婆*老母

英国的语言---- 英文英语

中国的语言----中文（*中语）汉语

昨天昨晚 *昨早 *昨月 *昨年

去年 *去天 *去晚 *去月

明天明年 *明月 *明周

今天今年 *今月

二百五----傻里傻气的人

生前好友已婚夫妇未婚妻

七嘴八舌----七张嘴里如果长出把条舌头，其中必有一人为“怪胎”

四季如春----夏春秋三季温暖如春，为比喻。“春季如春”则文理不通。

三长两短、七上八下三下五除二

2) Duality

Two levels:

Lower level---- a limit set of sounds, meaningless

Higher level----units of meaning coming from the combination of the units of lower level

Phoneme—morpheme—words—phrase—clause—sentence

3) Productivity--The users of a language can utilize a limited linguistic

rules to produce or understand infinite meaningful linguistic forms, including those they have never heard before.

The man that the girl that my wife taught married published many poems. (和我妻子教的那个女孩结婚的那个男人发表了许多诗)

他一边脱衣服，一边穿裤子。（小学生的造句练习）

4) Displacement---Language can be used to tallk about what happened in the past, what is happening at present, or what will happen in the future. Also we can use language to refer to things no matter how far away they are or whether they are real or imagined.

5) Cultural Transmission----A language system is not genetically transmitted, but culturally transmitted. That is, a language system is passed on from

one generation to another by teaching and learning rather than by instict.

衣服搭配，时尚女装搭配，女装9元包邮https://www.360docs.net/doc/4f5849422.html,

EkO07w03u85r

英语语言学讲解

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时学分：4学分六、教学内容：第一章绪论本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。

英语语言文学专业基础

英语语言文学专业基础本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分）一、考试要求和内容该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。二、考试题型填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。三、参考书《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分）一、考试要求本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。三、考试题型填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。四、参考书《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007；《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分）一、考试要求本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。二、考试题型填空题、判断题、名词解释题。三、参考书《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）

中外应用语言学实证性学术论文英语摘要的体裁对比分析

Contents CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION (1) 1.1 Research Background (1) 1.2 Purpose and Significance of the Study (2) 1.3 Organization of the Thesis (3) CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW (5) 2.1 Genre and Genre Analysis (5) 2.1.1 Genre (5) 2.1.2 Genre Analysis (7) 2.1.3 Three Approaches to Genre Analysis (9) 2.1.3.1 ESP Genre Analysis (9) 2.1.3.2 New Rhetoric Studies (11) 2.1.3.3 Australian Genre Theories (11) 2.1.4 A Comparison of the Three Approaches (12) 2.2 Research Article Abstracts (14) 2.2.1 Definition of Abstracts (14) 2.2.2 Categories of Abstracts (14) 2.2.3 Communicative Purposes of RA Abstracts (16) 2.3 Genre Analysis of RA Abstracts (17) 2.3.1 Previous Studies on the Macro Generic Structure of RA Abstracts (17) 2.3.2 Previous Studies on the Micro Linguistic Features of RA Abstracts (21) 2.3.3 Previous Comparative Genre Analysis on RA Abstracts (21) 2.3.4 Summary (24) CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY (25) 3.1 Research Questions (25) 3.2 Data Collection (26) 3.3 Data Analysis (27) 3.4 Analysis of Moves in Terms of Steps (27) CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (29) 4.1 The Macro Generic Structure in Terms of Moves of RA Abstracts Written by CWs and NWs (29) 4.1.1 Distribution of Move 1 in Terms of Steps in RA Abstracts Written by CWs and NWs (29) V

《英语语言学》答案完整版

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英语语言学框架知识中文版

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英语语言学概论--整理

Chapter 1 Language语言 1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9.interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4.★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇

《英语常用学术词汇表》

《英语常用学术词汇表》是由一些应用语言学家统计出来，最常用的有570个词目(headwords)，每一个词目下面还列出了该词目的相关变化形式。其中斜体字，analysis，在学术英语中最为常见。 Sublist 1 of the Academic Word List analyse analysed analyser analysers analyses analysing analysis analyst analysts analytic analytical analytically analyze analyzed analyzes analyzing economy economic economical economically economics economies economist economists uneconomical environment environmental environmentalist environmentalists environmentally environments establish legislate legislated legislates legislating legislation legislative legislator legislators legislature major majorities majority method methodical methodological methodologies

approach approachable approached approaches approaching unapproachable area areas assess assessable assessed assesses assessing assessment assessments reassess reassessed reassessing reassessment unassessed assume assumed assumes disestablish disestablished disestablishes disestablishing disestablishment established establishes establishing establishment establishments estimate estimated estimates estimating estimation estimations over-estimate overestimate overestimated overestimates overestimating underestimate underestimated methodology methods occur occurred occurrence occurrences occurring occurs reoccur reoccurred reoccurring reoccurs percent percentage percentages period periodic periodical periodically periodicals periods policy policies

语言学(第五版) 笔记重点

第一章 1.What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication 2.Design features of language ①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings) ②Duality（二层性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. ③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. ④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication. (p7) 3.Functions of language ①Informative(信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational) ②Interpersonal(人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age, sex, language, background, accent, status) ③Performative(施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions. (name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare) ④. Emotive/Expressive(情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker. ⑤Phatic communion(寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. (health, weather) ⑥Recreational function(娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry) ⑦Metalingual function(元语言功能): to talk about language itself. 4. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 5. Important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive & prescriptive Synchronic & diachronic Langue & parole Competence & performance 6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use (modern linguistic) Prescriptive(规定性)—lay down rules for“correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language (traditional grammar:“never use a double negative”) 7.Synchronic study(共时)—description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study (历时)—description of a language as it changes through time (historical development of language over a period of time) 第四章 1．What is Syntax（句法）? Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form

英语语言学阅读书目(学术型研究生)

1. 英语语言研究参考书目语言学牛津语言学入门丛书上海外语教育出版社 Linguistics H.G. Widdowson Second Language Acquisition Rod Ellis Language and Culture Claire Kramsch Psychololinguistics Thomas Scovel Sociolinguistics Bernard Spolsky Pragmatics George Yule 程雨民《语言系统及其运作》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。程雨民《英语语体学》，上海外语教育出版社，1989。桂诗春《应用语言学》，湖南教育出版社，1988。桂诗春《心理语言学》，上海外语教育出版社，1985。桂诗春、宁春岩主编《语言学方法论》，外语教学与研究出版社，1997。何自然《语用学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1998. 《语用学与英语学习》，何自然，上海外语教育出版社，1997 《语篇分析概要》，黄国文，湖南教育出版社，1988 《语言学入门》，刘润清等，人民教育出版社，1990 刘辰诞《教学篇章语言学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999。刘润清《西方语言学流派》，外语教学与研究出版社，1995。戚雨村《语言学引论》，上海外语教育出版社，1985。戚雨村《现代语言学的特点和发展趋势》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。秦秀白《文体学概论》，湖南教育出版社，1988. 赵世开《美国语言学简史》上海外语教育出版社，1989。王德春《语言学概论》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。王钢《普通语言学基础》，湖南教育出版社，1988。

英语语言学

一、语言和语言学 1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language 任意性 arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性 duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性 creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性 displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点 2、语言的功能（不是很重要）信息功能 informative 人际功能 interpersonal 施为功能 performative 感情功能 emotive function 寒暄功能 phatic communication 娱乐功能 recreational function 元语言功能 metalingual function 3、语言学主要分支语音学 phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学 syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学 semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。如语素和句子的意义语用学 pragmatics 在语境中研究意义 4、宏观语言学 macrolingustics 心理语言学 psycholinguistics 社会语言学 sociolinguistics 人类语言学 anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学 computational linguistics 5 语言学中的重要区别规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言第 1 页

英语语言学基础知识

英语语言学基础知识一、绪论语言学的定义语言的定义语言学的研究范畴语言的甄别特征几对基本概念 (2) a large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing What is linguistics? 什么是语言学？ (3) speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 而是人类所有语言的特性。 Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Competence and performance 能力与运用 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学\Pragmatics语用学Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users’ knowledge of the rules of his language \Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Performance: The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 What is language? 什么是语言？ Descriptive：A linguistic study describes and analyzes the

《英语语言学》复习重点

Chapter I 1.Linguistics is usually defined as the science study of language 2.what are major branches of linguistics? Phonetics----it studies the sounds used in linguistics communication. Phonology---it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey the meaning in communication. Morphology---it studies the way in which linguistic symbol representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words. Syntax-------it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentence in languages. Semantics---it studies meaning convey by language. Pragmatics---it studies the meaning in the context of language use. Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 4. The definitions of important distinctions in lingustics: Who distinguished them? （1）descriptive VS. presriptive; Descriptive(描写式):describe and analyze the language people actually use. eg: American don’t say “I’ll give you some color see see.” Prescriptive(规定式): laying down rules for “correct and standard”behaviour in using language. eg: Don’t say “I’ll give you some color see see.” （2）synchronic VS. diachronic; Synchronic study(共时性) --- description of a language at some point of time Diachronic study(历时性) --- description of a language through the course of its history (historical development of language over a period of time) （3）speech and writing Speech is prior to writing （4）langue & parole; Langue: (语言) the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. Parole: (话语) the realization of langue in actual use. （5）competence and performance. Competence:(语言能力.)he ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance:(语言运用.)the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. （6）traditional grammar and modern linguistic Traditional grammar prescriptive：tend to emphasize the importance of written word：force language into Latin-base framework. Modern linguistic description；spoken language as primary https://www.360docs.net/doc/4f5849422.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 6.Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递