甲午战争对近代中国社会思潮之影响

近代之中国，社会激变，思潮丛生，每个历史阶段都伴随着与之相应的社会思潮。

从1840年的鸦片战争到1919年五四运动这一历史阶段，在思想文化领域里主要贯穿着三种最具影响力、最具代表性的主流思潮，即洋务思潮、维新思潮、民主革命思潮。

甲午战争是中国近代史上影响最深远的重大历史事件之一，对整个中国近代历史的发展起着举足轻重的作用，而此次战争对近代中国社会思潮的影响亦不可忽视的。

甲午一役，昔日高高在上的“天朝上国”竟然大败于弹丸之地的“蕞尔岛国”，这给了当时中国人精神上一记强击，从而引发了“近百年第一次民族反思”，由此在中国思想文化界掀起了一股前所未有的浪潮，这股浪潮既有对旧思潮的否定和发展，也有对新思潮的催生和激发。

一、引发了对洋务思潮的反思、批判洋务思潮发端于第二次鸦片战争以后，在甲午战争前的30多年里一直作为社会最主要的思潮存在着。

19世纪60年代初，战败后的清王朝面临着千古变局，内忧外患，统治集团内的开明人士继承了鸦片战争时期“经世派”的“师夷长技”的思想，力主师法西方，期望“取外人之长技以成中国之长技，不致见绌于相形，其可有备而无患”。

由此形成了以曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠、张之洞等为代表的洋务派。

洋务思潮理论奠基人冯桂芬在其著作中深刻分析了中西差异，认为对西方国家应“始则师而法之，继则比而齐之，终则驾而上之，自强之道，实在乎是”。

“自强”、“求富”是洋务运动不同时期的目标，也是洋务思潮的两大主题。

洋务运动是近代中国第一次实现近代化的尝试，在一定程度上顺应了历史发展的潮流，揭开了中国近代化的序幕。

但它毕竟是清王朝统治阶层的一次自救运动，其根本目的是为了维持已经腐朽的清王朝的统治，洋务派坚持以“中体西用”为指导思想，企图通过学“器物”而不变“制度”的方式使清王朝走向自强，历史证明这只能是洋务派的美好幻想。

甲午战争后梁启超曾批判洋务派，他深刻指出了洋务运动的种种弊端，其中体现的是后起之辈对前辈的认真评判，而不是浅层次的派别攻击。

否定洋务派的地方正是日后维新派所致力的地方，这也是维新派较之于洋务派的历史先进性和进步性所在。

甲午战争引发的这种反思和批判，既是对洋务思潮的否定，更是对洋务思潮的发展，尽管在当时的中国社会“中体西用”还不可能消失，但是维新思潮已经开始逐渐取代洋务思潮，日益成为社会思潮的主流。

二、促进了维新思潮的发展维新思潮并非甲午战争后的产物，实际上在19世纪70年代早期维新思想已经开始萌生。

早期维新思想家实际上大多是洋务运动的支持者和拥护者，刚开始与洋务派的基本主张是一致的。

但是，随着社会经济和客观形势的变化，他们不再满足于洋务派所容纳的范围，于是逐渐从中退化出来。

甲午战争的失败给中国社会造成了深重的灾难，同时也促使了近代中华民族的觉醒。

正如梁启超所说：“吾国四千余年之大梦唤醒，实自甲午战败割台湾偿二百兆以后始也。

”知识分子在民族危机的紧要关头，走在了探索救国救民道路的最前列。

于是当时社会各种新的思想潮流也应运而生，“维新改良的潮流急速的涨涌于民族觉醒的曙光之中，成为那个时代的主流。

它吸引着一切爱国的中国人从改革中寻求民族的出路”。

康有为、梁启超、严复是维新思潮中的杰出领袖和代表。

他们在甲午之前已经开始广泛接触西学，并且日益受到了维新思想的影响。

甲午战争的惨败、民族危机的加深更加激发他们的爱国之心，皆肩负着时代使命和民族命运，强烈要求改变现状，奋发图强。

正是在以康有为、梁启超、严复等为代表的维新思想家们得力宣传和积极活动之下，中国的知识分子逐渐从睡梦中觉醒，维新变法思潮很快成为社会思潮的主流，维新运动也随之高涨，最终促成了1898年戊戌变法这一高潮的到来。

三、推动了民主革命思潮的兴起甲午战争在促进维新思潮步入高潮的同时，也有力地推动着民主革命思潮的兴起。

民主革命思潮的产生和发展是与中国革命先行者孙中山先生分不开的。

甲午战前孙中山在严重的民族危机面前产生了反清的思想，但他当时还未从流行的早期维新派的改良主义思潮中超越出来。

所以他在立志于革命的同时，又仍对腐朽的清政府怀有希望。

他认为：“中国睡梦之深，至于此极，以维新之机苟非发之自上，殆无可望……所以偏重于请愿上书等方法，冀九重之或一垂听，政府之或一奋起也。

”1894年孙中山上书李鸿章，陈述“人能尽其才，地能尽其利，物能尽其用，货能尽其流”的治国大计。

但是李鸿章对孙中山的建议根本不予重视，拒绝接见。

此番遭遇让壮志未酬的孙中山感到极度失望，于是彻底抛弃了之前对清政府的幻想，义无反顾地走上了革命道路。

兴中会的成立，是孙中山领导的资产阶级民主革命运动和思潮兴起的标志。

此后孙中山成立中国同盟会，创立“三民主义”，为民主革命思潮的传播奠定了坚实基础。

在民主革命思潮的影响之下，越来越多的仁人志士投入到革命的阵营中，并且不断发动对清王朝的武装起义，终于在1911年推翻了清王朝。

甲午战争对民主革命思潮的有力推动，使饱受封建王朝奴役和帝国主义压迫的中国人民找到了一条解放自身的正确道路，在此后时间内掀起了一系列轰轰烈烈的革命，从而促进了中国历史进程的发展，近代中国社会也出现了新的希望。

四、对其他非主流思潮的影响甲午战争对社会思潮的影响不仅充分体现在近代主流思潮上，也清晰可见于非主流思潮之中。

其中“效仿日本”和“实业救国”这两种思潮是这些非主流思潮的典型代表。

甲午战争之前，已有不少有识之士已经认识到了学习日本的必要。

70年代日本出兵台湾，其野心虽未能得逞，但是激起了以李鸿章为代表的洋务派的提防之心。

然而，真正开始普遍地认识到学习日本的重要性并且采取实际措施则是在甲午战争之后。

甲午一战，日本以彻底的西学打败了中国不彻底的西学。

更加雄辩的证明了西学的实效。

清庭鉴于日本的迅猛发展在很大程度上得益于早年被派往欧美的留学生，加之到日本路程近、花费少，因此赴日留学是学习西方的最佳途径。

此后，赴日留学渐成风气。

当然，甲午战争后的向日本学习远远不止于派遣留学生这一方面。

实际上，无论是维新变法的内容还是清末新政的措施都处处可见学习和模仿日本制度的痕迹。

可以说，效仿日本这一思潮对近代中国的影响是极其深远的。

甲午中日战争是近代社会思潮的分水岭，它对近代中国社会思潮的影响是广泛而深远的，这种影响不仅有对旧思潮的否定和发展，也有对新思潮的催生和激发，社会思潮作为一种具有广泛影响力的群体性的社会意识，必将极大的反作用于当时的社会存在。

这些形形色色的社会思潮，成为近代仁人志士探索救国救民道路的先进的思想武器，于是向下沉沦的近代中国社会又开始孕育着向上发展的新曙光。

The China, social upheaval, thought with each historical stage accompanied by the corresponding social thought. From the Opium War in 1840 to the historical period of the May 4th movement of 1919, in the realm of ideology and culture, mainly through the three most influential, the most representative of the mainstream thought, the Westernization trend of thought, the reform trend of thought, democratic revolution thought.The Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 is one of the most far-reaching influence in China's modern history of major historical events, plays a pivotal role in the development of the modern history of China, and the impact of war on modern social thoughts in China also can not be ignored. Sino Japanese battle, the former high above the "heavenly country" unexpectedly defeated in the tiny oil-rich island ", this to at that time the spirit of the Chinese people a note on the assault, causing the" nearly a hundred years of the first national introspection ", which in the ideological and cultural circles of China set off the A shares of an unprecedented wave of, this wave both negation of the old thoughts and development, also on new ideas spawned and excited.A, caused the reflection and criticism of the Westernization trend of thoughtWesternization thought began after the second Opium War, in the 30 years before the Sino Japanese war has been used as a society, the main trend exists. At the beginning of the sixties of the 19th century, after the defeat of the Qing Dynasty faced with eternal upheavals, both internal and external, the Liberals within the ruling group inherited the "barbarians technology" thoughts during the period of the Opium War "by the world", advocated imitating the west, expect "outsiders skill to China skill, not and in phase, which can be prepared without suffering." Formed by Zheng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang, Zhang Zhidong as the representative of the Westernization movement. Westernization theory founder Feng Guifen in his works a profound analysis of the differences between Chinese and western, think of the western countries should "begin division and method, following the is ratio of Qi, the end is to drive and, self-improvement, really is". "Self strengthening" and "seeking rich" is the Westernization Movement in different periods, the two theme is the thought of westernization.The Westernization Movement in modern China for the first time realize modernization attempts. In a certain extent, conform to the trend of historical development, opened a prelude to the modernization of China. But it is, after all, the Qing Dynasty ruling class a self-help movement, its fundamental purpose is to maintain the rule of the corrupt Qing Dynasty, westernization insist on "Westernized Chinese style" as the guiding ideology, trying to learn "objects" and change the "system" of the Qing Dynasty to self-reliance, history has proved thatthe only is the Westernization of the dream.After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, Liang Qichao had criticized the advocates of the Westernization Movement, he profoundly pointed out the drawbacks of the Westernization Movement, which reflected is a newcomer generation of predecessors carefully evaluation, and not the low level factions attacks. Negation of westernization is the future reformers is committed to the development of local, which is the reform history advance and progress compared to the Westernization faction faction.Sino Japanese War triggered by this reflection and criticism, is the negation of the Westernization trend of thought, it is development of the Westernization trend of thought, although in Chinese society at that time "Chinese style Westernization" is not likely to disappear, but the reform trend of thought has begun to gradually replace the Westernization trend of thought and become the mainstream of social trend of thought.Two, to promote the development of the reform movementThe product is not the reform trend of thought after the Sino Japanese War, in fact in 1870s has already begun the initiation of early reform thought. Early Reformers in fact most of the Westernization Movement's supporters and advocates, the beginning and westernization of basic proposition is consistent. But with the changes of social economy and the objective situation. They are no longer satisfied with in the Westernization Movement to accommodate the range, then gradually from degradation.The failure of the Sino Japanese War brought great suffering to the Chinese society, also contributed to the awakening of the Chinese nation in modern times. As Liang said: "wake up the dream of my country for more than 4000 years, since after the failure of the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 cut Taiwan compensation of two megabytes after beginning also." Intellectuals in the crucial moment of national crisis, walk in the forefront of exploration in the road of salvaging the country. Then all kinds of social new ideological trend has emerged, "reforming the trend of rapid rise in the dawn of awakening National Chung, become the mainstream of that time. It attracts all patriotic Chinese seeking nation from the reform way".Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Yan Fu is an outstanding leader in the reform trend of thought and representative. They are already widely in 1894 before contact with western, and increasingly /nzz influenced by new ideas. The Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 fiasco, the national crisis deepened more to stimulate their patriotic heart, shouldering the mission of the times and the fate of the nation, strongly demanded to change the status quo and unyielding.It is in by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, Yan Fu is representative of the reform thinkers effective publicity and active under, Chinese intellectuals gradually from sleep awakening, the reformist ideas soon become the mainstream of social trend of thought, the reform movement has also risen, ultimately contributed to the 1898 Reform Movement of 1898 the climax of the arrival.Three, to promote the rise of democratic revolution thoughtThe Sino Japanese war in promoting the reform trend of a climax at the same time, but also effectively promote the rise of democratic revolution thought. The emergence and development of democratic revolutionary thoughts are inseparable and Chinese revolutionary forerunner Mr. Sun Zhongshan.Before the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895 Sun Yat sen in the face of the serious nationalcrisis produced anti Qing ideas, but he did not from the popular early reform faction of the reformist thought beyond.。