托福必背 Paraphrase同义替换 词汇整理
paraphrase
paraphrase: Although Cairo has been the world's most heavily populated city for many years, the precise population was not known until four weeks ago.
3. 转变词性： The bomb exploded and caused many casualties.
paraphrase: The explosion caused many casualties.
4. 改变语态
We can relate a study of this kind to texts in other media too
关于PARAPHRASE
paraphrase是最重要的一种英文技能： 所谓的用英文思考最终就体现在能用 不同的句子表达相同的东西。常见的 paraphrase的方法：使用同义词，转 换词性，转换语态，句子关系替换等。 具体例子如下，划线部分皆有替换关 系：
1.使用同义词： It is worth looking at one or two aspects of the way a mother behaves towards her baby.
paraphrase: A study of this kind can be related to texts in other media too.
5. 综合
It has long been known that Cairo is the most populous city on earth, but no-one knew exactly how populous it was until last month.
托福阅读中的同义替换
托福阅读中的同义替换在托福考试中阅读的词汇量要求最大，这给很多学生都增加了负担，其实在提到一些难词、术语时一般都会进行paraphrase，即以更常见、更简单的词来解释说明这些词，通俗的说就是将这些不太好理解的单词进行同义替换。
一般说来，我们可以从如下几个方面来进行paraphrase转述表达：1. 同义词、反义词的替换AThe elephant is another animal that lives in groups. An elephant herd usually has from twenty to forty members. The elephants in theherd depend on one another for help in time of trouble.解析：此处groups/ herd是同义词;BDinosaurs were ancient species of reptiles. They lived on Earth for 160 million years. Some dinosaurs were as small as rabbits; others were enormous. Some ate meat, and others ate plants. They disappeared about 65 million years ago. Scientists believe that they starved to death. They think the climate changed quickly and caused many plants to die.解析：此处lived/ disappeared;small/enormous; meat /plants均为反义词词组;2. 词义词性的替换CRecently, more airport officers have been shocked by the growth of animal smuggling. Sometimes, they find live turtles, lizards, frogs, and snakes in passengers' carry-on bags. Smugglers use several tricks to bring animals through airports. They put live snakes into film boxes and birds into tennis ball cans. Police even found an iguana taped to a man's chest. Not all animals are smuggled alive, however. Many die on the way. Animal body parts are also found. These include antlers, skins, dried organs, hooves, or feet.解析：此处smuggling、Smugglers、smuggled都是单词smuggle的不同形式，为了表达不同的词性，做不同的成分，分别使用了不同的词性和词义。
托福口语替换词汇之中性词+贬义词
托福口语替换词汇之中性词+贬义词托福高级形容词替换之中性词+贬义词中性形容词1、许多 manynumerous ['nju?m(?)r?s]Numerous factories have sprung up in this once desolate area.过去这一带满目苍凉，现在却有了无数的工厂。
a host ofThe special theory of relativity has raised a host of questions.狭义相对论引出了许多问题。
multitude ofI was awed by the multitude of stars in the night sky.夜空中的繁星震撼了我。
2、不同的 differentvarious['ve?r??s]These data have been collected from various sources.这些数据是从各方面搜集来的。
a variety ofA variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.各种重工业沿着港口逐渐开展起来。
diverse[da?'v??s]People hold diverse attitudes toward these new regulations.人们对于这些新规定抱有不同的态度。
3、普遍的 commoncommonplace ['k?m?nple?s]Yet on the most commonplace occasion I can never know your thoughts.然而即便在最普通的事情上我也琢摸不透你的心思。
universal[ju?n?'v??s(?)l]Such problems are a universal feature of senior citizens.这类问题是老年人的通病。
paraphrase技巧例子
paraphrase技巧例子Paraphrasing（释义重述）是指用不同的措辞或表达方式来表达相同的含义。
这在写作、学术论文、或者进行文本转述时很有用。
以下是一些paraphrasing技巧的例子：1. 同义词替换：原文：The cat is on the mat.释义：The feline is on the rug.2. 更改句子结构：原文：The conference will take place in Paris next month.释义：Next month, the conference is scheduled to happen in Paris.3. 使用不同的形容词和副词：原文：She spoke loudly and confidently.释义：She spoke with a strong and assured voice.4. 变换时态：原文：The team won the championship last year.释义：Last year, the championship was won by the team.5. 改变从句的语序：原文：Although it was raining, they decided to go for a walk.释义：Despite the rain, they chose to take a walk.6. 加入或删除细节：原文：The painting depicts a serene mountain landscape.释义：In the painting, there is a calm landscape featuring mountains and rivers.7. 变化句子的语气：原文：He must finish the project by Friday.释义：It is imperative that he completes the project by Friday.8. 转换主动语态和被动语态：原文：The chef prepared a delicious meal.释义：A delicious meal was prepared by the chef.9. 使用近义词或短语：原文：The concept is difficult to understand.释义：Grasping the idea can be challenging.10. 删减或合并句子：原文：She has a habit of arriving late, which annoys her colleagues.释义：Her habit of arriving late is a source of annoyance for her colleagues.这些例子展示了paraphrasing的不同技巧，通过运用这些技巧，你可以更灵活地表达相同的意思，从而使文本更加多样化和富有表达力。
托福写作同义词替换大全
托福写作同义词替换⼤全在同学们平常学习⽣活中，总能看见⼀些同义词，在托福写作中进⾏同义词替换，以此来增加⽂章语⾔的多样性，在这⾥托福⼩编对同义词都做了⼀个整理，从⽽帮助⼤家备考。
托福写作同义词替换⼤全1合适的： suitable/ advisable/ sound/ temperate/ rational/ preferable/ reliable/ fitting/ modest/ moderate 精致的： elegant/ delicate/ elaborate/subtle美好的： gorgeous/ glorious/ splendid/ admirable/ breathtaking/ impressive/ spectacular/ superb杰出的： outstanding/ distinguished/ eminent/ excellent/ supreme/ extraordinary/ prominent/ matchless/ foremost托福写作同义词替换⼤全2著名的： famous/ illustrious/ celebrated/ notable聪明的： intelligent/ wise/ ingenious/ sensible/ smart/ clever/ knowledgeable/ capable⼤的： immense/ huge/ spacious/ prodigious/ massive/ enormous/ vast/ tremendous/ expansive⼩的： slight/ tiny/ microscopic/ small/ diminutive/ minuscule重要的： important/ significant/ concernful/ pivotal/ superb/ momentous/ vital/ primary/ essential/ principal/ leading/ major/ dominant/ predominant/ fateful最好的： optimum/ premium托福写作同义词替换⼤全3基本的： underlying/ elementary/ fundamental/ essential/ cardinal不⾜的： insufficient/ scanty/ meager/ needy/ poor/ scarce/ devoid/ empty/ lacking充⾜的： fraught/ sufficient/ enough/ adequate/ abundant过多的： excessive/ redundant/ overabundant/ inordinate特殊的： unique/ matchless/ unrivaled/ extraordinary / special奇怪的： odd/ bizarre/ quaint/ weird/ queer相似的： similar/ approximate/ proximate/ homogeneous/ identical/ equal/ equivalent/ coordinate.托福写作同义词替换⼤全4⽆效的： null/ invalid/ void有效的： valid/ acceptable/ effective/ resultful/ efficient/ competent⾼兴的： delightful/ happy/ hilarious/ exultant/ gleeful/ joyous/ exalted/ blessed/ pleasing/ amusing成就，成功： success/ triumph/ victory/ accomplishment/ achievement/ fruition/ consummation/ attainments失败： failure/ be defeated/ a case of crabs观点： point of view/ standpoint/ viewpoint/ frame of reference/ theory托福写作同义词替换⼤全5财产： treasure/ profit/ fortune/ moneybag/ wealth/ belongings/ estate/ possessions/ property/ riches/ worth好处： advantage/ behoof/ benefit/ gain/ good/ stead优点： excellence/ merit/ strongpoint/ virtue缺点： bug/ disfigurement/ limitation/ objection/ vice/ lacuna/ defect/downside发展： development/ evolution/ progress/ grow普及： popularization/ prevalence.。
Howtoparaphrase
HowtoparaphraseHow to paraphrase不会paraphrase的原因：1、客观原因阅读材料晦涩难懂，可能由于陌生词汇多，或者概念难理解，无法进行概括总结2、主观原因阅读量少，懒于练习，缺少方法。
Paraphrase的四种基本方法：同义词替换单词顺序调换单词形式改变主被动语态肯定否定转换一、Paraphrasing with synonyms同义词替换近义词替换是最常用的paraphrase方法，主要还是实意词（Content words),比如动词（verb)，形容词（Adjective)，副词（Adverb)的替换。
如importance可以换成significance，distinctive可以写作unique。
My car needs petrol.变成：My vehicle requires fuel.Clovis argued that significant improvements were required.变成：Clovis stated that substantial progress was needed.Students’responses to the questionnaire were collected quickly.变成：Students’answers to the survey were obtained rapidly.二．Reversing the order of information单词顺序调换一个句子中会有不一样的信息，通过改变信息的位置也是可以达到转述的目的，改变词序时要注意语法，有时候需要增减单词或改变单词的形式以确保句子的语法正确。
如果不能保证改变语法正确，便最好不要改变单词的位置。
As languages such as Spanish, Chinese and English become more widely used, there is a fear that that many minoritylanguages may die out.变成：There is a fear that many minority languages may die out, as languages such as Spanish, Chinese and English become more widely used.I finished my undergraduate study at University of Leicester in 1996.变成In 1996,I got my bachelor degree from University of Leicester.三、单词形式改变一个单词有多种不同的形式，譬如，名词，动词，形容词和副词，通过改变词性也可以重新paraphrase。
听力常用替换词
雅思听力常用同义词雅思听力中paraphrase，也就是转述或者同义词转换的能力是至关重要的，大多数题目（80%以上）考察的关键就是学生能不能听出录音中说的是题目中关键词的代替词，比如You’d be expected to write an essay each month……and also you need to hand in a short report every four weeks. 而题目问的是What two types of coursework are required each month on the part-time course这里如果考生掌握了every four weeks就是each month 的复现词也是它的同义转换词那么这道题就很容易选出an essay和a short report这两个选项。
以下是我为同学们总结的雅思考试常见同义词,希望能在你们做听力练习的时候有所帮助。
课class /session 报告report/essay 餐厅canteen /refectory/dining room认为believe/assume/suppose 买purchase/buy 限制constrain/restrict/limit环境circumstance/surroundings/environment 繁荣prosperous/thriving/booming/flourishing 有毒的poisonous/toxic 相似look like/resemble 预测forecast/predict分类categorize/classify 代替substitute/replace 导致contribute to/lead to/result in 缺乏inadequate/insufficient/lack/short of 强调emphasize/stress/highlight/focus on明显的apparently/obviously/evidently 组织，机构association/organization超过exceed/surpass 多样的diversity/variety 贫穷poor/in poverty/impoverished 任务job/assignment/task 当前recent/current/nowadays/present/up-to-date重要significant/important/essential/vital/critical 主要的major/most/main/principle解决solve/resolve/deal with/cope with/handle/tackle/address/settle/figure out/work out消除，摆脱get rid of/eliminate 依赖rely on/depend on/ count on要求require/demand/ask/request 给予give/offer/provide 发展develop/cultivate 巨大的significant/enormous/dramatic/tremendous/remarkable将近approximately/almost/about 参与be involved in/join in/participate许多a lot of/a significant proportion of/a wide range of/a variety of鉴于，考虑到given/considering/in regard to/ 能力capacity/ability复杂的complex/complicated/sophisticated 确保secure/ensure/guarantee唯一的solely/only/merely 房子空的available/vacant/unoccupied/on lease房东landlord/landlady/property owner 最大值maximum/up to最小值minimum/start from 提前ahead/in advance 入口entrance/access预定book/make a booking/reserve/make a reservation 注册enroll/register期刊periodical/journal 研讨课，补习班seminar/workshop包括include/involve 科目subject/discipline 遗传descend/inherit优点advantage/merit/plus/virtue/positive/benefit/strength缺点disadvantage/demerit/minus/drawback/negative/downside/weekness/shortcoming危险danger/hazard/threat/risk 费用fee/charge 允许permit/allow专家expert/specialist 考试成绩score/mark/exam result灾难disaster/catastrophe 污染pollute/contaminate下降decrease/fall/drop/dip/plunge/decline/downward上升increase/rise/go up/surge/hike/ascend/grow 发现discover/find遇到come across/encounter 在…方面in term of/with regard to基础的basic/fundamental 抓住catch/seize/grab著名的famous/renowned/celebrated/made someone’s name致命的lethal/fatal 指出indicate/show/point out工资pay/salary/wage 获得gain/get/obtain/acquire经济financial/economy 成就achievement/accomplishment/feat因素factor/element/reason/contributor 结果result/outcome/consequence困难difficulty/hardship/trouble 盈余surplus/have more than it need论文dissertation/essay 调查investigate/research/survey/questionnaire进行，执行carry out/conduct/implement 起草draw up/draft/prepare贷款loan/credit 数据statistics/data/figure 开始start/embark on/initiate晚于later than/dated after 发明innovation/invention/new things方法way/approach/method 搬move/relocate 努力try/struggle/strive/endeavor。
paraphrase (1) 雅思同义词
核心同义词转换重要important, valuable, essential, critical, crucial, vital, indispensable, turning point, require, depend on，priority下降decline, descend, fall, drop, slump, reduce, lessen, minimize, vanish(消失) 上升raise, rise, boom, grow, soar, surge, ascend, speed up, accelerate,充足enough, sufficient, suffice, adequate, plenty, abundant不足defective, inadequate, insufficient, scarce, shortage, lack, deplete促进boost, promote, enhance, further, facilitate繁荣flourish, boom, prosper, thrive有利的beneficial, profitable, rewarding, productive,成功achievement, accomplishments, feats, pay-off致命的deadly, fatal, lethal, mortal优点advantageous, virtue, merit, benefit, positive side,方法approach, access减轻relieve, alleviate退化deteriorate, degenerate, degrade落后的rudimentary, primitive破坏devastate, destroy, demolish, damage, spoil, ruin有害的harmful, devastating, detrimental, disastrous, destructive, catastrophic有毒的poisonous, toxic, noxious复杂的complex, complicated, sophisticated缺点disadvantage, failing, defect, fault, weakness, negative side, drawback, flaw, shortcoming阻碍obstacle, barrier, hurdle, hinder,快速的rapid, swift, quick, instant, immediate, prompt渐渐的gradual, step by step, by degrees 影响influence, effect, impact(负面)干涉interfere, intervene, disturb, disrupt很多的considerable, substantial, countless, numerous, innumerable, enormous, tremendous, dramatic, significant, vast, broad, wide, great强烈的intense, intensive, severe, extreme, drastic, explosive基本的fundamental, basic, foundation 卓越的excellent, stand out, exceptional, distinguished, remarkable, extraordinary, prominent, eminent, dominant明显的marked, obvious, evident, apparent, remarkable与…有关connected with, link to, associate with, relate to, involve with, concern with, with regard to, regarding, concerning, on, about创新novel, innovative, creative, original 最近的recent, current, nowadays, present, contemporary适合的appropriate, proper, suitable, fit 昂贵的expensive, costly, luxurious客观的objective, unbiased, impersonal公平的fair, equal, equitable, impartial, just随意的casual, random, unplanned改变transform, shift, revise, convert, turn, modify, change提供offer, grant, supply, render, provide 发送transmit, deliver, emit, give off取代displace, take the place of, give way to, substitute, take over同意agree, concur, reach consensus,限制restrict, restrain, constrain, confine, bound, limit产生create, produce, develop, manufacture, yield, generate强调emphasize, stress, focus on, highlight, concentrate激励motivate, spur, impetus, driving force, push, stimulus, thrust, incentive 导致lead to, contribute to, bring about, result in, breed, induce, spark源自于originate from, stem from, derive from, date back to, come from开始start, begin, initiate, launch, commence, embark on回忆recall, recollect, retrospect, remember, memorize预期anticipate, forecast, predict, expect, foresee大约approximate, about, almost, nearly 能力ability, capacity, faculty, competence环境circumstance, environment, surrounding, background, setting像like, such as, similar to, resemble附：雅思同义词转换不是像大家手机有道字典里的那种，用我上课时候说法是有人文气息。
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exclude, omit
Leave out
create
Come up with
seek
Look for
reduce
Cut down on,
Go back
increase
Go up
fail
Fall through
investigate
Look into
understand
Figure out
表现，显现出
show, display, demonstrate, represent
确保
ensure, guarantee, assure (of), promise
决定
decide, choose, make up one's mind
正在做，努力
work on
查明
find out, discover, figure out
eliminate
Rule out
resemble
Look like
find accidentally
Run across
examine
Look over
meet by accident
Run into
locate information
Look up
arrange
Set up
respect
Look up to
improve, make better, enhance
知道了解，意识到
know, be aware/conscious of, realize, get information about
证实，表明
show, suggest, indicate, make it clear that
影响
affect(vt.), influence(vt.), have influence/effect/impact on
appear unexpectedly
Show up
understand with difficulty
Make out
state in detail
Spell out
invent, compose
Make up
represent
Stand for
select
Pick out
protrude
Stick out
clarify
Clear up
precede
Go before
happen
Come about
decrease
Go down
find
Come across
review
Go over
accidentally
Come by find
experience, penetrate
Go through
publish, produce
上升，增加
increase, go up, rise, raise, growth
下降，减少/小
decrease, reduce, lower, fall, drop, go/come down, decline. (n.) fall, decline, drop
变
change, alter, become (different/big/small/..), get, grow
show, indicate
Point account
postpone
Put off
occur
Take place
tolerate
Put up with
discard
Throw away
finish
Wind up
test
Try out
discover
Turn up
Paraphrase同义替换
单词
同意替换
单词
同意替换
cause
Bring out
discover
Find out
continue, transact
Carry on,Go on,
Keep on
emit
Give off
complete,
accomplish
Carry out
follow
Go after
导致，引起
cause, result in, lead to, bring about, contribute to
需要
require, need, it is necessary for..to.., demand
担心
worry about, be concerned about, care about
参加
join, take part in, participate in, engage in, get involved in, attend, be a part of
调整，调节
adjust, regulate, control
产生，创造
create, produce, make, generate, bring about, form
解决
solve/resolve, address, deal with, work out, tackle
解释
tell, explain, spell out, say how..
限制
limit, restrict, confine, put a limit on
延期相关
extra time, extension, later deadline; put off, postpone, put back to, delay(until)
观点
idea, belief, view, opinion
行为方式，做法
act, practice
因素
cause, factor, reason
beneficial, helpful, useful, be a great help to, do good to, bring benefit to, be good for
名词
任务
assignment, job, work, task
方法
way, approach, strategy, method
（被）允许
allow, permit, can, may, be free to do
恢复，复原
restore, recover, bring back
阻止
prevent, stop, keep (sth/sb from doing sth)
花费
spend, take, cost, put in, make effort
不变
fixed, constant, stable, unchanged (unchanging)
采取(措施
adopt, take
提出(政策)
propose, offer
废除
eliminate, get rid of, dispense with
提供
provide, offer, give
提高，变好
transform
Turn into
conclude
Turn out
动词
能，会，可以
can, (would) be able to, have the chance/ opportunity to do
应该
should, be supposed to, shall, have to, must, be required to, it is necessary for sb. to..
副词
很大程度上，基本上
greatly, considerably, enormously, significantly, basically
最后
in the end, eventually, at last, finally
形容词
合适
fit, suit, be suitable/fit/right
有好处