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2023年6月英语四级考试真题与答案

6月英语四级考试真题与答案真题：Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of students selecting their lectures. You should write at least 120words following the outline given bellow:1. 越来越多旳博物馆免费对外开放旳目旳是什么？2. 也会带来某些问题3. 你旳见解？Free admission to museumsPart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose thebest answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D). For questions8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.How Do You See Diversity?As a manager, Tiffany is responsible for interviewing applicants for some ofthe positions with her company .During one interview, she noticed that the candidate never made direct eye contact. She was puzzled and somewhat disappointed because she liked the individual otherwise.He had a perfect resume and gave good responses to her questions, but the fact that he never looked her in the eye said “untrustworthy,” so she decided to offer the job to her second choice.“It wasn’t until I attended a diversity workshop that I realized the person we passed over was the perfect person,”Tiffany confesses. What she hadn’t known at the time of the interview was that the candidate’s “different” behavior was simply a cultural misunderstanding . He was an Asian-American raised in a household where respect for those in authority was shown by averting(避开) your eyes.“I was just thrown off by the lack of ye contact; not realizing it was cultural,”Tiffany says. “I missed out ,but will not miss that opportunity again.”Many of us have had similar encounters with behaviors we perceive as different. As the world becomes smaller and our workplaces more diverse, it is becoming essential to expand our under-standing of others and to reexamine some of our false assumptions .Hire AdvantageAt a time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult ,employers who can eliminate invalid biases(偏爱) from the process have a distinct advantage .My company, Mindsets LLC ,helps organizations and individuals see their own blind spots . A real estate recruiter we worked with illustrates the positive difference such training can make .“During my Mindsets coaching session ,I was taught how to recruit adiversified workforce. I recruited people from different cultures and skill sets .The agents were able to utilize their full potential and experiences to build up the company .When the real estate market began to change, it was because we had a diverse agent pool that we were able to stay in the real estate market much longer than others in the same profession.”Blinded by GenderDale is an account executive who attended one of my workshops on supervising a diverse workforce . “Through one of the sessions ,I discovered my personal bias ,”he recalls . “I learned I had not been looking at a person as a whole person , and being open to differences .”In his case , the blindness was not about culture but rather gender .“I had a management position open in my department ;and the two finalists were a man and a woman . Had I not attended this workshop , I would have automatically assumed the man was the best candidate because the position required quite a bit of extensive travel . My reasoning would have been that even though both candidates were great and could have been successful in the position , I assumed the woman would have wanted to be home with her children and not travel .”Dale’s assumptions are another example of the well-intentioned but incorrect thinking that limits an organization’s ability to tap into the full potential of a diverse workforce .“I learned from the class that instead of imposing my gender biases into the situation , I needed to present the full range of duties, responsibilities and expectations to all candidates and allow them to make an informed decision .” Dale credits the workshop , “because it helped me make decisions based on fairness .”Year of the Know-It-AllDoug is another supervisor who attended one of my workshops .He recalls a major lesson learned from his own employee.“One of my most embarrassing moments was when I had a Chinese-American employee put in a request to take time off to celebrate Chinese New Year . In my ignorance , I assumed he had his dates wrong , as the first of January had just passed . When I advised him of this , I gave him a long talking-to about turning in requests early with the proper dates .“He patiently waited , then when I was done , he said he would like Chinese New Year did not begin January first , and that Chinese New Year ,which is tied to the lunar cycle ,is one of the most celebrated holidays on the Chinese calendar . Needless to say , I felt very embarrassed in assuming he had his dates mixed up . But I learned a great deal about assumptions , and that the timing of holidays varies considerably from culture to culture .“Attending the diversity workshop helped me realize how much I could learn by simply asking questions and creating dialogues with my employees , rather than making assumptions and trying to be a know-it-all ,”Doug admits . “The biggest thing I took away from the workshop is learning how to be more ‘inclusive’to differences.”A better Bottom LineAn open mind about diversity not only improves organizations internally , it is profitable as well . These comments from a customer service representative show how an inclusive attitude can improve sales .”Most of my customers speak English as a second language . One of the best things my company has done is to contract with a language service that offers translations over the phone . It wasn’t until myboss received Mindsets’training that she was able to understand how important inclusiveness was to customer service . As result , our customer base has increased .”Once we start to see people as individuals . and discard the stereotypes , we can move positively toward inclusiveness for everyone . Diversity is about coming together and taking advantage of our differences and similarities . It is about building better communities and organizations that enhance us as individuals and reinforce our shared humanity .When we begin to question our assumptions and challenge what we think we have learned from our past , from the media, peers , family , friends , etc , we begin to realize that some of our conclusions are flawed(有缺陷旳) or contrary to our fundamental values . We need to train our-selves to think differently , shift our mindsets and realize that diversity opens doors for all of us ,creating opportunities in organizations and communities that benefit everyone .1.What bothered Tiffany during an interview with her candidate?A)He just wouldn’t look her in the eye.B)He was slow in answering her questions.C)His answers to some of her questions were irrelevant.D)His answers to some of her questions were irrelevant .2. Tiffany’s misjudgment about the candidate stemmed from .A) Racial stereotypes. C) Racial stereotypes.B) Invalid personal bias . D) Emphasis on physical appearance3. What is becoming essential in the course of economic globalizationaccording to the author?A) Hiring qualified technical and management personnel.B) Increasing understanding of people of other cultures.C) Constantly updating knowledge and equipment.D) Expanding domestic and international markets.4. What kind of organization is Mindsets LLC?A) A real estate agency. C) A cultural exchange organization.B) A personnel training company. D) A hi-tech company5. After one of the workshops ,account executive Dale realized that .A) He had hired the wrong person.B) He could have done more for his company.C) He had not managed his workforce well.D) He must get rid of his gender bias.6. What did Dale think of Mindsets LLC’s workshop?A) It was well-intentioned but poorly conducted.B) It tapped into the executives’ full potential.C) It helped him make fair decisions.D) It met participants’ diverse needs.7. How did Doug, a supervisor, respond to a Chinese-American employee’srequest for leave?A)He told him to get the dates right. C)He flatly turned it downB)He demanded an explanation. D)He readily approved it.8. Doug felt when he realized that his assumption was wrong.9. After attending Mindsets’workshops, the participants came to know theimportance of to their business.10. When we view people as individuals and get rid of stereotypes , we canachieve diversity and benefit from the between us.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 Minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questionswill be asked about what was said .Both the conversation and thequestions will be spoken only once .After each question there will be apause . During the pause, you must read the four choices markedA),B),C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark thecorresponding letter on Answer sheet 2with a single line through thecentre.11. A) She expected more people at her party.B) She enjoys entertaining small children.C) She threw a surprise party for her friendD) She has always enjoyed great popularity.12. A) They are not used to living in a cold place.B) They feel lucky to live in Florida.C) They are going to have a holiday.D) They have not booked their air tickets yet.13. A) He was pleased to get the medal. C) He used to be a firefighter.B) He was very courageous. D) He was accused of causing a fire.14. A) Make a profitable investment. C) Get parts for the machine fromJapan.B) Buy a new washing machine D) Have the old washing machinefixed.15. A) He is pleased with his exciting new job.B) He finds the huge workload unbearable.C) He finds his office much too big for him.D) He is not so excited about his new position.16. A) The woman is going to hold a big party tomorrow.B) The man has no idea what the right thing to do is.C) The woman doesn’t know how to get to the party.D) The man offers to drive the woman to the party.17. A) Drawing up a business plan. C) Finalizing a contract.B) Discussing a term paper. D) Reviewing a co-authored article.18. A) She ordered some paper. C) She chatted online with a friendB) She had the printer repaired. D) She filled in an application form Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. A) His health is getting worse. C) His past life upsets him a gooddeal.B) He can no longer work at sea. D) He has not got the expectedpension.20. A) She passed away years ago. C) She has been working at a clinic.B) She used to work as a model. D) She has been seriously ill for years.21. A) She has made lots of money as a doctor.B) She is going to take care of her old dad.C) She has never got on with her father.D) She is kind and generous by nature.22. A) He dines out with his wife every weekend.B) He is excellent but looks had-tempered.C) He does not care about his appearance.D) He is not quite popular with his patients.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. A) The man has sent the order to the woman by mistakeB) Some of the telephone systems don’t work properlyC) Some of the packs do not contain any manuals.D) The quality of the goods is not up to the standard.24. A) Send a service engineer to do the repairs.B) Consult her boss about the best solution.C) Pass the man’s order to the right person.D) The quality of the goods is not up to the standard.25. A) Ideal. C) PartialB) Temporary D) CreativeSection BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages .At the end of each passage .You will hear some questions. Boss the passage and thequestions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you mustchoose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C) and D).Then the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single linethrough the centre.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. A) It is entertaining. C) It takes lots of time.B) It is a costly hobby. D) It requires training.27. A) They can harm nearby plants. C) They fight each other for food.B) They may catch some disease. D) They may pollute the environment.28. A) Place the food on warmer spots. C) Avoid using any contaminated food.B) Use prepared feed mixtures only. D) Continue the feeding till it gets warm. Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. A) He will betray even his best friends.B) He is able to make up good excuses.C) He will lie whenever he wants.D) He tries to achieve his goal at any cost30. A) She made him apologize C) She broke up with him.B) She readily forgave him D) She refused to answer his calls.31. A) Buy her a new set of tires. C) Lend her his batteries.B) Help clean her apartment. D) Move furniture for her.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. A) The atmosphere they live in is rather unreal.B) Their parents put too much pressure on them.C) It’s hard for them to get along with other kids.D) They have to live in the shadow of their parents.33. A) He always boasts about his rich father.B) He will grow up to be good for nothing.C) He has too much to know the value of things.D) He is too young to manage his inherited property.34. A) She wants Amanda to get professional care.B) She has no experience in raising children.C) She wants to show off her wealth.D) She has no time to do it herself.35. A) The lifestyle depicted in Hollywood movies.B) The worship of money, beauty and pleasure.C) The attention the media focuses on them.D) The pursuing of perfection in performance.Section CDirections : In this section , you will hear a passage three times .When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea .When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill inthe blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have justheard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in themissing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exactwords you have just heard or write down the main points in your ownwords. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you shouldcheck what you have written .Around 120 years ago, Ebbinghaus began his study of memory.He(36) .on studying how quickly the human mind can remember (37) . One result of his research is known as the total time hypothesis(假设), which simply means the amount you learn (38) on the time you spend trying to learn it . This can be taken as our first rule of learning.Although it is usually true that studying for four hours is better than studying for one, there is still the question of how we should use the four hours. For example, is it better to study for four hours (39) or to study for one hour a day for four days in a (40) ?. The answer, as you may have (41) , is that it is better to spread out the study times. This (42) , through which we can learn more (43) .by dividing our practice time, is known as the distribution of practice effect. Thus, (44).But we’re not finished yet. We haven’t considered how we should study over very short periods of time. (45).Should you look at the same word in rapid succession, or look at the word and then have some delay before you look at it again ?(46).Part IV Reading Comprehension (reading in depth) (25 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a wordbank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully beforemaking your choices. Each choice in bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the wordsin the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.Every year in the first week of my English class, some students inform me that writhing is too hard. They never write, unless assignments 47 it . They fine the writing process 48 and difficult.How awful to be able to speak in a language but not to write in it- 49 English , with its rich vocabulary . Being able to speak but not write is like living in an 50 mansion(豪宅) and never leaving one small room . When I meet students who think they can’t write, I know as a teacher my 51 is to show them the rest of the rooms . My task is to build fluency while providing the opportunity inherent in any writing activity to 52 the moral and emotional development of my students . One great way to do this is by having students write in a journal in class every day.Writing ability is like strength training. Writing needs to be done 53 , just like exercise ; just as muscles grow stronger with exercise , writing skills improve quickly with writing practice. I often see a rise in student confidence and 54 after only a few weeks of journal writing .Expressing oneself in writing is one of the most important skills I teach to strengthen the whole student. When my students practice journal writing, they are practicing for their future academic, political, and 55 lives . They build skills so that some day they might write a great novel, a piece of sorely needed legislation, orthe perfect love letter. Every day that they write in their journals puts them a step 56 to fluency , eloquence (雄辩), and command of language .Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are fourchoices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choiceand mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2with a singleline through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.The January fashion show, called FutureFashion , exemplified how far green design has come. Organized by the New York-based nonprofit Earth Pledge, the show inspired many top designers to work with sustainable fabrics for the first time. Several have since made pledges to include organic fabrics in their lines.The designers who undertake green fashion still face many challenges. ScottHahn, cofounder with Gregory of Rogan and Loomstate, which uses all-organic cotton, says high-quality sustainable materials can still be tough to fine . “Most designers with existing labels are finding there aren’t comparable fabrics that can just replace what you’re doing and shat your customers are used to,”he says. For example, organic cotton and non-organic cotton are virtually indistinguishable once woven into a dress. But some popular synthetics, like stretch nylon, still have few eco-friendly equivalents.Those who do make the switch are finding they have more support. Last year the influential trade show Designers & Agents stopped charging its participation fee for young green entrepreneurs(企业家) who attend its two springtime shows in Los Angeles and New York and gave special recognition to designers whose collections are at least 25% sustainable . It now counts more than 50 green designers, up from fewer than a dozen two years ago. This week Wal-Mart is set to announce a major initiative aimed at helping cotton farmers go organic: it will buy transitional(过渡型旳) cotton at higher prices , thus helping to expand the supply of a key sustainable material . “Mainstream is about to occur,” says Hahn.Some analysts(分析师) are less sure . Among consumers, only 18%are even aware that ecofashion exists, up from 6% four years ago. Natalie Hormilla, a fashion writer, is an example of the unconverted consumer, when asked if she owned any sustainable clothes, she replied: “Not that I’m aware of.” Like most consumers, she finds little time to shop, and when she does, she’s on the hunt for “cute stuff that isn’t too expensive.”By her own admission, green just isn’t yet on her mind. But –thanks to the combined efforts of designers, retailers and suppliers –one day it will be.57. What is said about FutureFashion?A) It inspired many leading designers to start going green.B) It showed that designers using organic fabrics would go far.C) It served as an example of how fashion shows should be organized.D) It convinced the public that fashionable clothes should be made durable.58. According to Scott Hahn, one big challenge to designers who will go organic isthat .A) much more time is needed to finish a dress using sustainable materials .B) they have to create new brands for clothes made of organic materials .C) customers have difficulty telling organic from non-organic materials .D) quality organic replacements for synthetics are not readily available .59. We learn from Paragraph 3 that designers who undertake greenfashion .A) can attend various trade shows free .B) are readily recognized by the fashion worldC) can buy organic cotton at favorable prices .D) are gaining more and more support .60. What is Natalie Hormilla’s attitude toward ecofashion?A) She doesn’t seem to care about it. C) She is doubtful of its practicalvalue.B) She doesn’t think it is sustainable D) She is very much opposed to theidea61. What does the author think of green fashion?A) Green products will soon go mainstream.B) It has a very promising future.C) Consumers have the final say.D) It will appeal more to young people.Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Scientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand(缕) of hair , a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims .The method relies on measuring how chemical variations in drinking water show up in people’s hair.“You’re what you eat and drink, and that’s recorded in you hair,”said Thure Cerling, a geologist at the University of Utah.While U.S diet is relatively identical, water supplies vary. The differences result from weather patterns. The chemical composition of rainfall changes slightly as raid clouds move.Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable , but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes(同位素) . The heaviest raid falls first .As a result, storms that form over the Pacific deliver heavier water to Californiathan to Utah.Similar patterns exist throughout the U.S. By measuring the proportion of heavier hydrogen and oxygen isotopes along a strand of hair, scientists can construct a geographic timeline. Each inch of hair corresponds to about two months.Cerling’s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences. They checked the accuracy of the map by testing 200 hair samples collected from 65 barber shops.They were able to accurately place the hair samples in broad regions roughly corresponding to the movement of raid systems.“It’s not good for pinpointing (精确定位),”Cerling said . “It’s good for eliminating many possibilities.”Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake.The woman was 5 feet tall. Police recovered 26 bones, a T-shirt and several strands of hair.When Park heard about the research, he gave the hair samples to the researchers. Chemical testing showed that over the two years before her death, she moved about every two months.She stayed in the Northwest, although the test could not be more specific than somewhere between eastern Oregon and western Wyoming.“It’s still a substantial area,” Park said “But it narrows it way down for me.”62. What is the scientists’ new discovery?A) One’s hair growth has to do with the amount of water they drink.B) A person’s hair may reveal where they have lived.C) Hair analysis accurately identifies criminal suspects.D) The chemical composition of hair varies from person to person.63. What does the author mean by “You’re what you eat and drink” (Line 1, Para.3)?A) Food and drink affect one’s personality development.B) Food and drink preferences vary with individuals.C) Food and drink leave traces in one’s body tissues.D) Food and drink are indispensable to one’s existence.64. What is said about the rainfall in America’s West?A) There is much more rainfall in California than in Utah.B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland.C) Its chemical composition is less stable than in other areas.D) It gathers more light isotopes as it moves eastward.65. What did Cerling’s team produce in their research?A) A map showing the regional differences of tap water.B) A collection of hair samples from various barber shops.C) A method to measure the amount of water in human hair.D) A chart illustrating the movement of the rain system.66. What is the practical value of Cerling’s research?A) It helps analyze the quality of water in different regions.B) It helps the police determine where a crime is committed.C) It helps the police narrow down possibilities in detective work.D) It helps identify the drinking habits of the person under investigation.Part V Cloze (15 minutes)Kimiyuki Suda should be a perfect customer for Japan’s car-makers. He’s a young, successful executive at an Internet-services company in Tokyo and has plenty of disposable 67 . He used to own Toyota’s Hilux Surf, a sport utility vehicle. But now he uses 68 subways and grains . “It’s not inconvenient at all ,”he says 69 , “having a car is so 20th century.”Suda reflects a worrisome 70 in Japan; the automobile is losing its emotional appeal, 71 among the young ,who prefer to spend their money on the latest electronic devices. 72 mini-cars and luxury foreign brands are still popular ,everything in between is 73 .Last 67. A) profit C) incomeB) payment D) budget68. A) mostly C) occasionallyB) partially D) rarely69. A) Therefore C) OtherwiseB) Besides D) Consequently70. A) drift C) currentB) tide D) trend71. A) remarkably C) speciallyB) essentially D )particularly72. A) While C) WhenB) Because D) Since73. A) surging C) slippingB) stretching D) shakingAlarmed by this state of 79 , the Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) 80 a comprehensive study of the market in . It found that a 81 wealth gap, demographic(人口构造旳) changes and 82 lack of interest in cars led Japanese to hold their83 longer , replace their cars with smaller ones 84 give up car ownership altogether .JAMA 79. A) mess C) growthB) boom D) decay80. A) proceeded C) launchedB)relieved D) revised81. A) quickening C) strengtheningB) widening D) lengthening82. A) average C) abundantPart VI Translation (5 minutes)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.87. Soon after he transferred to the new school , Ali found that he had (很难跟上班里旳同学)in math and English.88. If she had returned an hour earlier , Mary (就不会被大雨淋湿了).89. It is said that those who are stressed or working overtime are(更有也许增长体重).90. (诸多人所没故意识到旳) is that Simon is a lover of sports.and football in particular.91.The study shows that the poor functioning of the human body is(与缺乏锻炼亲密有关)参照答案Part I WritingFree Admission to Museums（满分版）Nowadays, an increasing number of museums are admission-free to visitors home and abroad. The hidden reason behind this is not hard to analyze as there’s a。

新视野英语教程2.doc附答案

《新视野英语教程2》试卷试卷一请考生注意，试卷一的答案要填在答题卡上，填在试卷上无效。

试卷二的答案要写在试卷二上。

（只交答题卡和试卷二）。

Part I Reading Comprehension (24 points)Directions:There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage.It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a lO-knownmile race over a course with a few high hills. Still, I felt energetic; despite the hills it was going to be a fine run.Just ahead of me was Peggy Mimno, a teacher from Mount Kiseo, New York. She too was running easily, moving along at my speed. The pace felt comfortable, so I decided to stay where I was; why pay attention to pace when she was setting such a nice one? I'd overtake(追上) her later on when she tired.So I ran behind her. The course headed north for miles, wandered west for a hilly mile, then turned south again along a winding road. The race was getting harder. We had four miles left and already it was beginning to be real work.Peggy overtook a young runner. She seemed to know him, for they exchanged a few cheerful words as she passed him. Their exchange worried me. You don't chat during a race unless you feeling good, and Peggy plainly was.Still, I was close enough to overtake her if she tired, so I didn't give up hope completely. We were getting nearer to a long, punishing hill now and it would be the test. We were a mile from the finish line, so whatever happened on the hill would almost determine who crossed it first.As I moved up the hill, my attention wandered for a few minutes. When I looked up, Peggy was moving away--first five yards, then ten, then more. Finally it was clear that there was no help of catching her. She beat me soundly.There is an important lesson in that race. Women are thought to be weaker, slower and not nearly as skilled in sport. Yet as Peggy Mimno so clearly showed, the similarities between men and women runners are more important than differences. I have run with a number of women, andI can say it is often hard work.1. What did the writer think of the race in the beginning?A. It would be hard work.B. It would be an easy race.C. It would be a test of his strength.D. It would be a good learning experience.2. What worried the writer when Peggy greeted the young runner?A. Peggy overtook the young runner.B. Peggy was running energetically.C. Peggy was laughing as the writer.D. Peggy paid no attention to the writer.3. By saying "a long, punishing hill" (paragraph 5 ), the writer implies that _____________ .A. Peggy would fail to reach the hilltopB. men are more skilled at climbing hillsC. overtaking Peggy would be easyD. climbing the hill would be a demanding task4. What lesson does the writer learn from the race?A. Women are as good as men in sport.B. Women are better at climbing hills.C. He should have more training in a cross-country race.D. He should set a quicker pace at the beginning of a race.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the following passage.Though war is something people hate, Director Feng Xiaogang often exposes his audience to it. “If we don’t impress the audience, who are without the painful experience of war, with the cruel injury to life and human nature war causes, how can we bring them a love of peace and objection to war?” asked the director with anger in his eyes.After Red River Valley and Lover’s Grief over the Yellow River, both of which star Chinese model and actress Ning Jing, Feng drew a satisfactory full stop to his war trilogy last month with Purple Sunset.The film tells a story which took place in 1945, at the very moment when World War II was drawing to and end. A Chinese peasant and a Soviet woman soldier flee into a forest, where they seize a Japanese girl. They follow the girl in the hope that she will take them out of the forest, but instead they arrive in a Japanese base. Humanity （仁慈）prevents them from killing the young, innocent victim of Japanese militarism（军国主义）. This humanity, the longing for peace and eagerness to survive, make the three unite.“If people are touched by justice, tolerance and unselfishness, I think I have achieved my goal,” Feng said. Feng admits that there are violent and bloody scenes in the film, such as tanksfighting and Japanese burning Chinese people alive, to show t he cruelty of war. But that’s never his personal preference, he says. “Everyone who has watched my films can tell how much I detest war, “he said, “I wrote all the things for my war films by myself. Whenever I finished one, I felt as though I had suffered great pain.”Feng regards every one of his productions as an opportunity to learn about human nature and humanity. In spite of violent scenes which frighten and sicken the audience, a balance is sought with beautiful scenery. Just like the snowy mountains in Red River Valley and the grand plateau in Lover’s Grief over the Yellow River, a beautiful vast grassland appears in this film. “I used to study art and I appreciate beautiful things,” Feng said. “I believe that films should offer the audience a chance to enjoy beauty.”5. Director Feng Xiaogang shot war film because_________.A. he was deeply interested in such a topicB. he wanted to give the audience the painful experience of warC. he hoped to arouse people’s love of peace and objection to warD. he dreamed of becoming a world-famous director6. A Chinese peasant and a Soviet woman soldier seized a Japanese girl so that_____.A. they could find the Japanese base easilyB. she could take them out of the forestC. they could kill her for revenge（报复）D. it would cause the Japanese militarism to give in7.Scenes of Japanese burning Chinese people alive in the film are to ______.A. show that war is cruelB. attract people’s interestC. show Feng’s personal p reference and interestD. make the film moving and interesting8.The underlined word “detest” in this passage refers to ________.A. hateB. likeC. fleeD. know aboutQuestions 9 to 12 are based on the following passageYou must be at the examination center ten minutes before the examination starts. If you are more than ten minutes late, you may not enter the examination center. The examination takes place at the same time in different states.You must have proof of your name and grade as well as official examination number. Show these when you come to the examination center.Depending on which examination you are taking, you may bring certain items into the examination center. Mathematics examinations may allow you to use electronic calculators. Other subjects may allow you to use dictionaries and other reference material. Please read the notes sent with your timetable carefully.You must bring your own pencils. None will be provided for you. The following items are not allowed in the examination center: walkmans and radios, head sets, any food or drink, school bags, electronic equipment (unless specially permitted for varioussubjects), and mobile phones.Once in the center, you must sit at the desk with your examination number on it. When you sit down, place your examination number at the top corner of your desk.You must remain silent during the examination. You must not disturb other people who are taking the test.If you need a drink or toilet break, you should raise you had and wait for the supervisor to speak to you. You will be given water or the supervisor will take you to the bathroom. You are not allowed to talk with anyone during the break.You must write your answers in the official answer sheet. Your supervisor will provide extra paper if you wish to make notes.You may leave the examination room at any time if you do not plan to return. If you finish early and want to leave, please move well away from the examination center.The supervisor will warn you fifteen minutes, five minutes and one minute before the end of the examination. When the supervisor says that the time is up, you must put down your pencil and wait at your desk until your paper is collected.9. What kind of examination are these rules probably for?A. A local examB. A final exam.C. A college exam.D. A national exam.10. What are you allowed to have with you when you take mathematics examination?A. Related material.B. Proof of yourself.C. A cell phone.D. A dictionary.11. What should you do if you finish the test early, and want to get a better result?A. Take some notes carefully.B. Leave the room immediately.C. Remain in your seat and check again.D. Raise your hand to inform your teacher.12. What can be provided for you during the exam?A. Pencils.B. Food and drink.C. Extra paper.D. Calculators.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (40 points)Section A (10 points)Directions:There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B) C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.13.The workers are repairing the house. It was ______ by a fallen tree during the last storm.A. struckB. operatedC. describedD. calculated14. We often ______ the happy time we spent at your home last summer.A. recallB. remindC. presentD. provide15. The timetable says that the plane ______ off at 8:30 every morning.A. tookB. takesC. is takingD. had taken16. Being poor makes many people sad. But in the case of my father, it influences him ______.A. otherwiseB. equallyC. suitableD. additionally17. If you find this is not the most suitable job, please check _____ others on the job market..A. inB. withoutC. outD. beyond18 Does _____ want to buy this book? It’s only $3.50, but it tells an interesting story.A. anyoneB. somethingC. anythingD. someone19. It was reported that the earthquake was the most ______ to have struck that ared in fifty years.A. excitingB. specialC. powerfulD. favourite20. She promised to give me whatever help I _______.A. will needB. had neededC. was needingD. would need21. It’s well accepted that we are able to ______ a person by what he or she says.A. composeB. judgeC. implyD. employ22. I’m _____ of his purpose in saying those words, but I don’t want to argue with him.A. confidentB. carelessC. contentD. conscious试卷二姓名__________ 系别__________ 学号__________ 英语班级______ 成绩______ Section B (20 points)Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words given below, changing the form if necessary. Fill in each blank with one word only.Actually value character annual arrest impress confident satisfy beneath Condition introduce silent chat spoil wander highly declare relax guidance instinct23. He looks young, but _____ he is much the elder of the two.24. His works mirrored such positive _____ as cheerfulness and kindness.26.In my own life, I have developed some of both my mother and fahther’s ________.27.His an ______ income is $36000; that is , he earns $3,000 a month.28.If you had answered the policeman honestly, you would not have been ______.29.It is not what you say but what you do that _______ people most.30.In contrast to ypur belief that we will fail, I am _______ that we will succeed.31.I’m not at all ______ with the service at the restaurant.32.I’m afraid that he will be overcome _______ shock on hearing the nems.33.She bought a car several years ago, and it is now still in good _______.34.Do you remember being _______ to Dr. Smith during your last visit?35.Don’t keep _____ during the neeting. I want to hear your opinion.36.When Tim and his old classmates meet, they will always ______ about the good old days atschool.37.The cake will _______ if you don’t keep it in a cool place.38.She was scared to see two strange men _____ about near her apartment building.39.These people are not good enough for the jobs; we need _______ skilled workers.40.The rich young man ______ that he would marry the poor girl.41.The doctor told him to _______ a month or so before going back to work.42.Under the team leader’s _______, we did very well in the match.43.She knew on ______ that he would never come back if he went abroad.Section C (10 points)Directions: Fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a suitable prepisition or adverb.43. We should try our best to stop young people _______ smoking.44. His knowledge is only limited ______ what is taught in class.45. The old couple live ______ their nursery garden.46. The weather is said to be good throughout this week, so it should turn _____ fine tomorrow.47. Our math teacher is very nice, as he never seems tired _____ answering our questions.48. People all over the world should be concerned _______ drug and pollution problems.49. The little baby was very excited _____ the sight of his mother.50. ______ the past three years, he has been attending evening classes to study English.51. I don’t want anyone to bring ______ the subject any more.52. Hard work, combined _____ right methods, will always give you an advantage over others. Part IV. Translation from Chinese into English (21 points)53.Now, I do not for a moment mean to speak poorly of business; my whole point is that it was just not for me._______________________________________________________________________________ 54.All necessary information about the meeting will be supplied to us by the organizer in advance. _______________________________________________________________________________ 55.Thanks to the confidence I picked up from Helen, I dreamed of having my own reataurant one day._______________________________________________________________________________ 56.如果他一开始谈论过去，你就永远都没法从他那儿脱身。

2024届北京市部分区中考英语全真模拟试卷含答案

2024届北京市部分区中考英语全真模拟试卷含答案请考生注意：1．请用2B铅笔将选择题答案涂填在答题纸相应位置上，请用0．5毫米及以上黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔将主观题的答案写在答题纸相应的答题区内。

写在试题卷、草稿纸上均无效。

2．答题前，认真阅读答题纸上的《注意事项》，按规定答题。

Ⅰ. 单项选择1、—TV says there will be a storm tomorrow.—___________, I planned to go climbing with my classmates.A．I hope so B．I’m afraid soC．Sounds good D．Bad luck2、We’ll go to the farm and help the farmers with the apple-picking if it ______tomorrow.A．isn’t rain B．will be rainy C．doesn’t rain D．is raining3、A lot of people like reading newspapers ________ they can learn what is happening in the world.A．so that B．even though C．as soon as4、The poor man needs our help, he?A．need B．needn't C．does D．doesn't5、________of the land in that town _______ covered with trees and grass.A．Two fifth; is B．Two fifth; are C．Two fifths; is D．Two fifths; are6、The man with a black hat was seen the shopping mall just now.A．enter B．entering C．entered D．to enter7、— The accident was really terrible.— Y es, it was. The young man on the bicycle was too ________.A．careful B．careless C．carefully D．carelessly8、—I have never visited a paper factory. —_____A．So have I. B．So I have. C．Neither have I. D．I haven’t no9、It’s ____ world of wonders , _____world where anything can happen .A．a ; the B．a ; a C．the ; a D．/ ; /10、--- TuYouyou has won the Nobel Prize.--- ______ great she is! We Chinese are so proud of her.A．What a B．What C．How a D．HowⅡ. 完形填空11、One day, a teacher was speaking to a group of students about how to plan their time.He gave an example that those students would never 1He pulled out a wide jar (罐子) and put it on the table.He also took out several rocks and 2 put them into the jar one at a time.When no more rocks would be fit inside, he asked. "Is this jar full?"Everyone in the class shouted. "Yes." The teacher replied. "Really?" He pulled out a box of small stones.He dumped(丢下) some in and 3 the jar.The stones went down into the spaces 4 the big rocks.He then asked the group once more, "Is this jar full?""Probably not," one of them answered."Good!" he replied.He brought out a glass of sand and dumped the sand into the jar and it went into all of the spaces 5 Once more he asked the question,"Is this jar full?""No!" the class started.Once again he saiD．"Good!" Then he poured a cup of water in 6 the jar was full.Then he asked. "What is the key point here?" One student put up his hand and saiD．"The key point here is that even if you are 7 , you can still plan everything well if you try really hard!""No," the teacher replied. "that's not the point.The point is if you don't put the big rocks in 8 , you'll never get them in.What are the 'big rocks' in your 9 ? Time with your loved ones, your education, or your dreams? Remember to put these big rocks in first, or you'll 10 get them in at all."1．A．listen B．take C．like D．forget2．A．strongly B．loudly C．carelessly D．carefully3．A．threw B．broke C．shook D．hit4．A．into B．in C．among D．under5．A．added B．made C．offered D．left6．A．before B．until C．after D．when7．A．excited B．happy C．free D．busy8．A．first B．later C．immediately D．finally9．A．study B．family C．education D．life10．A．soon B．never C．even D．everⅢ. 语法填空12、Melbourne is in Australia. It is a beautiful city1．huge gardens, great parks and many2．(amaze) buildings. Many people came to visit it every year.Melbourne is also3．ancient city in Australia. It has an interesting history of more than 170 years. The first people came in 1835,and in the 1850s,gold 4．(discover). Because of this, Melbourne became a very rich city. Many new buildings were built at that time.And today, Melbourne is one of the world’s 5．(great) cities. It is known 6．its 7．(beautiful) and its famous universities. It is also Australia’s top city for8．(sport).Many of them are very popular. For example, young people are mad 9．soccer here. In 1956,the Olympic Games came to this city, and for the first time they were showed live on TV around the world.Melbourne is a nice place and you can always have great10．here.Ⅳ. 阅读理解A13、The Beijing Underground’s Line Ten will soon have 40 “reverse vending machines（有偿自动回收机）”,which will pay people for their empty plastic bottles.“We have placed two such machines at Beijing Capital International Airport and four at the city’s undergrounds tations . They have been well received so far ,” said Feng Juan , an engineer from the company which makes the machines . “people are encouraged and paid for turning waste into treasure .More than 30,000 empty bottles have been collected since December,” s he said .If something else , such as waste paper , is thrown into the machine , the machine will spit（吐）it out .“Supported by the government , the reverse vending machined will be introduced to colleges and universitiessoon ,”Feng said .The company is also considering covering more recycling materials, including used books and teaching materials . “Long-term plans call for about 2,000 reverse vending machines to be placed throughout the city in the next few years , including 80 at colleges and universi ties , shopping malls , communities and office buildings,” Feng said.Chang Tao , director of the company , said that if the new project works well in the city , the company will consider the waste-to-treasure service to other developed cities in the eastern part of China .1．Which sign probably represents the meaning of the underlined word “recycling”?A．B．C．D．2．Which of the following is an opinion rather than a fact ?A．More than 30,000 empty bottles have been collected .B．Feng Juan and Chang Tao work in the same company .C．The machines might help people develop a recycling habit .D．People are paid for putting empty plastic bottles into the machines .3．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage ?A．Machines help turn waste into treasure B．A new machine has become popularC．A creative project works well in China D．People are encouraged to collect bottlesB14、Katie had lived in Woodstock since she was three. The idea of moving to California started with Katie’s mom. She thought it was good for Katie to learn art if they moved there.When her mom suggested moving, Katie had many questions and things to care about. She wondered if she would have any friends in California. She thought it was a pretty big thing, because kids at this age started to make friends that they were probably going to have for the rest of their lives.Another big question was her cat because the sign on her new house said “No Pets”. After much arguing, Katie finally gave up keeping her!It took Katie some time to get used to the new school after she moved. At first, she didn’t know where anything was and she was often late for class. The worst was that she didn’t know anybody. However, Katie tried to do well in school, and she took part in many activities to make friends.Katie’s big move wasn’t always easy, but she thought it was worth it. She was very happy with the new school, because it offered many programs that her old one didn’t have. And she got on well with her friends. Katie was living a happy life in California. Although there will be lots of difficulties and troubles along the road, we can get through them as long as we’re patient, and have a positive attitude (态度).1．What did Katie think of moving at first?A．Surprised. B．Worried. C．Excited. D．Angry.2．Why did Katie take part in the activities?A．Because she was good at the activities. B．Because she wanted to read more books.C．Because she hoped to know more people. D．Because she wanted to do well in school.3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．Katie moved to California when she was three.B．Katie didn’t believe that the friendship she had might last forever.C．Katie used to be late because her new house was far away from school.D．Katie felt good in the new school because it had many programs.4．What can we learn from the story of Katie?A．There are lots of troubles in our life. B．Be positive when we meet difficulties.C．People should try to live a happy life. D．The friendship is very important to everyone.C15、Are your children liked by their teachers? All parents want their children to impress their teachers and succeed in school. You can get your children to impress their teachers by following these easy steps.Make sure they’re prepared. Teachers are impressed by childr en coming to school prepared to learn. Make sure they have everything they need—pencils textbooks, erasers and so on.Require them to be active in class. Teach them to ask teachers questions when they don’t understand something. Some children think teachers are bothered by questions, but most teachers are impressed when children take the initiative(采取主动) in asking questions. They should take part in class discussions, giving their opinions politely.Keep your children healthy. If your children are tired and hungry, they won’t be ready to learn. Children need at least 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night. Feed your children a solid breakfast and prepare a healthy lunch. Provide them with fruit and other healthy foods—apples or bananas are better for them than cookies.Make sure that your children do their homework. If they really don’t understand it, discuss it with them patiently. Don’t help them do their homework. Teachers can always tell who it is that does the work.Teach your children good manners and habits. Children need to arrive at the school punctually, and be polite to their teachers and classmates. Parents need to teach these skills at home. Nothing is sweeter than children who say “please” and “thank you”, and these are children their teachers are cer tain to love.1．What should parents do according to the passage?A．They should ask their children’s teachers questions at times.B．They should prepare their children cookies as well as fruits.C．They ought to have discussions over difficulties with their children patiently.2．Which of the following statements is Not true?A．Teachers aren’t able to decide if parents do homework for their children.B．Children should go to school on time and learn to behave well.C．Hungry and tired children can’t focus on thei r study.3．The passage mainly tells us that being parents, you should ________.A．ask your children to get ready for classes before going to schoolB．help your children to impress their teachers at schoolC．teach your children to be polite to both their teachers and classmatesD16、It happens every night —bedtime. But what if you’re not sleepy? Should you still go to bed if you are just going to lie there with your eyes wide open?There are many reasons why you are not able to fall asleep. Y ou might be excited by something you did that day. You might be excited about what you’re going to do next day. Maybe you can’t fall asleep because you don’ t like sleeping all alone in your room. All of these reasons are normal . However, there are some steps you can take to help you fall asleep. One thing that can help is talking to a parent or another trusted adult about what you’re thinking about at bedtime. For example, if you’re nervous about taking a test, or unhappy about being laughed at school, it can really hel p to tell somebody. Knowing that somebody has heard you can help ease (宽慰) your mind so that you can rest.It also helps to sleep in a comfortable bed in a quiet and cool room. If there’s anything in your room that makes you feel afraid at night, like a picture that looks strange in the dark, be sure to ask one of your parents if it can be moved.If you are usually sleepless around bedtime, doing certain things to relax beforehand (预先) may help you fall asleep when you go to bed. For example, take a warm bath, or listen to a story at least 30 minutes before you want to go to sleep. It also helps to go to sleep at the same time every night. As a result, your body will get the message that it’s almos t time to sleep.根据材料内容选择最佳答案。

大学英语精读第1册第1单元参考答案

外教社大学英语精读第1册第1单元参考答案Vocabulary31.g2.f3.h4.i5.a6.c7.j8.c9.b 10.d41.enable2.furthermore3.aware4.lead to5.solved6.attitude7.concentrate on8.fillin9.went over10.occupied 11.decide on 12.set aside ter anizeHi，我在第一调查网只要用几分钟回答问卷，就能轻松赚现金，你也来注册吧！/user/Register.aspx?account=nm348219551.get/be confused2.lead to illness/loss of health/sleeplessness3.being so helpful4.dosen't necessarily5.double my pay6.it was not the caseWord Building6announce managesuggestion examinationconfuse combinedecision movementcomplete employproduction distractionorganize divideentertainment considerprotect recognizepermit exhibition71. 1)careful 2)cares 3)careless 4)care 5)carefully6)carelessness 7)carelessly 8)careful2. 1)addition 2)additional 3)add 4)additional3. 1)use 2)useless 3)use 4)useful 5)used 6)use4. 1)meaning 2)meaningful 3)means 4)comfort 5)means5. 1)comfortably 2)comfort 3)comfortable 4)comfort5)comfortable6. 1)probably 2)probability 3)probable 4)probably Structure81.so that I could read it when I was free2.so that she could receive it in the afternoon3.so that everyone could hear you4.and some eggs as well5.and plays as well6.and the United States as well7.and swims and skates as well8.give them an answer as soon as you can9.Read over the book as quickly as you can10.write home as often as he couldCloze9(A)(1)aware (2)performance (3)average (4)adequate (5)set aside(6)mentions (7)look over (8)commit (9)attitude (10)lead to(B)(1)if/one (2)about (3)it (4)know (5)up (6)as (7)from(8)words (9)into (10)other (11)for (12)whenTranslation101.His failure in the exam has made him aware of how importantit is to review his lessons regularly.2.Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you beforeyou left home.3.I'm sure her knowledge of English is adequate for the job.4.The purpose of this article is to tell the students how todevelop good study habits.5.In our age, people depend meor and more on computers tosolve various kinds of difficult problems.6.Skimming not only helps you get some ides of what you aregoing to read, but also helps you read faster and improveyour comprehension.7.Some people believe/think that boy's performance on test/in exams is always better than girls'. That is not necessarilythe case, however.8.Even students of average intelligence can become top studentsby improving their study habits.Key to Reading ActivityExercise B1.b2.d3.c4.b5.b6.a7.c8.a9.d 10.cExercise C1.蒂姆肯夫妇以一张7，000美元的支票付了学费，将女儿劳拉送进大学，以为此事就这样结束了。

1389国开电大本科《管理英语4》形考任务(单元自测1至8)试题及答案(精华版)

1389国开电大本科《管理英语4》形考任务(单元自测1至8)试题及答案(精华版)说明：题目为随机，用快捷键查找功能搜索试题及答案；资料为国开平台形考和期末纸质考试的必备资料。

单元自测1 试题及答案一、选择填空[题目]―This project is too big for me to finish on time.―_________________[答案]I'll give you a hand附：[题目]―这个项目太大了，我无法按时完成。

―________________[回答]我帮你[题目]AT&T found that employees with better planning and decision-making skills were________to be promoted into management jobs.[答案]more likely[题目]_________CEO s spend planning，the more profitable their companies are.[答案]The more time[题目]_________his anger the employees called him Mr.Thunder，but they loved him.[答案]Due to[题目]_________managers spend most of their time in face-to-face contact with others，but they spend much of it obtaining and sharing information.[答案]Not only do[题目]―_________Could you give us a speech on management functions some day this week？―_________________[答案]I'd love to，but I'm busy this week附：[题目]―_________你能在本周的某一天给我们做一次关于管理职能的演讲吗？―_________________[回答]我很想去，但这周我很忙[题目]―I think things have been a bit difficult for us the last couple of months.―_________.We've been working hard，but still getting behind.[答案]You're right附：[题目]―我认为过去几个月对我们来说有些困难。

2023年新高考一卷英语真题解析版

2023年新高考Ⅰ卷英语真题（解析版）本试卷共12页。

考试结束后, 将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

注意事项: 1. 答题前, 考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚, 将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。

2. 选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂; 非选择题必须使用0.5毫米黑色字迹的签字笔书写, 字体工整、笔迹清楚。

3. 请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答, 超出答题区域书写的答案无效; 在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。

4. 作图可先使用铅笔画出, 确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。

5. 保持卡面清洁, 不要折叠, 不要弄破、弄皱, 不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。

第一部分听力（1-20小题）在笔试结束后进行。

第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

ABike Rental & Guided ToursWelcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.Why MacBikeMacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.PricesGuided City ToursThe 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.1. What is an advantage of MacBike?A. It gives children a discount.B. It of offers many types of bikes.C. It organizes free cycle tours.D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.2. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?A. €15.75.B. €19.50.C. €22.75.D. €29.50.3. Where does the guided city tour start?A. The Gooyer, Windmill.B. The Skinny Bridge.C. Heineken Brewery.D. Dam Square.【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇应用文。

2013年考研英语一真题及答案

选择题答案：1-5 ABCDB6-10 DAADC11-15 ACBCB15-20 CDDBA21-25 BAADC26-30 BDCAD31-35 BADCC36-40 CCDAB41-45 EFBGC2013年全国研究生入学考试英语一试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that __1_ the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by _2_ factors. But Dr Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big _3_ was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. _4_, he theorised that a judge _5_ of appearing too soft _6_crime might be more likely to send someone to prison __7_he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To __8__this idea, they turned their attention to the university-admissions process. In theory, the ____9___ of an applicant should not depend on the few others___10____ randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was____11____.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews _12_ by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had _13_ applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale _14_ numerous factors into consideration. The scores were _15_ used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the GMAT, a standardised exam which is _16_out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one _17__ that, then the score for the next applicant would_18_ by an average of 0.075 points. This mightsound small, but to_19_the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been _20__.1. A grants B submits C transmits D dilivers（A）2. A minor B external C crucial D objective（B）3. A issue B vision C picture D moment（C）4. A Above all B On average C In principle D For example（D）5. A fond B fearful C capable D thoughtless（B）6. A in B for C to D on（D）7. A if B until C though D unless（A）8. A. test B.emphasize C.share D.promote（A）9. A.decision B.quality C.status D.success（D）10. A.found B.studied C.chosen D.identified（C）11. A.otherwise B.defensible C.replaceable D.exceptional（A）12. A. inspired B. expressed C. conducted D. secured（C）13. A. assigned B. rated C. matched D. arranged（B）14. A. put B. got C. took D. gave（C）15. A. instead B. then C. ever D. rather（B）16. A. selected B. passed C. marked D. introduced（C）17. A below B after C above D before（D）18. A jump B float C fluctuate D drop（D）19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard（B）20. A necessary B possible C promising D helpful（A）Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following fourtexts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her（B）[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to（A）[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to（A）[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph? （D）[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text? （C）[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, MMicrosoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to（B）[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to: （D）[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default（C）[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6? （A）[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of: （D）[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by（B）[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are（A）[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5? （D）[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to（C）[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? （C）[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Aministration.But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the federal government and the states.An arizona.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enfour federal immigrations law.The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to "establish a uniform Rule of Anturalization" and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.Arizona had attempted to fashion state police that ran to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals,ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun .On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field " and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal's privileged powersHowever,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama tures on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued tha Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.It could.It never did so.The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they（C）[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4? （C）[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts（D）[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement（A）[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph? （B）[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.(42)____This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction .Today ,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental changed” or “climate change” have increased rapidly since 2004,(43)____When social scientists do tackle practical issues ,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium for example .And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding (44)____this is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.Thisyear,it was proposed that system be changed:Horizon 2020,a new program to be enacted in 2014,would not have such a category ,This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglect social science ; rather ,the complete opposite.(45)____That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.[A] It could be that we are evolving two communities of socialscientists:one that is discipline-oriented and publishing in highlyspecialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishingelsewhere,such as policy briefs.[B] However,the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of theseKeywords.[C] the idea is to force social to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.[D] the solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior . all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development . Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it withincross-cutting topics of sustainable development .[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.41.[E] These issues all have root causes in human behavior .all require behavioral change and social innovations , as well as technological development .Stemming climate change , for example , is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.42.[F] Despite these factors , many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems . And in Europe , some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it withincross-cutting topics of sustainable development .43.[B] However, the numbers are still small:in 2010,about 1,600 of the 100,000 social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.44.[G] During the late 1990s , national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds-including government, higher education, non-profit and corporate -varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations , it is about 15%.45.[C] the idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change food security, marine research and the bio-economy, clear, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and thatself-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak os various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the foemer becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doingthey give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life-assuming uncanny representational forms.46. yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges beyond that of decoration and creative expression.然而,令人震惊的是,当人们看到又无家可归者建造的花园照片时,由于风格的多样性,所有这些花园显示了超越了装饰与创造性表现的其它各种各样的基本诉求.47. A sacred place of peace, however, crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelt which is a distinctly animal need.尽管可能有点简陋,但这一神圣和平之地明显象征着人类需求,就好比外壳明显象征着动物需求.48. The gardens of the homeless which are in efffect homeless garden introduce from in to an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such那些无家可归者的花园实际上是"无家可归"的家园,同花园被引入了城市,在那儿,它们之前即不存在也未曾像这样可以被辨识.49 . Mast of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic我们中的大部分人屈服于道德败坏,在某些心理状态下我们通常归咎于道德败坏,直到有一天我们发现自己身处花园,压迫感奇迹般地消失了.50. It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.尽管在某种被解放的意义上,但正是这种含蓄或明显的对大自然的引用认可了使用“花园”一词来描述这些被合成的建筑。

研究生公共英语教材阅读B第3、4、10、11、14课文原文及翻译

Unite 3 Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die?Abigail Trafford1. Medical advances in wonder drugs, daring surgical procedures, radiation therapies, and intensive-care units have brought new life to thousands of people. Yet to many of them, modern medicine has become a double-edged sword.2. Doctor’s power to treat with an array of space-age techniques has outstripped the body’s capacity to heal. More medical problems can be treated, but for many patients, there is little hope of recovery. Even the fundamental distinction between life and death has been blurred.3. Many Americans are caught in medical limbo, as was the South Korean boxer Duk Koo Kim, who was kept alive by artificial means after he had been knocked unconscious in a fight and his brain ceased to function. With the permission of his family, doctors in Las Vegas disconnected the life-support machines and death quickly followed.4. In the wake of technology’s advances in medicine, a heated debate is taking place in hospitals and nursing homes across the country --- over whether survival or quality of life is the paramount goal of medicine.5. “It gets down to what medicine is all about, ” says Daniel Callahan, director of the Institute of Society, Ethics, and the Life Sciences in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York. “Is it really to save a life? Or is the larger goal the welfare of the patient?”6. Doctors, patients, relatives, and often the courts are being forced to make hard choices in medicine. Most often it is at the two extremes of life that these difficultyethical questions arise --- at the beginning for the very sick newborn and at the end for the dying patient.7. The dilemma posed by modern medical technology has created the growing new discipline or bioethics. Many of the country’s 127 medical s chools now offer courses in medical ethics, a field virtually ignored only a decade ago. Many hospitals have chaplains, philosophers, psychiatrists, and social workers on the staff to help patients make crucial decisions, and one in twenty institutions has a special ethics committee to resolve difficult cases.Death and Dying8. Of all the patients in intensive-care units who are at risk of dying, some 20 percent present difficult ethical choices --- whether to keep trying to save the life or to pull back and let the patient die. In many units, decisions regarding life-sustaining care are made about three times a week.9. Even the definition of death has been changed. Now that the heart-lung machine can take over the functions of breathing and pumping blood, death no longer always comes with the patient’s “last gasp” or when the heart stops beating. Thirty-one states and the District of Columbia have passed brain-death statutes that identify death as when the whole brain ceases to function.10. More than a do zen states recognize “living wills” in which the patients leave instructions to doctors not to prolong life by feeding them intravenously or by other methods if their illness becomes hopeless. A survey of California doctors showed that 20 to 30 percent were following instructions of such wills. Meanwhile, the hospicemovement, which its emphasis on providing comfort --- not cure --- to the dying patient, has gained momentum in many areas.11. Despite progress in society’s understanding of death and dying, t heory issues remain. Example: A woman, 87, afflicted by the nervous-system disorder of Parkinson’s disease, has a massive stroke and is found unconscious by her family. Their choices are to put her in a nursing home until she dies or to send her to a medical center for diagnosis and possible treatment. The family opts for a teaching hospital in New York city. Tests show the woman’s stroke resulted from a blood clot that is curable with surgery. After the operation, she says to her family: “Why did you bring me back to this agony?” Her health continues to worsen, and two years later she dies.12. On the other hand, doctors say prognosis is often uncertain and that patients, just because they are old and disabled, should not be denied life-saving therapy. Ethicists also fear that under the guise of medical decision not to treat certain patients, death may become too easy, pushing the country toward the acceptance of euthanasia.13. For some people, the agony of watching high-technology dying is too great. Earlier this year, Woodrow Wilson Collums, a retired dairyman from Poteet, Texas, was put on probation for the mercy killing of his older brother Jim, who lay hopeless in his bed at a nursing home, a victim of severe senility resul ting from Alzheimer’s disease. After the killing, the victim’s widow said: “I think God, Jim’s out of his misery. I hate to think it had to be done the way it was done, but I understand it. ”Crisis in Newborn Care14. At the other end of the life span, technology has so revolutionized newborn carethat it is no longer clear when human life is viable outside the womb. Newborn care has got huge progress, so it is absolutely clear that human being can survive independently outside the womb. Twenty-five years ago, infants weighting less than three and one-half pounds rarely survived. The current survival rate is 70 percent, and doctors are “salvaging” some babies that weigh only one and one-half pounds. Tremendous progress has been made in treating birth deformities such as spina bifida. Just ten years ago, only 5 percent of infants with transposition of the great arteries --- the congenital heart defect most commonly found in newborns --- survived. Today, 50 percent live.15. Yet, for many infants who owe their lives to new medical advances, survival has come at a price. A significant number emerge with permanent physical and mental handicaps.16. “The question of treatment and nontreatment of seriously ill newborns is not a single one,”says Thomas Murray of the Hastings Center. “But I feel strongly that retardation or the fact that someone is going to be less than perfect is not good grounds for allowing an infant to die.”17. For many parents, however, the experience of having a sick newborn becomes a lingering nightmare. Two years ago, an Atlanta mother gave birth to a baby suffering from Down’s Syndrome, a form of mental retardation; the child also had blocked intestines. The doctors rejected the parents’ plea not to operate, and today the child, severely retarded, still suffers intestinal problems.18. “Every time Melanie has a bowel movement, she cries,” explains her mother.“She’s not able to take care of herself, and we won’t live forever. I wanted to save her from sorrow, pain, and suffering. I don’t understand the emphasis on life at all costs, and I’m very angry at the doctors and the hospital. Who will take care of Melanie after we’re gone? Where will you doctors be then?”Changing Standards19. The choices posed by modern technology have profoundly changed the practice of medicine. Until now, most doctors have been activists, trained to use all the tools in their medical arsenals to treat disease. The current trend is toward nontreatment as doctors grapple with questions not just of who should get care but when to take therapy away.20. Always in the background is the threat of legal action. In August, two California doctors were charged with murdering a comatose patient by allegedly disconnecting the respirator and cutting off food and water. In 1981, a Massachusetts nurse was charged with murdering a cancer patient with massive doses of morphine but was subsequently acquitted.21. Between lawsuits, government regulations, and patients’ rights, many doctors feel they are under siege. Modern technology actually has limited their ability to make choices. More recently, these actions are resolved by committees.Public Policy22. In recent years, the debate on medical ethics has moved to the level of national policy. “It’s just beginning to hit us that we don’t have unlimited resources,” says Washington Hospital Center’s Dr. Lynch. “You can’t talk about ethics without talkingethics without talking about money.”23. Since 1972. Americans have enjoyed unlimited access to a taxpayer-supported, kidney dialysis program that offers life-prolonging therapy to all patients with kidney failure. To a number of police analysts, the program has grown out of control --- to a $1.4billion operation supporting 61,000 patients. The majority are over 50, and about a quarter have other illness, such as cancer or heart disease, conditions that could exclude them from dialysis in other countries.24. Some hospitals are pulling back from certain lifesaving treatment. Massachusetts General Hospital, for example, has decided not perform heart transplants on the ground that the high costs of providing such surgery help too few patients. Burn units --- through extremely effective --- also provide very expensive therapy for very few patients.25. As medical scientists push back the frontiers of therapy, the moral dilemma will continue to grow for doctors and patients alike, making the choice of to treat the basic question in modern medicine.1. 在特效药、风险性手术进程、放疗法以及特护病房方面的医学进展已为数千人带来新生。

福建省厦门市五中学2024-2025学年初三英语试题第二次质量检测试题含答案

福建省厦门市五中学2024-2025学年初三英语试题第二次质量检测试题注意事项：1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。

回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

Ⅰ. 单项选择1、She ________on the phone,so I just smiled at her and went away.A．has talked B．was talking C．will talk D．is talking2、–Do you think yesterday’s math problem was difficult?– Yes. I could ______ work it out.A．hardlyB．easilyC．nearlyD．quickly3、Today is my little sister’s ______ birthday. My family will get togethe r to celebrate it.A．nine B．ninth C．the ninth D．the nine4、I'm surprised that Jenny is 42. I thought she was , for she seems to be in her thirties.A．younger B．olderC．young D．old5、A _____________ refers to a long journey, especially by sea or in space.A．voyage B．task C．plan6、—It’s very hot in Chongqing in summer. —here.A．So it is B．So is it C．So it does D．So does it7、Why don’t you join in _______ discussion and tell ____ about the latest film Green Book?A．ours; us B．ours; ours C．our; us D．our; ours8、—What ____ cold weather!—Yes. But it’s ____ experience for us. We normally live in a best place.A．/; a B．A; an C．/; an D．A; the9、—I don’t know ________ he left in a hurry without any words this morning.—Maybe he left the copy at home, for I heard the boss shouting.A．how B．where C．when D．why10、---Could you tell me _______?---Sure. Walk straight along this street and you'll find it.A．how can I get to the museum B．where is the museumC．which is the way to the museum D．how far the museum isⅡ. 完形填空11、What power does music have? Band of Hope, a student band in the US, once again brought joy with their music to young patients at a local children's 1 .The children really get a lot from 2 with other children in the community, said Ashley Boguszewski, a specialist at Pediatric Specialty Care (a nursing specialty organization for children) .Seventh and eighth graders at Hopewell Junior High School formed the band 3 . On May 27, they were already playing their sixth concert, performing to 20 children at the hospital. The band members 4 hosted a story time for the patients and brought small 5 for them to play.The band's 27 members meet once a week for a 6 practice after school. Each month, the band heads to Pediatric Specialty Care to perform a mini 7 . They play popular music such as songs from the movies Frozen and The Little Mermaid.Eighth-grader Liam Watters, 13, plays the baritone (男中音) in the band. During oneconcert, he 8 that one of the patients 9 to listen to the singing, so he and a few other band members went back to the patient's room and 10 to him.“That was really11 . ” Liam said. “They had big smiles 12 their faces.”“We're h oping that it's something that grows and becomes an even 13 part of our cultures here,” said Kerry Wilson, director of the band, “it really 14 a sense that we're all one community and good citizenship 15 .”1．A．hospital B．school C．community D．charity2．A．dealing B．communicating C．comparing D．connecting3．A．mainly B．suddenly C．recently D．closely4．A．still B．also C．only D．just5．A．candies B．cards C．flowers D．instruments6．A．two-minute B．two-hour C．two-day D．two-week7．A．concert B．class C．operation D．play8．A．thought B．expected C．wondered D．learned9．A．like B．hate C．hates D．likes10．A．said B．listened C．sang D．explained11．A．amazing B．boring C．lasting D．interesting12．A．at B．in C．on D．with13．A．bigger B．biggest C．big D．more big14．A．rises B．sees C．loses D．creates15．A．as if B．as well C．as long as D．as soⅢ. 语法填空12、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

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Ten Questions Every Director Should Ask About FCPA ComplianceOn August 8, 2010, the chairman of China North East Petroleum's audit committee, Robert Bruce, tendered his "noisy resignation" from the company's board of directors. Mr. Bruce resigned because the board's chairman, Edward Rule, had days earlier declined Mr. Bruce's request that the company investigate potential violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). In denying Mr. Bruce's request, Mr. Rule reasoned that, among other things, such an investigation "could last as long as a full year and cost the Company as much as several millions of dollars" and could even lead to the delisting of the company from the stock exchanges. Mr. Rule ended his letter by noting that "the course of action you recommend that the Board pursue seems at odds with the prudent discharge of duties to the shareholders."[1] Chairman Rule's refusal to investigate possible FCPA violations, whether or not warranted under the circumstances, squarely raises the issue of an independent director's role in FCPA compliance.There is no doubt that a board has a role to play—in fact, a duty under law and critical government policies to discharge—with respect to FCPA compliance. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines, for example, state that a board must be knowledgeable about the content and operation of the company's compliance program and must "exercise reasonable oversight with respect to the implementation and effectiveness of the compliance and ethics program."[2] Likewise, the Department of Justice's prosecution guidelines consider whether the board exercises independent review of the compliance program and whether the board is provided with information sufficient to enable the exercise of independent judgment.[3] Directors have similar oversight "Caremark" duties arising under case law, [4] and various other sources, such as stock exchange rules, Sarbanes-Oxley, and audit committee charters.[5]To be sure, although not in the context of the FCPA, the SEC has recently sued an independent director for failing to adequately discharge oversight responsibilities.[6] And directors of companies with FCPA problems frequently find themselves named as defendants in shareholder derivative actions.[7] Finally, if the worst happens, the FCPA prohibits companies from indemnifying directors for fines assessed for violations of the FCPA,[8] and insurance will not usually be available to cover such fines. In short, there is no doubt that directors are well-advised to closely oversee FCPA compliance. To that end, what follows below are 10 key questions that every director should ask about FCPA compliance.1. Do We Set and Communicate the Right "Tone at the Top"?The Guidel ines provide that, as part of an effective compliance program, an organization "shall … otherwise promote an organizational culture that encourages ethical conduct and a commitment to compliance with the law."[9] Indeed, "[t]he effectiveness of internal controls cannot rise above the integrity and ethical values of the people who create, administer and monitor them."[10] Consequently, at a minimum, the health of a company's compliance culture is judgedby (a) whether the organization explicitly encourages ethical conduct and compliance with the law; (b) whether management "buys in" to the requirement of ethical conduct, thus creating an appropriate "corporate culture"; and (c) whether management reinforces the company's proper corporate culture by enforcing compliance with appropriate standards of behavior.[11]Minimally, directors should not tolerate upper management who fail to themselves act ethically—whether in the context of the FCPA or otherwise. Directors should thoroughly understand senior management's efforts to frequently discuss company values and ethics; discuss, guide, and empower middle management to resolve ethical dilemmas; and make clear to all levels of management that ethical performance is being watched as closely as financial performance.2. Do We Effectively Assess Our FCPA Risk?A primary component of any effective compliance program is risk assessment. Generally, an appropriate risk assessment consists of setting objectives, identifying risks, and analyzing those risks and the performance of related controls.[12] FCPA risk assessment in particular requires that a company, at a minimum, give thought to several specific questions.First, the company must consider where it does business. A company that is pursuing business in Nigeria or Afghanistan, for example, must view compliance through a different lens than a company pursuing business in a country with a lower corruption risk. Second, the company must consider with whom it does business. A company that seeks business from a foreign government, or an entity in which a foreign government has some interest, triggers increased FCPA concerns. Third, a company must consider how it does business. A company that uses sales agents or other third parties, for example, introduces an additional level of risk that it must be prepared to address. Directors should understand how the company adequately addresses and documents these issues as part of its FCPA compliance program.3. Do We Have Effective Standards, Policies, and Processes to Address Those Risks?It is crucial to have written standards, policies, and procedures to guide employees and agents. In the context of the FCPA, this usually means, at a minimum, that a company have a written code of conduct that reinforces the core ethical values of the company. Most companies also benefit from having a specific FCPA policy that is clearly written, regularly updated, and tailored to actual operating risks. A sound FCPA policy explains the law (including applicable local laws) and generally provides guidance on permissible behavior. Such a policy will also provide guidelines for other sensitive FCPA areas, such as facilitating payments, gift giving, travel and entertainment, and charitable and political contributions.Furthermore, although receiving less publicity than the anti-bribery provisions, the FCPA also contains accounting provisions that require companies to maintain accurate books and records and implement internal controls. A company must implement specific anti-corruption controls and cannot merely rely on its existing Sarbanes-Oxley § 404 controls because, unlike § 404, theFCPA does not have a materiality threshold. A focus only on material dollar amounts can easily overlook potential FCPA issues. Even small bribes can result in the award of large amounts of business and potentially huge penalties.[13] Furthermore, typical Sarbanes-Oxley § 404 controls simply may not catch many types of even material corrupt payments. For example, a corrupt charitable contribution or political donation may be duly processed through accounts payable with the required documentation and authorizations. Companies need specific anti-corruption controls.4. Do We Adequately Communicate and Train on FCPA Standards, Policies, and Processes?The Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations expressly contemplate that prosecutors should "attempt to determine whether a corporation's compliance program is merely a 'paper program' or whether it was designed and implemented in an effective manner."[14] To illustrate that principle, one need only to look to the Siemens case where, even though Siemens had FCPA and other anti-corruption policies, the government charged it with having only a "paper program" that it failed to implement. Siemens has, as a result, paid $1.6 billion in FCPA penalties to various authorities.[15]Accordingly, directors should inquire as to which persons receive training with an eye toward the risk assessment. A sound compliance training program will inevitably recognize that many areas of the company besides just the sales force have a role in FCPA compliance; for example, employees involved in the accounts payable function. The risk assessment may likewise compel that the company train some third parties, agents, or consultants. It is also important that the "trainers" are qualified, and that the content of the training is appropriately tailored to the job function and the risks specific to the particular audience being trained. One size may not fit all. The goal of any FCPA training program is not to create an army of FCPA experts, but to ensure that each employee has sufficient background to be able to identify and report "red flags," within their area of responsibility.5. How Do We Know that Our Training Is Effective?Part and parcel of adequately communicating and training on company policies and processes is assessing the effectiveness of the training. At a minimum, a meaningful training assessment includes a "quiz" during or at the end of the training that is "graded" to ensure that the employee has learned at the least the required concepts. The results of such grades also provide important feedback regarding the content of the training materials and where the training needs to be clarified or improved. Many vendors are available to assist in FCPA training and assessment.6. What Incentives Do We Provide for Compliance and Disincentives for Noncompliance?To create a proper corporate culture, management must take appropriate remedial action in response to departures from approved policies and procedures.[16] Likewise, employees should be given incentives to perform in accordance with the compliance and ethics program. In short, good enforcement of compliance requires both the "carrot" and the "stick."Companies should create explicit links between good behavior and compensation. Compliance with corporate policies and ethical behavior should, at a minimum, factor into employee performance evaluations. Although it raises tricky questions of corporate culture, companies may consider offering incentives to employees who report unethical behavior—especially now that new "whistleblower" provisions in the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act incentivize employees to report compliance issues externally to the government.On the other side of the coin, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines reinforce that "[a]dequate discipline of individuals responsible for an offense is a necessary component of enforcement."[17] More to the point, however the message gets delivered, employees must believe that if caught violating behavioral standards, they will suffer consequences.7. How Do We Monitor and Audit to Detect Improper Conduct?The Guidelines state that a company shall take reasonable steps "to ensure that the organization's compliance and ethics program is followed, including monitoring and auditing to detect criminal conduct."[18] Monitoring and auditing is also critical to the Board's discharge of its duties under Delaware law to oversee the implementation of an effective compliance program.[19]It is helpful to appreciate the difference between "monitoring" and "auditing." Monitoring is a different type of control process than auditing. Monitoring is an ongoing activity frequently embedded directly into controls or systems. Monitoring can include regular management and supervisory activities such as worksite and document inspections, and supervisor and employee interviews. Audit-style testing can be included in monitoring. Auditing in general, however, is much less frequent and more focused on back-testing of compliance with requirements remote in time from the actual operation of the underlying control process.[20] Both are key aspects of an effective compliance program.8. Does the Compliance Officer Have Adequate "Clout," Resources, and Independence?The 2010 amendments to the Guidelines provide that the compliance officer must be given "direct access to the governing authority or an appropriate subgroup of the governing authority."[21] There is some debate surrounding whether this provision of the Guidelines requires the compliance officer to report directly to the board or whether the compliance officer must merely have access to the board. In all events, the compliance officer should meet with the board at least annually and also annually meet with the independent directors in executive sessions.Less controversial, the compliance officer must be given "adequate resources" and "appropriate authority" to perform his compliance duties. This means that the compliance function must have personnel and financial resources commensurate with the company's size and risk profile. If portions of the compliance function are delegated to other areas of the company (often Legal orHuman Resources), the company should formally memorialize that delegation of authority in writing to avoid miscommunication about who is responsible for what. Likewise, it is beneficial for the compliance officer to have a written job description that expressly states the officer's authority with respect to compliance at the company.9. How Do We Review the Effectiveness of Our Compliance Program?What can be measured can be controlled. Regular evaluations of program effectiveness are essential to ensuring the completeness and success of a compliance program. Thus, the Sentencing Guidelines state that an "organization shal l take reasonable steps … to evaluate periodically the effectiveness of the organization's compliance and ethics program."[22]Corporate compliance evaluation mechanisms can take many forms, including monitoring, auditing, self-assessments, independent assessments and other systems to periodically "measure results and understand what is happening in the organization."[23] The characteristics of an organization's evaluation efforts should be linked to a company's risk assessment, as well as the size and breadth of the organization.Some of the relevant effectiveness indicators that can be tracked include: the number of policies promulgated or revised; the number of third parties that have passed or failed the FCPA vetting process; "tone at the top" information such as the number of "town hall" meetings conducted on compliance issues; the tracking of implementation of audit recommendations; employee discipline statistics; employee complaints and questions related to compliance; or the amount of compliance-related training conducted. Directors should understand the effectiveness measures—not just "activity measures"—of the program.10. When We Find a Problem, Do We Ensure that an Independent and Thorough Investigation Is Done?The amendments to the Federal Sentencing Guidelines provide that a meaningful compliance program requires, among other things, that when criminal conduct is detected, the company implement "reasonable steps to respond appropriately … to prevent further similar criminal conduct."[24]Further, Sarbanes-Oxley § 301 requires that the audit committee be notified of complaints related to accounting, internal accounting controls, or auditing matters.[25] As such, when confronted with a potential FCPA problem, it is imperative that a company appropriately investigate the complaint and consider whether to report to the audit committee.It remains to be seen whether China North East Petroleum will be able to convince the authorities that it acted properly in refusing to investigate potential FCPA violations. Certainly, Siemens and countless other companies have been burned by their failure to investigate red flags.[26] Furthermore, the DOJ and the SEC have both recently put senior executives personally in the crosshairs for failing to investigate FCPA red flags.[27] And, as mentioned above, the SEC has recently shown a willingness to target independent directors for failing to adequately discharge their duties as a board member. In short, directors should satisfy themselves that when potential FCPA issues surface, an independent and adequate investigation is conducted andproblems are thoroughly addressed.ConclusionFCPA-related prosecutions, enforcement actions, and private lawsuits are increasingly in the headlines. By some projections, by the end of 2010, the SEC and DOJ will levy $3 billion in fines and penalties and prosecute dozens of individuals. Companies need to minimize the risk associated with the FCPA by implementing strong compliance programs, and the board of directors is a key player in that process. To minimize the risk to their companies and themselves, directors need to exercise reasonable oversight with respect to the implementation and effectiveness of their company's FCPA compliance program, including asking the "right" questions.Lawyer ContactsFor further information, please contact your principal Firm representative or one of the lawyers listed below. General email messages may be sent using our "Contact Us" form, which can be found at .Henry Klehm IIINew York+1.212.326.3706hklehm@Joshua S. RosemanDallas+1.214.969.4898jsroseman@Jones Day publications should not be construed as legal advice on any specific facts or circumstances. The contents are intended for general information purposes only and may not be quoted or referred to in any other publication or proceeding without the prior written consent of the Firm, to be given or withheld at our discretion. To request reprint permission for any of our publications, please use our "Contact Us" form, which can be found on our web site at . The mailing of this publication is not intended to create, and receipt of it does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. The views set forth herein are the personal views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Firm.[1]See SEC Form 8-K filed by China North East Petroleum, dated August 16, 2010, available at /Archives/edgar/data/787251/000121465910002181/0001214659-10-002181-in dex.htm.[2] U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 8B2.1(b)(2) (2009).[3] U.S. Dept. of Justice, U.S. Attorney's Manual: Principles of Fed. Prosecution of Bus. Orgs. §9-28.800(B).[4]In re Caremark Int'l. Inc. Deriv. Litig., 698 A.2d 959, 967-70 (Del. Ch. 1996). S ee also Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del. 2006).[5] Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-204, § 301, 116 Stat. 745, 775-77 (providing that audit committees must establish procedures for receiving complaints regarding accounting matters); New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual § 303A.07 (vesting audit committee with responsibility for assisting with board oversight of compliance with legal and regulatory requirements).[6] Complaint at 5-8, SEC v. Raval, No. 8:10-cv-00101 (D. Neb. Mar. 15, 2010), ECF No. 1.[7]See, e.g.,Complaint, Hawaii Structural Ironworkers' Pension Trust Fund, derivatively on behalf of Alcoa, Inc. v. Belda, 08-cv-00614 (W.D. Pa. May 6, 2008);ECF No. 1; Parker Drilling Company, Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements, in Form 10-Q 15-16 (Aug. 6, 2010) (disclosing that the company is facing two derivatives suits in Harris Co., Tex. related to alleged FCPA violations).[8] Section 32(c)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78ff(c)(3).[9] U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 8B2.1(a)(1)-(2).[10] Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, Guidance on Monitoring Internal Control Systems 24 (2009) [hereinafter COSO (2009)].[11] § 8B2.1(a)(1)-(2); Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, Internal Control—Integrated Framework 5 (1992) [hereinafter COSO (1992)]; COSO (2009), supra note 9, at 24; Alexandra Wrage, "How to Kill a Code of Conduct," Ethisphere (Jan. 8, 2008), /how-to-kill-a-code-of-conduct/.[12]See generally COSO (1992), supra note 10. See also National Center for Preventive Law, Corporate Compliance Principles 6-9.[13] For example, in recent years Monsanto paid a $1.5 million penalty for a $50,000 bribe.[14] Memorandum re: Principles of Federal Prosecution of Business Organizations, Larry D. Thompson, Deputy Attorney General, at Point VII. B. (Jan. 20, 2003).[15] Siemens is also a good example of how robust compliance and good business are not mutually exclusive. Since the time of its FCPA problems, Siemens has dramatically increased its compliance staff and trained more than 200,000 employees on FCPA issues. Yet, the company recently announced one of its best quarters ever.[16] COSO (1992), supra note 10, at 6; COSO (2009), supra note 9, at 24 ("Corporate culture includes ethical and behavior standards, how they are communicated, and how they are reinforced in practice.").[17] § 8B2.1 cmt. n.5 (2009).[18] § 8B2.1 (b)(5)(A) (2009).[19]Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 370 (Del. 2006); In re Caremark Int'l Inc. Deriv. Litig., 698 A.2d 959, 970 (Del. Ch. 1996).[20] Effective program monitoring should be: (1) consistent with the organization's size and complexity; (2) independent, to the extent possible, from the areas of the organization being monitored; (3) planned in writing including the subject, method, and frequency of audits; (4) reported to the Board and senior management for major findings; (5) the basis for corrective action plans from adverse findings; (6) responsive to the organization's history of problems and misconduct; and (7) disseminated to appropriate groups for corrective actions. COSO(2009),supra note 9, at 75.[21] Amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines, submitted to Congress Apr. 29, 2010, §8B2.1(b)(2)(C) (effective Nov. 2010).[22] U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 8B2.1(b)(5)(B).[23] National Center for Preventive Law, supra note 12, at 102 (Principle 11: Enforce Internally).[24] Amendments to the Sentencing Guidelines, submitted to Congress Apr. 29, 2010, §8B2.1(b)(7) cmt. n.6 (effective Nov. 2010).[25] Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-204, § 301, 116 Stat. 745, 775-77.[26] Complaint at 7-9, SEC v. Siemens AG, No. 08-cv-2167 (D.D.C. Dec. 12, 2008), ECF No. 1 (charging that company ignored and failed to adequately investigate "red flags and failed to take disciplinary action against known wrongdoers").[27] Judgment, U.S. v. Kozeny, Case No. 05-cr-00518-SAS-2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 12, 2009), ECF No. 253; Complaint at 12-13, SEC v. Nature's Sunshine Products, Inc., Case No. 09-cv-672 (D. Utah July 31, 2009), ECF No. 2. See also Bourke Convicted, FCPA Blog (July 10, 2009, 4:55 PM), /blog/2009/7/10/bourke-convicted.html.。