社会语言学教程
《社会语言学实验教程》读书笔记思维导图
第一节 “实践” 的原则
第三节 学以致 用
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《社会语言学实验教程》
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思维导图PPT模板
本书关键字分析思维导图
情况
言语
语言学
实践
方法
变异
原则
语言
研究
总结 社区
上海
社会
新加坡
客家人
使用
柔佛州
理论
教程
01 第一章 绪论
目录
02
第二章 语言变异与语 言变化
03
第三章 互动社会语言 学
04 第四章 语言接触
05 第五章 言语社区理论
5
第五节 总结
第三章 互动社会语言学
1
第一节 概述
第二节 会话 2
策略
3 第三节 现出
语法
4 第四节 社会
语用学
5
第五节 总结
第四章 语言接触
1
第一节 概述
第二节 奥克 兰华人日常对
2
话中的语码转
换
3
第三节 马来 西亚柔佛州客
家人的语言转
用
4
第四节 黑龙 江省杜尔伯特
蒙古族社区语
言
5
第五节 总结
第一章 绪论Leabharlann 第一节 社会 1语言学的产生 与发展
第二节 社会 2
科学的特性
3 第三节 社会
语言学实验室
4 第四节 研究
方向
5 第五节 实践
教学
第二章 语言变异与语言变化
1
第一节 概述
第二节 溧水 2
“街上话” （u）变项
社会语言学教案
A Brief Introduction to SociolinguisticsLecturer: Jia junminSchool of Foreign LanguagesTianshui Normal University2004. 01Do not bring your ears onlyBring your mouth alsoInto the classroomPurposeThis course aims at providing English-major students with a sociocultural perspective to view language issues and help them understand the complicated interaction of language with culture and society.Basic Requirements1.Critical reading of the suggested reading materials is essential to theunderstanding of the topic under discussion;2.Attendance is required;3.Active participation is greatly encouraged. Students are required to participate ingroup discussions;4.Exercises and term paper should be handed in on time.Assessment1.Attendance: 10%.2.Participation: 15%3.Term-paper: 25%4.Final test: 50%Syllabus1 An overview of Sociolinguistics2 Language, dialects and varieties3 Style and registers4 Language contact—pidgins and Creoles5 Diglossia and code-switching6 Societal Multilingualism7 Ethnography of speaking and the structure of conversation8 Language and gender9 Language and culture10 Final test.Unit OneAn Overview of SociolinguisticsⅠResearch Background1.Formal LinguisticsToday, most linguists agree that the knowledge the speakers have of the language or languages they speak is knowledge of something quite abstract. It is knowledge of rules and principles and of the ways of saying and doing things with sounds, words, and sentences. It is knowing what is in the language and what is not; it is knowing the possibilities the language offers and what is impossible. This knowledge explains how it is we can understand sentences we have not heard before and reject others as being ungrammatical.Confronted with the task of trying to describe the grammar of a language like English, many linguists follow the approach which is associated with Noam Chomsky(Noam1928－American linguist ). Chomsky has argued that, in order to make meaningful discoveries about language, linguists must try to distinguish between what is important and what is unimportant about language and linguistic behavior. The important matters, sometimes referred to as language universals, concerns the learnability of all languages, the characteristics they share, and the rules and principles that speakers apparently follow in constructing and interpreting sentences; the less important matters have to do with how individual speakers use specific utterances in a variety of ways as they find themselves in this situation or that situation.Chomsky has distinguished between what he has called competence and performance. He claims that it is the linguists‟ task to characterize what speakers know about their language, i.e., their competence, not what they do with their language, i.e., their performance. According to him, performance is influenced by memory limitations, distractions, shifts of attention and interest, and error (random or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance.Chomsky aims to describe the idealized competence of an idealized monolingual in an idealized monovariety speech community. In his view, linguistic study is an autonomous, self-sufficient system. For him, the existence of variation in languages imply confuses, diverting the linguists‟attention from the wonderful abstract system that separates human language from other communication systems.2. The problem of VariationThe language we use in everyday living is remarkably varied. Speakers make constant use of the many different possibilities offered to them. No one speaks thesame way all the time, and single-style speakers will not be found.Factors to lead to variation of language: regionagesocial classeducationgenderoccasion, ethnicityExample: be sackedbe fired辞退，解雇，解聘，丢饭碗，下课，下岗，失业炒鱿鱼，卷铺盖A recognition of variation implies that we must recognize that a language is notjust some kind of abstract object of study. It is also something that people use. It is not surprising therefore that some linguists‟doubt the possible value of a linguistics that deliberately separates itself from any concern with the use, and the uses, of language. Many sociolinguists have argued that an asocial linguistics is scarcely worthwhile and that meaningful insights into language can be gained only if such matters as use and variation are included as part of the data which must be explained in an adequate linguistic theory; an adequate theory of language must have something to say about the uses of language.As we will see, there is considerable variation in the speech of any one individual, but there are also definite bounds/limits to that variation: no individual is free to do so far as language is concerned. The variation you are permitted to use has limits and these limits can be described with considerable accuracy. That is, there are group norms so far as variation is concerned.ⅡResearch Scope1.Definition (See book, Page 3)2.Sociolinguists are interested in the relations between language and society.Four possible relations between language and society.(See book, Page 79)Assignments:Thought Questions:1.What evidence does the writer mention for the effects of social structure on language?2.What evidence could you give for and against the “no relationship ”position?3.Sociolinguistics and the Sociology of Language (See book, PP5-7)(micro- Sociolinguistics) (macro- Sociolinguistics)The former is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and ofhow languages function in communication: the study of language in relation to society: the latter is concerned with trying to discover how social structure can be better understood through the study of language, e.g., how certain linguistic features serve to characterize particular social arrangements: the study of society in relation to language.ⅢResearch MethodologyThe approach to sociolinguistics is that it should encompass everything from considering …who speaks (or writes) what language (or what language variety) to whom and when and to what end‟.1.clandestine / / recording2.sociolinguistic interview (See book, PP10-12)3.questionnaireWhatever sociolinguistics is, any conclusions we come to must be solidly based on evidence. As an empirical science, it must be founded on an adequate database. The data is drawn from a wide variety of sources. These include censuses, documents, surveys, and interview. Some data require the investigator to observe “naturally occurring”linguistic events, e.g., conversations; others require the use of various elicitation to gain access to the data we require.ⅣSociolinguistics and Related disciplinesparent disciplines: linguistics and sociologyrelated disciplines: anthropology, psychology, gender studies, public policy management, political science and history.Unit TwoLanguage, Dialects, and VarietiesEach language exists in a number of varieties and is in one sense the sum of those varieties.ⅠLanguage and Dialects1.Folk conceptualization of dialectsMost speakers can give a name to whatever it is they speak. But how do we decide what is language and what is a dialect of a language? What criteria can you possibly use to determine that, whereas variety x is a language, variety y is only a dialect of a language? What are the essential differences between a language and a dialect?For ordinary people, a dialect is almost certainly no more than a local non-prestigious (therefore powerless) variety of a real language. It is often equivalent to nonstandard or even substandard, connoting a various degree of inferiority.Thought question: Do you speak the dialect of your hometown, if you have one, in the classroom? Why or why not?Language can be used to refer either to a single linguistic norm or to a group of related norms, and dialect to refer to one of the norms. As a result, the standard is often not called a dialect at all, but is regarded as the language itself.2.Regional Dialect and Social Dialect3.Case studies①Hindi-Urdu situation(北印度语，乌尔都语)Hindi and Urdu are the same language, but one in which certain differences are becoming more and more magnified(popular) for political and religious reasons. Hindi is written left to right in the Devanagari / / (梵文字母)script, whereas Urdu is written right to left in the Arabic-Persian script.Whereas Hindi draws on Sanskrit（梵文）for its borrowings, Urdu draws on Arabic and Persian sources. Large religious differences make much of small linguistic differences.②Yugoslavia situationYugoslavia, a country now brutally dismembered with the instruments of ethnicity, language and religion. Within the old Yugoslavia, Serbs（塞尔维亚人／语）and Croats （克罗地亚人／语）failed to agree on most things and after the death of President Tito the country, slowly at first and then even more rapidly later, fell into a fatal divisiveness（分裂）. Slovenians斯洛文尼亚人／语）and Macedonians （马其顿）excised （separate）themselves most easily, but the Serbs and the Croats were not so lucky. Linguistically, Serbo-Croatian is a single south Slav(斯拉夫) language but one used by two groups of people, the Serbs and Croats, with somewhat different backgrounds.There are Serbian and Croatian varieties of Serbo-Croatian. The actual differences between the two varieties mainly involve different preferences in vocabulary rather than differences in pronunciation or grammar. That is, Serbs and Croats often use different words for the same concepts. The varieties are written in different scripts (Roman for Croatian and Cyrillic（古代斯拉夫语字母）for Serbian), which also reflect the different religious loyalties of Croats and Serbs (the western and eastern rites of Catholicism). As conflict grew, differences became more and more important and the country and the language split apart.③Scandinavia（斯堪的纳维亚半岛：瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称）situationDanish, Norwegian (actually two varieties), and Swedish are recognized as different languages, yet if you speak any one of them you will experiencelittle difficulty in communication. Danish and Norwegian share much vocabulary but differ considerably in pronunciation. In contract, there are considerable vocabulary differences between Swedish and Norwegian but they are similar in pronunciation. Both Danes and Swedes claim good understanding of Norwegian. However, Danes claim to comprehend Norwegians better than Norwegians claim to comprehend Danes. The poorest mutual comprehension is between Danes and Swedes. Danes understand Swedes better than the Swedes understand Danes. The best understanding is between Norwegians and Swedes. These differences in mutual intelligibility reflect power relationships. Denmark long dominated Norway, and Sweden is today the most influential country in the region and Denmark the least powerful.④Chinese situationA shared writing system and a strong tradition of political, social, and culturalunity form essential parts of their definition of language.⑤European ContinentIt is still possible to travel long distances and, by making only small changes in speech from location to location, continue to communicate with the inhabitants. (You might have to travel somewhat slowly, however, because of the necessary learning that would be involved.) It has been said that at one time a person could travel from the south of Italy to the north of France in this manner. It is quite clear that such a person began the journey speaking one language and ended in speaking something entirely different. Such a situation is often referred to as a dialect continuum.The hardening of political boundaries in the modern world led to the hardening of language boundaries. Various pressures --- political, social, cultural, and educational serve to harden current state boundaries.⑥Classical ArabicThe literary and colloquial forms of Arabic used in Iraq, Morocco and Egypt are grammatically quite separate, yet only one language is recognized in each case.ⅡCriteria in the language-dialect distinction1. Standardization refers to the process by which a language has been codified in some way. That process usually involves the development of such things as grammars, spelling books, and dictionaries, and possibly a literature. E.g., Wycliffe‟s and Luther‟s translations of the Bible into English and German, Caxton‟s(1422-1491 英国第一位印刷家)establishment of printing in England, and Dr Johnson‟s dictionary of English published in 1755.(What events can be related to the standardization process of Chinese?)①Problems of standardizationSelection of the norm may prove difficult because choosing one variety as a norm means favoring those who speak that variety. It also diminishes (decrease) all the other varieties and possible competing norms. The chosen norm inevitably becomes associated with power and the rejected with lack of power. Not surprisingly, it usually happens that a variety associated with an elite / / is chosen.②Functions of standardization processa.It unifies individuals and groups within a larger community while at the sametime separating the community that results from other communities.Therefore, it can be employed to reflect and symbolize some kind of identity: regional, social, ethnic, or religious.b. A standardized variety can also be used to give prestige to speakers. It cantherefore serve as a kind of goal for those who have somewhat different norms.③standardization is also an ongoing matter.2. Vitality refers to the existence of a living community of speakers. This criterion can be used to distinguish languages that are …alive‟from those that are …dead‟. Once a language dies it is gone for all time. A language can remain a considerable force even after it is dead, that is, even after it is no longer spoken as anyone‟s first language. Classical Greek and Latin still have considerable prestige in the western world. Sanskrit （梵语）is important to speakers of Hindi（北印度语）. Classical Arabic provides a unifying force in the Islamic world; and Classical Chinese has considerably influenced not only modern Chinese but also Japanese and Korean.3. Historicity / / （史实性）refers to the fact that a particular group of people finds a sense of identity through using a particular language: it belongs to them. Social, political, religious, or ethnic ties may also be important for the group, but the bond provided by a common language may prove to be the strongest tie of all.4.Autonomy is really one of feeling. A language must be felt by its speakers to bedifferent from other languages. However, this is a very subjective criterion. Some speakers of Black English maintain that their language is not a variety of English but is a separate language in its own right. In contrast, speakers of Cantonese and Mandarin deny that they speak different languages.5. Reduction refers to the fact that a particular variety may be regarded as a sub-variety /（次变体，亚变体）rather than as an independent entity. Speakers of Cockney （伦敦方言）will almost certainly say that they speak a variety of English, admit that they are not representative speakers of English.6. Mixture refers to feelings speakers have about the …purity ‟ of the variety they speak. This criterion appears to be more important to speakers of some languages than of others, more important to speakers of French and German than to speakers of English.7. De facto（事实）norms refer to the feeling that many speakers have that there are both …good‟ speakers and …poor‟ speakers and the good speakers represent the norms of proper usage. Standards must not only be established, but they must also be observed. Concern with the norms of linguistic behavior, …linguistic purism‟, may become very important among specific segments of society. For example, so far as English is concerned, there is a very profitable industry devoted to telling people how they should behave linguistically, what is …correct‟ to say, what to avoid saying, and so on.Unit ThreeStyles and RegistersStyle（语体）refers to the formality of speech. We may try to relate the level of formality chosen to a variety of factors: the kind of occasion (setting); the various social, age, and other differences between the participants; the particular task; the emotional involvement. It is possible to show that native speakers of all languages control a range of stylistic varieties.It is also quite possible to predict the stylistic features that a native speaker will tend to employ on certain occasions.Registers（语域）are sets of language items associated with discrete occupational or social groups. For example, surgeons, airline pilots, bank managers, sales clerks, jazz fans, netizens. People participating in recurrent（循环的）communication situations tend to develop similar vocabularies, similar features of intonation, and characteristic bits of syntax and phonology that they use in these situations, special terms for recurrent objects and events.Functions: 1. facilitate speedy communication2. establish feelings of rapport.（亲善，和谐）Differences between dialect and register:Dialect (…dialectal variety‟) Register (…diatypic variety‟)---variety according to the user ---variety according to the useA dialect is A register iswhat you speak (habitually) what you are speaking (at one time) determined by who you are determined by what you are doing (socio-region of origin and /or adoption) (nature of social activity being engaged in) and andexpressing diversity of social structure expressing diversity of social process (patterns of social hierarchy) (social division of labor)so in principle dialects are: so in principle registers are:different ways of saying the same ways of saying different things and tend to thing and tend to differ in: differ in:phonetics, phonology, lexicogrammar semantics(and hence in lexicogrammar, but not in semantics and sometimes phonology, as realizationof this)Typical instances: Typical instancesSubcultural varieties occupational varieties(standard/nonstandard) (technical, semi-technical)Hudson (1996: 46) says: “Your dialect shows who you are while your registers shows what you are doing.”e.g. sentence style registerWe obtained some sodium chloride. formal technical （氯化纳）We got some sodium chloride. informal technicalWe got some salt. informal non-technicalUnit FourLanguage Contact—Pidgins and CreolesⅠ. Lingua franca 混合语，共用语People who speak different languages who are forced into contact with each other must find some way of communicating, a lingua franca. In 1953, UNESCO defined a lingua franca as …a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.‟A variety of other terms can be found: a trade language, a contact language, an international language, a global language, and an auxiliary language.Ⅱ. Pidgins and Creoles1. Origins of pidgins and creolesA pidgin is a language with no native speakers: it is no one‟s first language but is a contact language. That is, it is the product of a multilingual situation in which those who wish to communicate must find a simple language system that will enable them to do so. Very often too that situation is one in which there is an imbalance of power among the languages as the speakers of one language dominate the speakers of the other languages economically and socially. A pidgin is therefore sometimes regarded as a …reduced‟ variety of a …normal ‟ language, with simplification of the grammar and vocabulary of that language, considerable phonological variation, and an admixture of local vocabulary to meet the special needs of the contact group.Holm defines a pidgin as:A reduced language that results from extended contact between groups of people with no language in common; it evolves(develops) when they need some means of verbal communication, perhaps for trade, but no group learns the native language of any other group for social reasons that may include lack of trust or of close contact. Creole is often defined as a pidgin that has become the first language of a new generation of speakers.Pidginization generally involves some kind of simplification.2. Features of pidgin and creolesEach pidgin or Creole is a well organized linguistic system.1)The sounds of a pidgin are likely to be fewer and less complicatedTok Pisin( New Guinea Pidgin ) makes use of only five basic vowels and also has fewer consonants than English. The necessary vowel and consonant distinctions are not present.English: ship sheepTop Pisin: sip sipsip2) In pidgins and Creoles there is likely to be a complete lack of inflection in nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives. Nouns are not marked for number and gender, and verbs lack tense markers. Pronouns will not be distinguished for case. So there will beno I-me, he-him alternation.Me ---- I me we ---- mipela ( I and others) / yumi( I and you) 3) Syntax is likely to be simplified in clausal structure.The development of embedded clauses, e.g. of relative clauses, is one characteristic of the process of embedded clauses.4) V ocabulary has a great similarities to that of the standard language.talk --- talk talktalk (chatter) looklook (stare)crycry --- cry continually san --- sun sansan --- sand3 Pidgin to Creole and BeyondNot every pidgin eventually becomes a Creole, i.e., undergoes the process of creolization. In fact, very few do.Creolization occurs only when a pidgin for some reason becomes the variety of language that children must use in situations in which use of a “full”language is effectively denied them.Tok Pisin as a Creole1)people speak Creoles faster than pidgins and they do not speak them word byword. Consequently, process of assimilation and reduction can be seen at work in Tok Pisin:mamblomi (assimilation) bilong-blo (reduction)2)Expansion of vocabulary resources: new shorter words are formed.3)Creole continuumAn English-based Creole can develop a number of varieties when it is in contact with Standard English. As the range of these varieties increases, Standard English may more and more influence them in a process of decreolization so that some varieties will come to resemble Standard English.Unit FiveDiglossia and Code-SwitchingWe may refer to a language or a variety of a language as a code. The term is useful because it is neutral. Terms like dialect, style, standard language are inclined to arouse emotions. In contrast, the term code can be used to refer to any kind of system that two or more people employ for communication.Ⅰ.Diglossia（双语体现象）1.Definition:A diglossic situation exists in a society when it has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation; that is, one code is employed in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set.2.Features①A key defining characteristic of diglossia is that the two varieties are kept quite apart in their functions. One is used in one set of circumstances and the other in an entirely different set. For example, the H varieties may be used for delivering sermons and formal lectures, especially in a parliament or legislative body, for giving political speeches, for broadcasting the news on radio and television, and for writing poetry, fine literature, and editorials in newspapers. In contrast, the L varieties may be used in giving instructions to workers in low-prestige occupations or to household servants, in conversations with familiars, in …soap operas‟ and popular programs on the radio. You don‟t use an H variety in circumstances calling for an L variety, e.g., for addressing a servant; nor do you usually use an H variety when an L is called for, e.g., for writing a …serious ‟ work of literature.②The H variety is the prestige variety; the L variety lacks prestige. In fact, there may be so little prestige attached to the L variety that people may even deny that they know it although they may be observed to use it for more frequently than the H variety.③All children learn the L variety. Some may concurrently learn the H variety, butmany don not learn it at all. The H variety is likely to be learned in some kind of formal setting, e.g., in classrooms. To that extent, the H variety is …taught‟, where the L variety is …learned‟.④The L variety often shows a tendency to borrow learned words from the H variety,particularly when speakers try to use the L variety in more formal way. The result is a certain admixture of H vocabulary into the L.ⅡPower and SolidarityPower requires some kind of asymmetrical relationship between entities: one has more of something that is important, e.g. status, money, influence, etc., than the other or others.Solidarity is a feeling of equality that people have with one another. They have a common interest around which they will bond. A feeling of solidarity can lead people to preserve a local dialect or an endangered language to resist power, or to insist on independence.ⅢBilingualism (see PP44-48)ⅣCode-Switching1.DefinitionWhen two or more languages exist in a community, speakers frequently switch from one language to another. This phenomenon is known as code-switch. As Gal (Wardhaugh, 2000:100) says, …code-switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations‟.2.Types of Code-Switching①Situational code-switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situations in which the conversants find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic changes is involved. Example: for a …typical‟ child growing up in Singapore, he will tend to speak Hokkien with parents and informal Singapore English with siblings. Conversation with friends will be in Hokkien or informal Singapore English. The language of education will be the formal variety of Singapore English and Mandarin. Any religious practices will be conducted in the formal variety of Singapore English if the family is Christian, but in Hokkien if Buddhist or Taoist. The language of government employment will be formal Singapore English but some Mandarin will be used from time to time; however, shopping will be carried on in Hokkien, informal Singapore English, and the …bazaar‟variety of Malay used throughout the region.②Metaphorical code-switching occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language used. Some topics may be discussed in either code, but the choice of code adds a distinct flavor to what is said about the topic. The choice encodes certain social values.Example by Jan-Petter Blom and John Gumperz out of their research in a town in northern Norway.Bokmal --- standard (H) Ranamal --- (H)In the course of a morning spent at the community administration office, we noticed that clerks used both standard and dialect phrases, depending on whether they were talking about official affairs or not. Greeting and inquiries about family affairs tend to be exchanged in the dialect, while the business part of the transaction is carried on in the standard.③Conversational Code-Switching (Code-Mixing)This occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance. Example:Das handlet von einem secondhand dealer and his son.“That is about a …”。
第一章 什么是社会语言学(研究生)
六、社会语言学的兴起和发展
（二）社会语言学产生的外因 外因是指社会历史的原因。 20世纪五六十年代，西方社会的失业人
数不断增加，种族矛盾加深。在美国也 是如此，黑人和其他少数民族的就业率 比白人低。
六、社会语言学的兴起和发展
（三）社会语言学的发展概况 1966年，布莱特（W·Bright）编《社会
四、社会语言学与相关学科的关系
3、社会语言学和民族语言学、人类学 语言学、语用学
参看： 郭熙《中国社会语言学（增订本）》（杭州:
浙江大学出版社,2004年第1版）第17-19页； 徐大明、陶红印、谢天蔚《当代社会语言学》
（北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004年重印版） 第33页。
五、社会语言学的基本概念
三、社会语言学的研究对象
四、社会语言学的基本概念
六、社会语言学的兴起和发展
七、社会语言学的用处和价值
一、变异学派
我的老师是徐大明教授 徐老师的老师是帕普拉克(Poplack) 帕普拉克的老师是拉波夫(Labov)。
徐大明
Poplack
Labov
体表现形式的集合。
五、社会语言学的基本概念
4.语言变式（linguistic variant ） 语言变式：语言变项的表现形式，常用方
括号表示。
五、社会语言学的基本概念
5、言语社区（speech community） 言语社区：讲话人组成的一个群体，该群体
具有一定的活动范围，是一个自然交际聚合体。
1、语言变异（linguistic variation）
语言变异：不同社会群体之间的语言差异（徐 大明等 2004）。
语言变异可以反映在语音、词汇、语法、语段 特征、叙述语体等方面。
《社会语言学》课件
实证研究是社会语言学研究的重要方法之一。未 来，社会语言学将更加注重实证研究，通过实地 调查、实验等方法来验证理论假设和探究语言现 象的本质。
THANKS FOR WATCHING
感谢您的观看
语言中的文化信息
探讨语言中蕴含的文化信息，如价值观、信仰、 习俗和传统等。
跨文化交际
研究不同文化背景的人们在交际过程中如何理解 和使用语言。
语言与性别
性别与语言使用
01
研究不同性别在语言使用上的差异，包括词汇、语调和话题选
择等。
性别与语言权利
02
探讨性别如何影响语言权利的变化
03
研究语言变化过程中性别的角色和影响，以及性别如何影响语
言的演变。
语言与年龄
年龄与语言使用
研究不同年龄段在语言使用上的差异，包括词汇、语法和语用等 。
代际差异与语言传承
探讨不同代际之间在语言使用上的差异，以及这些差异如何影响 语言的传承和发展。
年龄与语言变化
研究年龄因素在语言变化中的作用，以及年龄如何影响语言的演 变和发展。
03 社会语言学理论
语言与社会结构
01
语言与社会结构相互影响
语言不仅是社会结构的反映，同时也参与构建社会结构。社会结构中的
各种因素，如阶级、性别、年龄等，都在一定程度上影响语言的使用。
02 03
社会方言与地域方言
不同的社会群体和地域会有不同的语言变体，这些变体被称为社会方言 和地域方言。社会方言主要反映社会群体的差异，地域方言则反映地理 区域的差异。
社会语言学
目录
• 社会语言学概述 • 社会语言学研究的主要内容 • 社会语言学理论 • 社会语言学应用 • 社会语言学的挑战与未来发展
《社会语言学》课程教案
社会语言学在教育领域中的应用
指导语言教学
社会语言学可以指导语言教学，帮助教师更好地理解学生的语言 习得过程，提供有效的教学方法和策略。
培养学生的语言意识
通过学习社会语言学，学生可以更加自觉地关注语言的使用和变化， 培养对语言的敏感性和批判性思维能力。
包括语言地位规划、语言教育规划、语言传播规划、语言 服务规划等。
包括调查研究、制定规划、宣传推广、实施评估等。
语言规划的评价标准与意义
评价标准
包括科学性、系统性、可行性、效果性等。
意义
对于促进语言发展、维护语言多样性、提高语言交流效率、增强国家文化软实力等方面 具有重要意义。
06 社会语言学在实际生活中 的应用
语言使用的场合与功能
不同场合的语言使用
人们在不同的场合会使用不同的语言，如在正式场合使用正式语言，在非正式 场合使用非正式语言。
语言的功能
语言具有多种功能，如交际功能、表达功能、认知功能等。人们在不同的场合 使用语言时，会根据需要选择不同的语言功能。
语言使用中的性别差异
词汇选择
男性和女性在词汇选择上可能存 在差异，如女性可能更倾向于使
研究意义
社会语言学的研究有助于我们更好地理解语言在社会中的作用和影响，为语言规划、语言教育、跨文化交际等领 域提供理论支持和实践指导。同时，社会语言学也促进了语言学与其他学科的交叉融合，推动了语言学理论的创 新和发展。
03 语言变异与语言使用
语言变异的定义与类型
定义
语言变异是指语言在使用过程中，由于各种因素的影响而产生的语言形式或使用上的差异。
社会语言学讲稿197精品PPT课件
第一章 什么是社会语言学
§1 ．0 社会语言学的含义 社会语言学的定义
社会语言学相对来说还是一 门年轻的学科。语言学家、社会 学家从不同的角度来看待它，所 以现有的社会语言学的定义往往 不尽相同。下面我们举三个例子：
英国语言学家戴维·克里斯特尔(David
Crystal)在《语言学和语音学初级词典》
中给“社会语言学”下的定义是：
“语言学的分支之一，研究语言和社会的 各种关系。社会语言学研究社会集团的语 言同一性、社会对语言的态度、语言的标 准与非标准形式，使用国语的方式和需要， 语言的社会变体和社会层次，多语现象的 社会基础等等。社会语言学的另一个名称 是语言社会学(着重从社会方面而不是从语 言方面解释上述现象)。”
中国出版的《语言学百科词典》(上海辞书出 版社1993年出版)这样定义社会语言学：
“运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法，联系社会研究语言 现象的一门新兴边缘学科，建立于20世纪60年代。主要研究语 言的社会本质和差异。前者包括语言社会本质的特点和规律、语 言内部规律和外部规律的相互关系和作用、民族语言和民族形成 的关系、民族共同语的形成和社会发展的关系、语言演变和社会 演变的关系等问题。后者包括语言的地域变体、社会变体、双语 和多语现象、不同言语环境中的语言变体等问题，其目的是揭示 社会结构变异和语言结构变异之间的系统对应关系及相互的因果 关系。此外社会语言学研究还为一个国家或民族的标准语的确定 或选择、文字的制定和改革、语言政策的制定、语言规划的拟定、 语言教学及其研究，提供依据和指导！”
在讨论社会语言学的文献中常常会看到这样两个
词：社会语言学(sociolinguistics)和语言社会学
(sociology of language)。有的学者觉得它们是不 同的。虽然两者研究的都是语言与社会之间的关系， 但前者着重语言结构，探讨语言怎样在交际中发挥作 用，后者则通过对语言的研究更好地了解社会结构。 郝德森(Hudson，1980)简明扼要地道出两者的区别： 社会语言学是“联系社会研究语言”，而语言社会学 则是“联系语言研究社会”。但是他也认为“两者的 差别只是重点不同而已，看研究者对语言有兴趣还是 对社会有兴趣，看他们擅长语言结构分析还是擅长社 会结构分析。两者之间有很大一部分是重叠的，所以 要将两者分得更加清楚并没有什么意思”
《社会语言学》课件
社会语言学与其他语言学分支的关系
语音学
研究的是音的结构和音位、音素的分析和 音变过程，是对语音层面进行的学科研究。
词汇学
研究词汇和词的结构，其中也有一部分是 有关词的功能，如词类和句法等。
句法学
研究句子的基本成分、结构和组织规律， 以及句子与其他语言要素的关系。
语义学
研究语言符号的意义体系和语境下意义的 传达方式，还包括语义变化及其原因的研 究。
社会语言学的应用
社会语言学的一大应用领域是语言教学和语言规范的制定。在企业和商业领 域中，社会语言学的应用广泛，尤其是在市场营销等方面。
结论和展望
社会语言学自从上个世纪70年代以来快速发展，现在已经成为语言学中盛行的主流学门。我们期 待在更多领域和方向上研究社会语言学的贡献。
分析表情符号在社交互动中扮演的角色和意 义。
语言和身份
研究语言对身份认同和建构的影响，包括了 种族、地域、性、性取向等多个方面。
语码转换
研究多语言环境下的语码转换现象，反映了 语言使用者的个人经验和社会地位等多个方 面。
对话分析
研究人类社交对话的组织形式、话语闭合和 多样性等方面，也是社会语言学中热门的点 之一。
社会语言学的研究方法
观察
利用记录和分析自然语料库中的语言数据来发 现社会语言学规律和现象。
访谈
采用听取或录音的方式对人类语言进行评价、 描述和分析。
调查
通过问卷调查等方式采集语言使用情况和认知 数据。
语料库分析
对大量的语料进行计算机统计和分析，揭示语 言的统计规律和模式。
社会语言学的热门领域
表情符号
语言多样性ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
研究社会和文化因素对语言多样性的影响，包 括方言、行话和异化等。
社会语言学讲义(学生版)
社会语言学讲义张林林编二0 0五年八月目录第一章绪论-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------（4）第一节社会语言学的兴起-----------------------------------------------------------（4）第二节社会语言学的对象和任务--------------------------------------------------（5）第三节社会语言学的内部分支-----------------------------------------------------（6）第四节社会语言学和其他学科的关系--------------------------------------------（7）第二章社会语言学的语言观--------------------------------------------------------------（8）第一节社会心理学派的语言观-----------------------------------------------------（8）第二节斯大林如何看待语言和社会的关系--------------------------------------（8）第三节社会语言学如何看待语言是一种社会现象-----------------------------（9）第三章语言和文化--------------------------------------------------------------------------（13）第一节语言间的差异和一致--------------------------------------------------------（13）第二节语言如何反映文化的内容--------------------------------------------------（14）第四章语言和民族--------------------------------------------------------------------------（16）第一节语言和民族的关系-----------------------------------------------------------（16）第二节双语现象-----------------------------------------------------------------------（17）第三节双语现象对语言结构的影响-----------------------------------------------（18）第四节我国政府的少数民族语言的政策-----------------------------------------（19）第五章社会变迁与汉语的发展-----------------------------------------------------------（20）第一节社会变迁与语言变化的关系-----------------------------------------------（20）第二节社会文化接触与汉语的发展-----------------------------------------------（21）第三节现代中国社会分化与当代汉语的发展-----------------------------------（23）第四节从“文革”语言看社会政治运动对语言的影响-----------------------（26）第五节社会人口的变动对语言的影响--------------------------------------------（28）第六章汉语和中国社会结构--------------------------------------------------------------（30）第一节语言对社会结构的反映-----------------------------------------------------（30）第二节语言对家庭的反映-----------------------------------------------------------（35）第三节人名-----------------------------------------------------------------------------（37）第四节地名-----------------------------------------------------------------------------（39）第七章当代语言变异理论-----------------------------------------------------------------（41）第一节变异和变素--------------------------------------------------------------------（41）第二节变体及其分类-----------------------------------------------------------------（45）第三节语言变异研究的方法论-----------------------------------------------------（50）第四节语言变异的研究方法--------------------------------------------------------（54）第八章语言变异材料的分析---------------------------------------------------------------（61）第一节引起语言变异的原因---------------------------------------------------------（61）第二节语体和语域——语言变异和社会因素的结合---------------------------（65）第三节语言接触所引起的语言使用上的变异------------------------------------（66）第四节语言接触所引起的语言结构上的变异------------------------------------（69）第九章语言变异研究成果的应用---------------------------------------------------------（72）第一节在共时变异中去寻找进行中的语言变化---------------------------------（72）第二节进行中的变化和年龄级差---------------------------------------------------（73）第三节从共时的变异中寻找进行中变化的方法---------------------------------（74）第四节语言变化的原因以及语言发展的趋势------------------------------------（74）第十章语言迷信------------------------------------------------------------------------------（75）第一节语言的功能与语言的神秘化------------------------------------------------（75）第二节禁忌语、委婉语和詈语------------------------------------------------------（78）第十一章社会语言学的研究程序和调查方法------------------------------------------（81）第一节社会语言学的研究程序------------------------------------------------------（81）第二节定性、定量研究以及抽样的方法------------------------------------------（83）第三节社会语言学研究人员的素养------------------------------------------------（85）第十二章社会语言学的应用---------------------------------------------------------------（87）第一节社会语言学和商业------------------------------------------------------------（87）第二节社会语言学和法律实践------------------------------------------------------（88）第三节社会语言学和医学------------------------------------------------------------（88）第一章绪论一、社会语言学的兴起社会语言学（Sociolinguistics）是上个世纪六十年代才兴起的一门新的学科。
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社会语言学教程
定价: 28元
作者: 游汝杰 邹嘉彦 著
ISBN: ISBN7-309-04084-8/H.812 本类其他相关图书 开本: 小16开
装帧: 平装 页数: 312页 字数: 320千字
出版日
期:
2004-9 精彩章节,免费翻看 电子图书购买，请点击！ ★ 内容提要
本书是高等院校中文系、社会学系、新闻学系等有关专业的本科教材。
全书共分十章，基本内容为：社会语言学的基本概念和研究方法、语言变异与语言变体、双重语言和语言忠诚、言语交际。
汉语与华人社会、语言与文化、语言接触、语言竞争、语言规范等。
内容兼括狭义和广义的社会语言学、国外与国内的社会语言学。
其中部分内容较为专门，可供有兴趣的同学课外阅读，也可供研究生参考。
★ 作者简介
游汝杰，1941年生，温州人，复旦大学中国语言文学研究所教授、博士生导师。
曾任国际中国语言学会理事，现为全国汉语方言学会理事、中国语言学会理事、中国社会语言学会理事。
主要研究方向为方言学和社会语言学。
出版专著十余种，主要有：《方言与中国文化》（主著）、《汉语方言学导论》、《中国文化语言引论》、《西洋传教士汉语方言学著作书目考述》、《上海市区方言志》（语法部分）。
发表论文数十篇，刊于《中国语文》、《方言》、《民族语文》等。
先后执教的课程有：社会语言学、现代汉语研究、汉语方言学、汉藏语系概要、专业英语、语音学等。
曾获九项省部级以上优秀学术成果奖，其中主要有中国社会科学院青年语言学家奖、全国高等学校首届人文社会科学研究成果二等奖、上海市哲学社会科学优秀学术著作一等奖。
并先后多次到欧美、日本、港台访问或讲学。
邹嘉彦，“二战”期间出生，祖籍广东佛山。
早年就读于上海、香港与新加坡，大学期间主修数学与物理，后获哈佛大学语言学硕士、加州大学语言学博士学位。
现任香港城市大学语言学与亚洲语言学讲座教授、语言资讯科学研究中心主任，执教的课程主要有社会语言学、粤语方言学。
近年在社会语言学、计算语言学等领域有深入研究，专著有《汉语与华人社会》、《语言接触论集》（均与游汝杰合作）等。
参与主编的《中国语言地图集》 1999年曾获中国国家社会科学基金项目优秀成果一等奖。
先后在法国国家高等人文科学院、美国加州大学、加拿大英属哥伦比亚大学、澳大利亚国立大学、日本亚非文化语言研究所、北京大学等任研究员、客座教授，并曾任新加坡南洋理工大学陈六使客座教授、厦门大学南强讲座员，现为《中国语文》、《语言研究》、《国际中国语言学评论》、《自然言语处理》（日本）、《中文计算语言学期刊》（台湾）、《国际东方语言电脑学报》（新加坡）等书刊编委。
社会兼职有中文信息学会（中国）理事、中文电脑学会（美国）会长、香港语言学会创会会长等；2004年为亚洲自然语言处理联会创会会长、中国社会语言学会顾问等。
并于2001年荣膺比利时皇家科学院海外院士。
★ 书摘
目录
第一章导论
第一节社会语言学的边界和研究对象
一、描写语言学与社会语言学
二、社会语言学与唯理语法、生成语法
三、方言学与社会语言学
四、社会语言学的研究范围和对象
第二节社会语言学的诞生和经典研究成果
一、社会语言学的诞生
二、城市方言学
三、小城镇社会方言研究
四、言语民俗学
第三节社会语言学的研究方法
一、多人次抽样调查
二、快速隐秘调查法
三、定量分析
四、社会网络的调查研究
五、配对变法
第四节社会语言学在中国的产生和发展
第二章语言变异与语言变体
第一节社会方言
一、阶层变体和性别变体
二、城乡差异和年龄变体
三、语域变体和职业变体
四、地方戏曲语言变体
第二节语言分化与语言转用
一、语言分化
二、方言的系属层次和地理层次
三、方言岛及其成因
四、语言转用
第三节语言演变的社会、文化原因
一、人口变迁和语言的宏观演变
二、移民方式和方言地理分布类型的关系
三、方言历史演变的宏观取向
四、权威方言变易的社会文化原因
五、语言微观演变的社会、文化原因
第三章双重语言和语言忠诚
第一节双重语言和双层语言
一、双重语言现象
二、双层语言现象
三、双重语言和双层语言的关系
四、双重语言的成因和发展趋势
五、多语现象和多语社区的共同语
第二节民系、方言与地方文化
一、民系、方言和地方文化的层级性
二、语言使用场域的地理层级性
三、语言社会功能的层级性
四、强势方言和弱势方言
第三节语言忠诚和语言态度——香港个案分析
一、香港华人各民系概况
二、少数民系的语言忠诚
三、影响语言忠诚的因素
四、结语
第四章言语交际
第一节言语社区和言语交际能力
一、言语社区
二、言语交际能力
三、礼貌语言
第二节会话和语码转换
一、会话结构和会话分析
二、精密语码和有限语码
三、语码转换和语码混合
第三节语言或方言的可懂度研究
一、方言间词汇接近率的计量研究方法
二、两个新的课题和新的研究方法
三、关于可懂度的两点思考
第五章汉语的形成、发展和华人社会
第一节汉语的历史源头和地理扩散
一、南方各大方言的形成及其历史层次
二、域外方言
第二节语言演变和社会、文化的关系
一、方言的据点式传播和蔓延式扩散
二、历史行政地理与方言地理的关系
三、文白异读和科举制度
四、方言扩散和语言融合
第三节海外汉语分布和华人社会
一、海外汉语形成的原因
二、海外汉语方言和华人社区的共同特征
三、海外汉语方言社区的由来和分布
四、官话和粤语在海外的地位
五、方言社区的语言标志
六、语言接触和文化同化
第六章基于语料库的社会语言学研究
第一节海内外汉语词汇的差异及其社会背景
一、各地中文异同比较和共时语料库
二、中文和日文新词的衍生和词汇重整
三、各地中文词汇重整的几个特点
第二节当代汉语新词的多元化趋向和地区竞争
一、新词地区分布的统计
二、各地新生外来词的竞争和发展趋势
三、华语各地区新词接近率比较
第三节报刊词汇和社会文化演变
一、新闻媒体与社会文化
二、地名词见报率的变化
三、复合地名的演变
四、结语
第七章语言与文化
第一节语言与文化共生、共存
一、语言与文化共生
二、语言与文化共存
三、语言发展滞后于文化
四、语言结构与文学体裁
五、汉语和汉字文化
第二节亲属称谓的文化背景
一、亲属称谓的分类
二、亲属称谓与民间忌讳心理
三、亲属称谓与婚姻制度
四、亲属称谓与宗法观念
五、亲属称谓的演变及其文化原因
第三节语言与民间心理
一、语言禁忌
二、语言巫术
三、语言迷信
四、语言和民俗
第四节人名和地名的文化内涵
一、人名的民族文化特征和时代特征
二、地名的文化特征
三、地名演变的文化原因
第八章语言接触
第一节语言同化和文化同化
一、语言同化的五个阶段
二、海外华人社会的语言和文化同化
三、结语
第二节语言接触和词汇传播
一、词汇的借用和文化的散播
二、文化对“词汇输入”的兼容和制约
三、音义混译词和音译义注词的结构制约
四、词汇输入的原因
五、外来词的本土化
六、结语
第三节语言融合
一、合璧词
二、洋泾浜语
三、混合语和混合型方言
四、语言接触和句法结构的输入
五、底层语言、上层语言和傍层误言
第九章社会发展与语言竞争
第一节香港的语言竞争
一、香港语言历史背景述略
二、语言转移和身份认同
三、英语的社会地位
四结语
第二节台湾的语言竞争
一、台湾各民系和方言
二、高层语言之间的竞争
三、低层语言之间的竞争
第三节内地的语言竞争
一、顶层语言
二、粤语、吴语和闽语的竞争力比较
三、地区性强势方言的竞争
第四节新加坡的语言竞争
一、新加坡社会发展和语言使用概况
二、顶层语言的竞争
三、华人社会高层语言的竞争
第十章社会语言学的应用
第一节语言计划
一、语言地位计划
二、语言本体计划
第二节语言教育和教学语言
一、语言教育
二、双语教育
三、第二语言习得
附录：中英对照社会语言学术语。