论爱默生的超验主义——对《论自立》的解读
解析超验主义在爱默生《论自助》中的体现

思想的集大成者 , 美 国思 想 家 、 诗人 , 1 8 3 6 年出版处女作《 论自 助》 。他 文 学 上 的 贡 献 主 要 在 散 文 和 诗 歌 上 , 他 的主 要 思 想 集 中体现在他的超验主义 ( T r a n s c e n d e n t a l i s m) 思想之 中 . 而 超 验
必 须 坚 持 自我 、 相 信 自我 , 按 照 自己 的 内心 与 直 觉 行 为 。 《 论自 助》 是爱默生超验 主义思想的集 中体现 , 其个 人主 义、 独 立 等 思 想 体 现得 淋 漓尽 致 。 超 验 主 义 观 点 的核 心 是 反 对 权 威 . 强调个 人 主义 . 主 张 人 能 超 越 一 切认 识 真 理 , 也 就 是 直 接 从 大 自然 中 认 识 真 理 。 在《 论 自助 》 中, 爱默生说: “ 人 与 自然 的 关 系 是 如 此 之 直 接 , 以 至 于 寻 求 任 何 中介 的 帮 助 都 会 被 认 为 是 一 种 亵 渎 … … 一 颗 纯真的心 , 随 时都 可 以 得 到 神 的 启 示 。届 时 , 过 去 的事 物 消 失 了, 像方法 、 教师 、 课文、 寺 院也 就 不 复 存 在 了 。 ” …他 认 为 . 每 个 人天生就具有 一种潜在 的神性与灵 力 , 因 此 能 够 和 自然 直 接 沟通 、 超 越 自我 。在 社 会 各 方 面都 取 得 了 极 大 发 展 的 同 时 , 美 国 社 会 对 文 化 的 发 展 与 进 步 提 出 了新 要 求 。 爱 默 生 在 《 论 自助 》 中倡 导 的人 与 自 然 的 直 接 沟 通 。 强 调 独 立 正 体 现 了 美 国的文化 需求 , 在 精神上 摆脱英 国 的控制 . 发 展 自 己 的 精 神 文 化 。 爱 默 生 主 张 通 过 人 与 自然 的 直 接 接 触 摆 脱 外 界 的 干 扰 , 让 神灵接 触到 人们 的内心 , 这 实 际 上 就 是 通 过 人 的 灵 力 获取知识 和真理 。 他 把 希 望 寄 托 于人 的 能力 与进 取 上 ,反 对 命 定 论 等 僵 死 的教 条 。他 在 《 论 自助 》 中说 : “ 在世界上 , 依从 别人 的看 法 而 活 着 是 容 易 的: 在独 居中 . 依 照 自己 的看 法 而 活 着 也 是 容 易 的: 但 是 伟 大 的人 物 却 是 在 人 群 中 以最 完 美 的 柔顺 保 持 着 独 居 中 的
爱默生论自助读后感

爱默生论自助读后感读完爱默生的《论自助》,我仿佛经历了一场思想的洗礼,内心的波澜久久不能平息。
爱默生在文中强调了个体的独立性和自我依靠的重要性。
他告诉我们,不要盲目追随他人,要有自己的思考和判断。
这让我想起了自己曾经的一段经历,那是一段关于选择大学专业的纠结时光。
当时,身边的人都觉得金融专业热门,就业前景好,纷纷劝我报考。
我的父母也认为这是一条稳妥的道路,他们说:“孩子啊,学金融以后能找个好工作,赚钱多,稳定。
”亲戚朋友们也跟着附和:“就是就是,大家都这么选,准没错。
” 我一度陷入了迷茫,不知道该如何抉择。
可我心里总觉得不太对劲,我对金融其实并没有那么浓厚的兴趣。
我喜欢的是文学,喜欢那些优美的文字,喜欢在书的海洋里遨游,感受不同作者的思想碰撞。
每当我读一本好书,就像是进入了一个全新的世界,那种感觉让我陶醉。
在那段纠结的日子里,我不停地问自己:“我到底想要什么?是为了迎合别人的期待,选择一个自己不喜欢的专业,然后一辈子做着不开心的工作?还是勇敢地追随自己的内心,选择文学,哪怕未来的道路充满了不确定性?”最终,我决定听从自己内心的声音,选择了文学专业。
做出这个决定的时候,身边很多人都不理解,甚至有人说我傻:“文学能当饭吃吗?以后找不到好工作可别后悔!” 但我心里却很坚定,我相信只要我努力,只要我坚持自己的热爱,一定能走出一条属于自己的路。
进入大学后,我发现文学的世界比我想象的还要精彩。
在课堂上,我们探讨古今中外的经典作品,分析作者的写作技巧,感受文字背后的情感力量。
我如饥似渴地阅读着一本又一本的名著,每一次阅读都像是一次心灵的冒险。
为了提高自己的写作水平,我经常参加各种写作比赛。
记得有一次,参加一个校内的征文比赛,我花了好几个星期的时间准备。
每天晚上,当室友们都在玩游戏或者聊天的时候,我一个人坐在书桌前,绞尽脑汁地构思,一遍又一遍地修改。
有时候写着写着,觉得不满意,就把整篇稿子都推翻重来。
那过程真的很痛苦,好几次我都想放弃,觉得自己不行。
论自立-爱默生

一、论自立爱默生就在几天前,我读了一位杰出画家写的几篇诗作,作品新颖独到而不流于俗套。
这样的诗作,无论主题怎样,总是能给人以教诲。
作品中融入的情感要比其中蕴含的思想更有价值。
相信自己的思想,相信自己心灵深处真实的东西同样适用于大家——这即是天赋。
你心中潜藏的信念一经说出,便会成为普遍的道理;因为内心最深处的东西,会在适当的时候,转变成最外在的东西———世界末日的号角会将我们带回到思维的初始刹那。
每个人都熟悉那些心灵之声,我们完全可以将摩西、柏拉图,以及弥尔顿最大的优点归结为他们对书本和传统的蔑视,他们不是人云亦云,而是言己心声。
人应当学会去发现,去关注自己心灵深处划过的智慧微光,而不是诗人、圣贤天空中的绚丽虹彩。
然而,人常常在不经意间忽略了自己的思想,仅仅就因为那些思想是自己的。
在天才们的每一部作品中,我们总会发现一些我们曾摒弃的想法:再次相会,它们显得疏远而又威严。
那些伟大的艺术作品对我们的教益仅此而已。
它们让我们认识到:众口一词,与我们意见相左时,要以愉悦的心态坚持我们自发的观念,毫不动摇。
否则,明天就会有个新面孔,高明而又有见地地准确说出我们长久以来的所思所感,而自己的见解却要从他人那里获取,定会使我们羞愧难当。
每个人在求知的过程中,都会经历这样一个时期,坚信这样一个道理:嫉妒是无知的表现,模仿无异于自杀;人必须能屈能伸,这才是命运;尽管广阔的宇宙不乏善举,但不通过辛勤劳作,不去在自己的土地上耕耘,香喷喷的玉米粒决不会自动送上门来。
自然界中,蕴藏在一个人身上的力量是全新的,除了本人,谁也不知道自己能做些什么,而且,不经过尝试,甚至他本人也弄不清自己有什么本领。
一张面孔、一个人物、一件事实会在他的脑海里留下深刻印象,而在别人那里却什么也不会留下。
雕刻在记忆中的东西定是蕴含着预先设定的和谐.置于亮光下的眼睛才有可能觉察那缕光线。
我们只是不能充分地表达自己的思想,而且常常对自己提出的圣理哲言羞于开口。
爱默生论自助读后感

爱默生论自助读后感读完爱默生的《论自助》,我仿佛经历了一场思想的洗礼,心中有诸多感慨。
爱默生在文中强调了个体的独立性和自主性,主张每个人都应当依靠自己的力量去探索世界、实现自我价值。
这让我想起了自己曾经的一段经历。
那是我刚上大学的时候,对一切都充满了好奇和期待。
我像一只刚刚飞出笼子的小鸟,渴望在广阔的天空中自由翱翔。
然而,现实却给了我一个不小的打击。
大学的课程远比我想象中的要复杂和困难,尤其是高等数学,那些密密麻麻的公式和定理,就像一道道难以逾越的鸿沟,横在了我前进的道路上。
第一次考试,我考得一塌糊涂,看着试卷上那可怜的分数,我的心仿佛坠入了冰窖。
我开始怀疑自己的能力,觉得自己是不是根本就不适合上大学。
那段时间,我陷入了深深的迷茫和焦虑之中,不知道该怎么办才好。
就在我几乎要放弃的时候,爱默生的话在我耳边响起:“相信你自己的思想,相信你内心深处认为对你适用的东西对一切人都适用……”我开始反思自己,难道我真的就这么轻易被困难打倒吗?不,我不甘心!于是,我决定依靠自己的力量,重新振作起来。
我每天早早地起床,去图书馆占座,认真地复习每一个知识点。
遇到不懂的问题,我不再像以前那样等着老师来解答,而是主动去请教同学,或者自己查阅资料。
那段时间,真的很辛苦。
每天都要面对那些枯燥的公式和习题,有时候甚至连做梦都在解题。
但是,我没有放弃,因为我知道,只有依靠自己的努力,才能走出困境。
终于,功夫不负有心人。
在期末考试中,我的高等数学取得了优异的成绩。
那一刻,我心中充满了喜悦和自豪。
我明白了,只要相信自己,依靠自己的力量,就没有克服不了的困难。
在之后的日子里,我也一直把这种自助的精神贯彻到生活的方方面面。
比如参加社团活动,我不再犹豫和退缩,而是积极地展现自己的才能;面对人际关系中的问题,我也学会了独立思考,用自己的方式去解决。
爱默生说:“人,全都是为了发现自己而来。
” 通过这段经历,我深刻地体会到了这句话的含义。
我们每个人都是独一无二的,都有自己的潜力和价值。
浅析爱默生的论自助

浅析爱默生的论自助拉尔夫?华尔多?爱默生是美国十九世纪着名的作家,《论自助》是其极具影响力的一部作品,也是一部激励人们自信、独立的作品。
论文从分析、研究爱默生及其作品出发,探索了作品中的四种主要思想,包括“自信”、“独立”、“个性”、“拒绝对穷人的同情”,其中,“自信”是论文的核心。
在研究作品主要思想的基础上,论文探讨了作品的主要思想对当今社会的启迪和影响,包括对乐观自信生活态度的启迪、对女性自助思想的促进、对个人成功的影响及对国家繁荣与富强的影响。
IntroductionEmerson, Ralph Waldo was one of the most outstanding American writers in the19th century; he experienced much in his whole life. His Self-Reliance is an influential work which deeply attracts many readers. “Believe in Oneself” is the main idea exp ressed and analyzed in the work. In Self-Reliance, there exist four kinds of important thoughts. The first kind of thought is “The Confidence”. Emerson advocated that a man must show his opinion confidently and bravely in spite of different ideas. “The Independence” is the second kind of important thought which is expressed in Self-Reliance. A man should keep himself firmly but not be easily influenced by environment. The third kind of thought is to keep personality, which is closely related to the confidence and the independence. From Emerson’s opinion, a man must keep his personality and conform to his own principles. “Showing no Sympathy to the Poor” is the fourth kind of thought in the work. It shows that why the poor are poor is mainly due to their backward thinking.Showing help to this kind of people means doing harm to them. All these ideas in Emerson’s Self-reliance have enlightenments on today’s society. They help people take confident and optimistic attitudes towards life. These important thoughts enlighten the female to be confident and strive for their social status. Besides, they are crucial for individuals’success. Each man who possesses the thoughts is easy to make progress and achieve success. Moreover, a country’s prosperity is established on the basis of confidence and independence.I. A Brief Introduc... .tion to Emerson and His Self-RelianceA. Emerson, Ralph WaldoEmerson collected all his speech materials and made a book called Essays, including Self-reliance, Love, and Friendship and so on. Emerson’s Essays speaks highly of the man who should trust their own suggestion. He advocated that a man should develop the national pride and opposed following the others’saying. Almost all his speeches made a deep influence on America’s national civilization. In 1837, he published a famous speech which declared that the American literature was separated from Britain literature. He was also the spokesman of transcendentalism. Emerson abandoned the thought which takes god as the centre. He raised the idea that the man could know the truth by instinct, so to some extent, the man is the god. Then hecried out that ‘Believe in Yourself’. His opinion reflected the advancing spirit of capitalism society. This positive spirit was called as American religion and it pushed the development of national spirit of America. He was the clairvoyant of American spirit and belonged to America, Emerson’s thoughts and works largely promoted the establishment and development of American national spirit.B. Self-RelianceEmerson’s works deeply attract readers, especially Self-Reliance, which is from Essays. This prose is finished according to a series of speech materials between 1836 and 1837. Self-Reliance is his significa nt work which expresses his idea of transcendentalism. “Believe in Yourself” is the core point of Self-Reliance. Emerson opposed all forms of imitation in the works. He thought the man should believe he was excellent at any time. The real man should learn how to reject to drift with the stream. If a man is afraid of public opinion or compelled him to do something unchanged, he will possibly lose the innovative ability which leads him to success. If a person doesn’t want t... .o let him or the society down, he must comply with the principles in his inner heart, yet the people who comply with the authority, tradition or current system means break this principle. The ideas which Emerson expressed in his prose are largely different. They agreed with the American people’s optimistic spirit at that time. Above all, he believed in individualism, independence andself-reliance. His works is not easy to be understood. He reconstructed the common literature images in writing skill and endowed the works with new ideas. Generally, the readers have a common view that his ideas are special and unique.Nowadays, there are many books about self-support. The authors express a series of ideas as Emerson did. The difference is that the common books are easier to be understood. The authors use simple sentences in their works so that all readers can easily know what the authors express. But Emerson’s Self-reliance is needed to read many times. He mainly expressed four important ideas in this works, including “The Confidence”, “The Independence”, “The Personality”, “Showing No Sympathy to the Poor”. “The confidence” is a core point which Emerson stressed in Self-Reliance. All men should trust their own opinions in spite of the different ideas. Emerson thought a ma n should trust himself firmly. “The Independence” is another subject which Self-Reliance fully elaborates. It expresses that a man should act independently but not always relies on the other people. Besides, “Showing no Sympathy to the Poor” agrees with th e idea of self-support. In the works, Emerson gave the opinion that the poor are lack of advancing ideas. The result of supporting the poor is to do harm to them. At last, to be a self-reliant person, the man should keep his personality. These ideas are important in today’s society. This prose exerts much influence on many ordinary people.II. The Analysis on Emerson’s Thoughts in Self-Reliance... .Self-Reliance is not an average work. Its content is difficult for readers to understand. Emerson showed many of his opinions about life in the work. The most important ideas include “The Confidence”, “The Independence”, “The Personality”, and “Showing no Sympathy to the Poor”. These ideas are practicable and meaningful for the reader’s lives.A. The ConfidenceSelf-Reliance is one of Emerson’s important works which express his transcendentalism. “Believe in Oneself” is the core point in it. In the works, Emerson showed his opinions about the confidence. He criticized all forms of imitation and opposed all self-abased people. The confidence is an evident idea which Emerson gave in Self-Reliance. He thought that the confidence was a very important virtue. The philosophical idea which he expressed in Self-Reliance had its special power. It enlightened many people and catered to the spirit of optimism in America at that time.Emerson believed a man must trust himself and be himself. Many self-abased people can’t express themselves bravely and are ashamed of their divine ideas just because the ideas are their own. Emerson believed that the man should concern his own points of view and keep them steadfastly. In his opinion: “A man should learn to detect and watch the gleam of light flashes across his mind from within, more than the luster of the firmament of bards and cages. Yet hedismisses without notice his thought, because it is his.”(Emerson, P7, 2005) From this sentence, it can be acquired that Emerson gave support for expressing one’s own ideas loudly and bravely in spite of the others’existence. Emerson’s opinions enlighten a man to keep his original saying in the face of mixed voices. A an individual in society, a man shouldn’t suspect himself, or the suspicion from the other people will attack him constantly. The person who doesn’t believe in himself will... .never win the other’s credibility. In Emerson’s Self-Reliance, It is a little difficult to understand the meaning. However, “Trust Yourself” is expressed clearly and can be known by readers easi ly. The author showed the idea that the man should own the spirit of self-confidence and try to be the true himself. For example, Emerson said in Self-reliance: “Let us never bow and apologize more.A great man is coming to eat at my house, I do not wish to please him; I wish that he should wish to please me”. (Emerson, P20, 2005) On Emerson’s saying, it is known that he supported the man to be himself generously in spite of the other people’s social status. Once a person comes to the world, he is possible to be the best one. However, many people are generally timid, and they are no longer upright, they are afraid of saying “I think”, but only quote motto. A matter of fact, Emerson encouraged the people to express “I think”, “I am” bravely and directly. Thes e words clearly prove the spirit of self-trust.There is a popular saying that “if you think you can, you can”. The confidence is the first step to make success. And Emerson showed the valuable idea in his works. It is believed that thereaders are more confident after they finished Self-reliance.B. The IndependenceJust as “The Confidence”, “The Independence” is also a significant idea which Emerson showed in the works. “The Independence” is closely related with the spirit of self-reliance. The author mentioned “The Independence” everywhere in the works. Emerson supported the man to be the true himself independently.Independence is an indispensable quality for one’s success. Emerson pointed out that the man without any independent idea is difficult to conduct himself. Therefore, it is very necessary to form the habit of self-reliance.C. The PersonalityIn Sel... .f-Reliance, Emerson advocated that a man should do everything according to his own will. This thought is closely related with the idea of confidence. A confident man is the one who always keeps his own personality. It is a very important thought which Emerson expressed in the works. It does help the readers to be confident.A a mater of fact, it is the man’s faith, not the environment that influences people’s lives. A successful man is the one who deeply trusts his inner power. He is never influenced by the environment.D. Showing no Sympathy to the PoorIn Self-reliance, Emerson fundamentally showed the idea of confidence and independence. Besides these ideas, he illustrated the idea of “Showing no sympathy to the Poor”. This point of view agrees with the confidence and independence. Emerson indirectly showed the reason why the man is poor and why no sympathy should be showed to the poor.The poor condition is not terrible, but the poor mind is a very serious problem. The man should never help the poor with money, but give them a tool to produce wealth by themselves, or teach them to be independent and challengeable. Emerson’s opinions towards the poor have given the readers a meaningful enlightenment.III.Self-Reliance’s Enlightenment on Today’s SocietySelf-Reliance gives readers much help in coping with their lives. It exerts enlightenment on readers to be confident and independent. It teaches man to take advancing attitudes towards life. Besides, these ideas enlighten female’s life. It is also of great help for individuals’progress anda country’s development.A. Attitudes towards LifeSelf-Reliance profoundly inspires a man to strengthen his self-confidence. A young man said in a forum: “If they are afraid of other’s different suggestion and give... .up their own thinking, then that’s losing themselves. No matter what they do, they should keep definite point of view and independent thinking”.(Smear, P49,2002).He further explained that everyone’s idea is different, no one can make the others’the same with he himself, so just think about the objection but neglect the irrelevant discussion. When the man finishes his aim, all voices have stopped with it. Each man should have his virtue in tacking with all problems.The attitudes towards life have two choices. One is to die and the other is to live. Emerson’s Self-Reliance teaches the readers to follow their own thoughts and take optimistic attitudes towards life. Everything has two sides, the most important is that which side the man chooses. A man should be confident everyday, and then each day is beautiful and without worry. Emerson showed in his works that each man should be independent to cope with his problems, but not always seek for assistance. The man can learn from the other people, but he should make decisions by himself. Each successful man has his own personality so that he is easy to achieve his dreams. Once a person catches the fundamental idea of self-independence and self-confidence, he can tellwhich is right or wrong no matter how complicated the interpersonal relation is. Then he is likely to reject to parrot.B. The Female’s Self-RelianceIt is known that man and woman are born of inequality in human history. No matter how successful the women’s liberation is, this bias will forever occupy people’s minds. With the development of society, some female people with spirits of self-support fiercely object this thought. Women have their own forte in most time while the men don’t have. It is accepted that women’s social status is highly improved. According to the investigation, the female officers or managers are highly increased and account a large proportion among the to... .tal. Besides this, most women accept more advanced education than the male. However, the prejudice originated from the history seems never to disappear from people’s minds. Some women are still suffering from the prejudice in such a developed society. In modern society, the women possess so many social protocols. For instance, there is a popular saying that “Ladies First”, and the national law also safeguards the female’s rights and interests. Someone thinks the meaning implied in this phenomenon is that the society takes women as the weak, for the people who need protection are to some extent weaker than those who can deal with problems by themselves.However, although a small part of girls can’t live on their own, most women are aware of the crisis, and most of them can deal with their lives completely and independently. On Emerson’s views, whether a man or woman is, he/she should depend on themselves except the general assistance from each other. A an important part in human being, women should have their own understanding, their own careers and worlds. Some girls who seek fortune or reliance from men are severely looked down upon by society. Those women seem to lead a perfect life, but their inner hearts are too void. They acknowledge that they are corrupted and forsaken by society. Whereas, they are reluctant to escape from this corrupted living circle once they abandon themselves to it. Moreover, they often search protection, responsibility from men. But most women are advancing in mind. It seems that women take more and more significant roles in a family, even in the society. Most women often support for their families which testifies their high ability.From Emerson’s ideas in Self-Reliance, all women should own the self-reliance of idea, of economy, and of ability. He advocated the women to strive for the social status and make contributions to the society.C. The Influence on... .IndividualsTo be a self-independent person can absolutely change one’s humble life even in the backward society. Generally, the poor people are inclining to be self-reliant for coercion of life. It is well known that the richest man, Li Jiacheng, is the business tycoon in Hong Kong. It is an evident example that the poor man is ambitious and self-improving so that he can become an uncommon person in later time. Another famous person is the head of board of Meng Niu enterprise, Niu Gengsheng. He was sold out for 50 Y uan when he was in infancy not because his parents abandoned him but because they couldn’t raise him. In such kind of living condition, he studied and worked hard to be a successful man. All men are intelligent and brave, but not all men can make success. Some people often complain about destiny. The wise think that success originates from one’s spirit. The genius is only but common people with knowledge and virtue. Helen Keller, the everlasting pride of human being, was deprived of both sight and hearing after the terrible illness in the 19th month after she was born. However, she was not defeated by disastrous life which happened to her in her young age. No one can imagine how a dumb and deaf girl transformed her life thoroughly by her persistent hard work and persevering spirit, yet Helen Keller did it. Her adversity and great achievements stimulates the common people to work hard and to be self-supported. Helen’s remarkable success was partly due to the assistance, Miss Sullivan who accompanied her in the whole life, but largely due to her own persistent and dauntless faith. She learned several languages in her life and created miracles one by one. The very difficulties which cannot be done by common people were broken through by Helen Keller. Her name was set as a symbolization of persistent will. A the tremendous spiritual power, her legendary life deeply encourages the people to conquer the misfortune. Mark Twain said: “... .Helen Keller was the focus of America in 19th century”. These examples prove that independence and self-support can change one’s life thoroughly.The valuable ideas which Emerson showed in Self-Reliance are a great help for individuals’development. These ideas make each one to be confident and independent. Many people’s success is fundamentally due to these two qualities.D. The Influence on CountriesA the strongest country in the world, America has its own individualities. This country only enjoys a history of 200 years. In comparison with the other European countries, it is full of innovation and has its own personality. The technology, weapons, comprehensive strength are always in the first place. The Americas are realistic. Money is vital in their minds so that all Americans are up to their ears for work. Money can be used for fame, social status, even presidency in this country. They are democratic, liberal, outspoken and competitive. Take the American children for example. They can work to support themselves when they are young and also cope with their problems by themselves without any help from parents. All Americans have formed these habits from early time so that their country is the best self-improvement among all countries.Almost every person believes the country should support them with the perfect system sothat they can improve their living conditions, but the ideas in Self-Reliance suggest that the high life and well-being can only be acquired through a man’s own efforts. The people often take a high expectation towards the function of laws. If the laws work well, then they can insure people to enjoy their own achievements and reduce individual sacrifices. However, the best strict law cannot change the sluggish persons to industrious persons or the poor to the rich. These changes can be achieved only through one’s own conducts and activities...。
论爱默生的超验主义——对《论自立》的解读

产阶级民主主义的基础, 而体现这一时代精神的民 主主义理想在意识形态上的反映就是超验主义这一 冲击旧思想枷锁的思想解放运动。作为超验主义思 想的代表人物, 爱默生保存了教派中的积极成分, 如 强调人在宇宙万物中的作用, 又吸收了欧洲唯心主 义的思想, 发展了超验主义的思想体系。超验主义 在当时的社会条件下为政治上的民主主义和经济上 的资本主义提供了理论基础, 并有其现实意义。 一、 崇尚直觉, 藐视权威 爱默生的作品的中心是人本主义哲学思想, 基 本出发点是反对权威, 崇尚直觉, 主张个性解放, 打 破神学和外国教条束缚, 核心是主张人能超越感觉 和理性, 直接认识真理。他的超验主义观点摒弃了 加尔文教派以神为中心的思想, 吸取了康德先验论 和欧洲浪漫派理论家的思想, 提出人能够凭直觉认 识真理, 因而在一定程度上, 人就是上帝, 凡人与神 灵之间的关系十分单纯, 意欲寻求外来帮助实为一 种亵渎。他认为只有依靠 “直觉” , 人们才能和自然 建立联系, 才会领会自然的启示。他在 《论自然》 中 就明确指出: “ 我们为什么不可以也跟宇宙建立一 种直接的关系呢?为什么不能有一种不是依靠传统 的诗歌与哲学?为什么不能有一种不是依据他们的
[ "] 功。 ” 显然这种观念的提出, 一方面是暗示国人们
无比寻常的勇气做一个拥有高尚心灵、 远大志向的 领头人, 只有这样, 才能堂堂正正地自立, 自立于他 人之上、 自立于世界之上。他相信每个人都有自己 的特性和才能, 所谓自立, 就是要相信自己, 要有自 立自强的精神, “ 坚持自我, 切勿模仿。终身修订积 蓄起火的力量就可以帮助你每一刻都能展现出自己 的天才; 然而, 你若沿袭他人的才智, 那只会暂时地、 部分地占有它。— — —莎士比亚的授业恩师何在?又 是哪个大师造就了富兰克林、 华盛顿、 培根以及牛顿 呢?每个人都是独一无二的, 研究莎士比亚不可能
论爱默生《自立》的现实意义

论爱默生《自立》的现实意义
爱默生的《自立》是一篇鼓励人们独立思考、追求个人自由和真理的演讲。
它强调个人的
独立性和自主性,呼吁人们不要被其他人的意见和社会的压力束缚,而是要相信自己的能力和
直觉,追求自己内心的声音。
现实意义方面,爱默生的《自立》对当今社会有着重要的启示和指导作用:
1. 强调个人独立思考和自由意志:在当今信息爆炸的时代,我们被各种观点和信息所包围,容
易受到他人的影响和社会的压力。
而《自立》呼吁人们要独立思考,不要盲从和被动接受他人
观点,要有自己的判断力和选择权。
这对一个成熟的个人和社会的发展非常重要。
2. 强调追求个人真理和自我实现:《自立》鼓励人们倾听自己内心的声音,相信自己的能力和
潜力,并追求自己真正想要的生活和事业。
这对一个人的成长和幸福至关重要,而对社会而言,这意味着每个个体都有可能为社会做出独特的贡献。
3. 倡导自由主义和人权意识:在《自立》中,爱默生呼吁人们要摆脱传统的束缚和社会的限制,鼓励人们尊重个人的权利和自由。
这与现代社会追求平等、自由和人权的价值观相契合,对于
构建一个自由、公正和进步的社会具有重要的意义。
总之,爱默生的《自立》通过强调个人独立和自主性,呼吁人们追求真理和自我实现,对当今
社会具有重要的现实意义。
它提醒人们应该独立思考,追求个人自由和真理,从而促进个人和
社会的发展。
与现代社会所追求的自由、平等、人权等价值观相符合,对于建立一个更美好的
社会具有积极的引导作用。
从爱默生的《论自然》看超验主义的智慧-2019年文档

从爱默生的《论自然》看超验主义的智慧哲学来源于生活,并最终服务于生活,好的哲学思想能够指导人们远离蒙昧,活出精彩的人生,带给人们智慧,它的价值远远大于物质财富。
可是,大多数哲学理论都是晦涩难懂的,让人望而生畏,结果导致很多人面对宝藏却往往空手而归。
美国文学家、哲学家爱默生的出现,很好地帮助人们解决了这个问题,他寓哲学于文学,用生动的、形象地语言表达出深邃的哲学思想, 使人们在欣赏文学美的同时,了解了人生的真谛,获得了人生的幸福。
爱默生所倡导的哲学思想是超验主义,超验主义最核心的思想就是:人能够摆脱感觉和理性的束缚,与真理建立直接的联系。
超验主义用全新的视角看待自然界,强调精神的力量以及个人的重要性,它极大地发挥了人们的主观能动性,给人们的生活带来了积极健康的活力。
爱默生的代表作《论自然》便是这一思想的集中体现。
、自我启示爱默生认为每个人都应该培养自己对世界、对宇宙的独特的理解。
他强调人不应该依赖二手信息,即过去的智慧,以及被继承下来,已经成为惯例的知识,人要成为自己思想的主人。
他在《论自然》中说:“我们的时代是怀旧的……前人面对面地观察上帝,而我们却透过前人的眼睛来看。
为什么我们自己不去建立与宇宙的直接的联系?为什么我们不用诗歌和哲学去赞美智慧, 反而去赞美传统?我们应该信仰自我启示,而不是前人的历史。
”人生最大的自由,不是能想去哪就去哪的行动自由,也不是想买什么就买什么,建立在丰富物质基础上的消费自由,真正的自由,是心灵的自由,是不依赖于任何人的思想的自由。
生活在现代社会中的人们,早已失去了这种自由,被淹没在现代资讯的海洋里。
在现代社会,各种思想,各种观念你方唱罢我登场,新旧更替十分迅速,随波逐流的人们怎能把握真正的智慧?于是只能被时代的大潮牵着鼻子走, 无法翻身做自己的主人。
爱默生的超验主义思想宛如黑夜里的一盏明灯,为疲惫的人们指引前进的正确方向,如果人们能停下匆忙的脚步,用心与这个世界建立直接的联系,那么,自由与幸福便是属于人们的,谁也拿不走的宝藏。
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来, 要想得到尊重, 要想成名, 必须刚直不阿, 必须有 独立的人格和自立的精神。 “ 在我眼中, 除了我本 性的法则外没有什么法则是神圣的, 所谓好与坏不 过是外在的虚名而也, 并且会随时相互转化; 符合我 意志的才是唯一正确的, 违背我意志的就绝对是错 误的。面对所有的反对我依然能坚持自我, 仿佛除 了自己世间的一 切都是徒有虚 名、 昙花一 现而已。 一想到我们那么轻而易举地为虚名薄利所左右, 屈 从 于 空洞 的 社 会 和 僵 死 的 制 度, 就让 人 羞 愧 难
[# ] 当。 ” 爱默生的这种思想是他充分显示了他的做
人原则: 堂堂正正地做人, 兢兢业业地做事, 作好自 己的主人, “ 名利” 乃身外之物, 不要因名利等表面 虚荣而失去自我成为奴隶。每个人天生平等, 由于 分享着宇宙之灵而都是一个小宇宙。他相信如果正 确看待一个人, 每个人都 “ 包含着其他一切人的天 性。 ” 在一个人的内心, 那 “最深处的便是神 圣的。 ” 神圣的个人是不允许受到任何人的侵犯的, 哪怕是 他的家庭成员。爱默生鼓励每一个个人接受神圣的 造物主安排的位置。显然, 爱默生强调人性的本质, 每个人只能为自己而活, 活得自在, 活得开心, 不要 因他人的想法而瞻前顾后, 不要为名与利以及一些 虚无缥缈的东西而烦恼。他认为 “那些深受权威左 右、 意识被禁锢的人如果能重返儿童时代那种不为 吃饭问题发愁、 再次回归真挚自然、 不偏不倚、 不加 威逼利诱 的 单纯 境 界的 人 一定 会 博得 众 人 的敬 畏” “没有谁可以违背自己的天性。意志的迸发 源于自身的存在法则, 就像安第斯山与喜马拉雅山 虽然高低起伏, 但相对地球的表面来说却显得微不 足道一样。我们怎样去衡量、 揣测一个人都无关紧 要, 因为人的个性就像一首藏头诗或亚历山大体诗
[ "] 功。 ” 显然这种观念的提出, 一方面是暗示国人们
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
无比寻常的勇气做一个拥有高尚心灵、 远大志向的 领头人, 只有这样, 才能堂堂正正地自立, 自立于他 人之上、 自立于世界之上。他相信每个人都有自己 的特性和才能, 所谓自立, 就是要相信自己, 要有自 立自强的精神, “ 坚持自我, 切勿模仿。终身修订积 蓄起火的力量就可以帮助你每一刻都能展现出自己 的天才; 然而, 你若沿袭他人的才智, 那只会暂时地、 部分地占有它。— — —莎士比亚的授业恩师何在?又 是哪个大师造就了富兰克林、 华盛顿、 培根以及牛顿 呢?每个人都是独一无二的, 研究莎士比亚不可能
! ! 收稿日期: (##$ ) #. ) #* 作者简介: 崔朝晖 (&*$* ) ) , 女, 四川西充人, 攀枝花学院讲师, 主要从事英美文学研究。
$!"# ! 论爱默生的超验主义 ! 崔朝晖
[" ] 来, 回归自我, 你定会赢得世人的认可” , 在他看
升到超验的层次。爱默生强调个人的四个方面: 第 一是个人。第二是个人的特殊性即个性。爱默生把 人的个性定为 “现代社会的特点” 。他坚持认为 “人 不是造得像盒子那样……千篇一律的, 一样的向度, 一样的能力: 他们是经过令人惊讶的九个月才来到 世上, 每个人都有一种不可估量的性格和无限的可 能性。 ” 个性便是一个 人的价值所在。无论何种情 况, 他都不应该牺牲自己的 特性去迎合社会。 “谁 要做个人, 必须做一个不迎合者。 ” 第三是个人的无 限潜力。爱默生把个人视为社会和历史的中心, 他 说: “ 世界不算什么, 人才是一切: 你要敢于面对一 切。 ” 第四是个人的自足和个人的自治权, 他强调如 何实现自我和如何与外在世界相处的方法。他相信 “如果一个人毫无畏惧地按自己本能生活并坚持下 去, 这庞大的世界将要围着他。 ” 。爱默生的个人主 义是美国社会民主精神的缩影。在爱默生看来, 每 个人都同样特殊, 都有同样的潜力来实现自己的价 值。伟人是具有代表性的人, 他们并非特殊, 只是更 充分地实现了他们人的潜能。爱默生式个人主义在 个人主义这个概念的发展中具有承上启下的作用。 一方面, 当时资本主义工业化和社会大生产已经开 始在拉平和吞没个人, 爱默生是在为个人进行呐喊。 这种个人主义意在通过提高人的灵魂和精神来战胜 物质主义和拜金主义。另一方面, 美国民主制中的 多数专制对个人的压迫也日趋明显, 提倡个人主义 旨在保护个人的权利不受侵犯。 二、 鼓励自立, 激励人们奋发图强 伴随着资本主义的产生、 发展而出现的一种思 想必然性— — —超验主义, 爱默生在这一思想体系里 讴歌、 强调了人、 人的知慧、 人的创造力和毅力, 竭力 推崇人的至高无上, 把个人升华到 “超 灵” 境界, 认 为世间万事万物 都掌握在人的 手中。独立后 的美 国, 在很长一段时间里无法从意识形态、 文化领域摆 脱对英国的依赖, 尤其是一些商人唯利是图, 为追求 高额利润而使英国小说充斥美国市场, 从而抑制了 国内应有的作家和一些作家才华的发挥, 这种现象 一方面不利于美国民族文化的发展与繁荣, 更主要 的是自立、 自强的民族意识得不到大力的宣扬与提 倡。在这种情况下, 爱默生大胆地站出来, 大声疾 呼, 呼 吁 人 们 要 敢 于 说: “ 我 认 为 …… ” , “ 我是 ……” , 其目的就是要人们正视自己的能力, 靠自己 的智慧与理解力获取知识, 掌握真理, 建设自己的家 园, 发展壮大自己的祖国。在 《论 自立》 中, 他说到 “倘若谁能够思考一下这个所谓个性 “ 社会” 的 面面, 便能明白道德准则的必要性。假如人的筋肌、
西华师范大学学报 ( 哲学社会科学版) ! 二〇〇六年第五期 ! $!"# 心脏全部被去除, 我们就会变成 胆小怯懦、 灰心丧 气、 饮泣吞声的可怜虫。我们恐惧真理, 恐惧命运, 恐惧死亡, 甚至相互恐惧, 所以, 我们的时代不会产 生出完美的伟人。我们需要能够革新生活、 革新社 会的人, 可是却发现大多数人破落无助、 无法自保, 其雄心壮志与其实力相去甚远, 只能每天屈身行乞,
产阶级民主主义的基础, 而体现这一时代精神的民 主主义理想在意识形态上的反映就是超验主义这一 冲击旧思想枷锁的思想解放运动。作为超验主义思 想的代表人物, 爱默生保存了教派中的积极成分, 如 强调人在宇宙万物中的作用, 又吸收了欧洲唯心主 义的思想, 发展了超验主义的思想体系。超验主义 在当时的社会条件下为政治上的民主主义和经济上 的资本主义提供了理论基础, 并有其现实意义。 一、 崇尚直觉, 藐视权威 爱默生的作品的中心是人本主义哲学思想, 基 本出发点是反对权威, 崇尚直觉, 主张个性解放, 打 破神学和外国教条束缚, 核心是主张人能超越感觉 和理性, 直接认识真理。他的超验主义观点摒弃了 加尔文教派以神为中心的思想, 吸取了康德先验论 和欧洲浪漫派理论家的思想, 提出人能够凭直觉认 识真理, 因而在一定程度上, 人就是上帝, 凡人与神 灵之间的关系十分单纯, 意欲寻求外来帮助实为一 种亵渎。他认为只有依靠 “直觉” , 人们才能和自然 建立联系, 才会领会自然的启示。他在 《论自然》 中 就明确指出: “ 我们为什么不可以也跟宇宙建立一 种直接的关系呢?为什么不能有一种不是依靠传统 的诗歌与哲学?为什么不能有一种不是依据他们的
[ #] 节” 爱默生的这种 “相信自我, 唯我独尊” 的思想 [ #]
充分表现了他的直觉意识, 表达了他藐视权威的心 理。这种思想大大的影响了美国文化, 这与我们今 天看到的美国人生活潇洒, 为人、 做事坦然不无很大 联系。在这个物欲横流、 光怪陆离、 追求金钱与时尚 的世界里, 一些人为追逐名利而失去本性, 不择手段 和方式达到目的。爱默生的这一思想具有重要的教 育意义, 当然这也说明爱默生的超验主义思想还没 有彻底影响或改变这一部分人。爱默生本人已去, 后人有责任与义务宏扬、 扩展他的思想体系, 让更多 的人达到心理的平静, 相信直觉, 藐视权威。但他过 分强调直觉, 认为 “ 符合我意志的才是唯一正确的, 违背我意志 的就绝对是错误的” , 爱默生的超验主 义强调个人的主观精神, 它将个人从经验的层次上
摘! 要: 本文 通过对爱默生的 《 论自立》 的解读, 认为他的超验主义思想体系为美国今天的强大、 繁荣 富强奠定了 理论基础, 有 着不可磨灭的历史作用。但它毕竟是资产阶级世界观的范畴, 具有唯心主义特色, 缺乏严格的哲理。 关键词: 超验 主义; 自立; 唯心主义
! ! 超验主义是美国浪漫主义文学发展到 &* 世纪 三、 四十年代所产生的相应理论。其代表人物就是 拉尔夫 华尔多 爱默生。爱默生出生于 &* 世纪 波士顿的康考德村, 他的前辈都是些文人或律师, 父 亲是 “唯一教教派” 的牧师, 该教派是 &’ 到 &+ 世纪 由波兰传到美国的一种正式教派, 它主张神的统一 性, 把崇尚理性、 节制物欲的生活看作社会行为的准 则。父亲在他八岁时去世, 这样的家庭背景和经历 使他比同龄人更早成熟、 更独立, 这也为他超验主义 的形成奠定了基础。在哈佛读书期间, 他接触了柯 勒律治、 华兹渥斯、 卡莱尔等人的作品, 开阔了思想 境界。后因不满加尔文教的继位观念对他的约束而 弃教去欧洲, 寻找思想的出路。他主要接触了欧洲 的浪漫主义文学人物 卡莱尔等人, 卡莱尔的 “天性 倾向于自我体验, 推崇想像力” 对爱默生的超验主 义的形成起了积极作用。 《论自然》 是他的第一篇 阐述超验主义的作品。在 他看来: “ 我们的先辈正 视神和自然界, 而我们要通过他们的眼睛。我们为 [ &] 什么不可以跟宇宙建立一种更直接的关系 呢? ” 超验主义的核心就是推崇精神至上, 最初受到宗教 界人物的非议, 被认为是异端, 但随着爱默生等人影 响的日益扩大, 超验主义最终成了浪漫主义文学运 动理论上的概括。 爱默生的超验主义 的形成有其特定的时代背 景。独立后的美国, 地域辽阔, 资源丰富, 在这个纯 资本主义国家里, 每个人都想成为独立的人, 用自己 的资本从事商业活动, 创造更大更多的财富, 显示自 己的能力和国家的实力。这就构成了美国政治上资
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