中国翻译简史(英语专业版)
中国翻译简史
林语堂
• 中国现代著名作家，学者、翻译家、语言 学家、新道家代表人物，1895年生于福建 漳州平和县坂仔镇一个基督教牧师家庭， 原名和乐，后改名玉堂，又改名为语堂， 早年留学美国、德国，获哈佛大学文学硕 士，莱比锡大学语言学博士。回国后分别 在清华大学、北京大学、厦门大学任教。 林语堂于1940年和1950年先后两度获得诺 贝尔文学奖提名。
中国译历史简介
A general introduction to the history of translation in China
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中国的翻译史有史籍记载的已长达三千余 年，早在史前三皇五帝时代就存在翻译活 动，一般认为“五四"以前，中国翻译史上 出现过三次翻译高潮。
三次翻译高峰（three translation peaks）
• 1）东汉--唐宋时期 • 2）隋唐--明末清初 • 3）鸦片战争--五四运动
第一次翻译高峰期
• 佛经翻译（sutra translation）
• 释道安首创译场制度，提出著名"五失本，三不易"理论， 他主张严格的直译 • 天竺人鸠摩罗什创立了一整套译场制度，开集体翻译， 倾向于意译，注重文质结合，既忠实与原文的神情，能 “以实出华”，他反对译经时用“格义”。 • 玄奘(唐朝佛经翻译达到顶峰)，他不但把佛经翻译成汉 文，而且把老子著作的一部分译成了梵文，成为了第一个 把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人，制定了“五不翻”的原 则，即：秘密故、含多义故、无此故、顺古故以及生善故。 译文中运用的种种技巧：补充法、省略法、变位法、分合 法、译名假借法、代词还原法。
第二次翻译高峰期
• 科技翻译（science and technology translation） • 代表人物：中国科学家徐光启和意大利人 利玛窦，合作翻译《几何原本》前六卷。 • 这一阶段主要是外国人口译，中国人笔述， 国人选择译品的余地不大，译者对翻译理 论技巧知之不多，所以译作大都有“文义 难精”之弊。
中国翻译简史
A Brief Introduction to the Chinese Translation in HistoryAs we all know ,China is a country with over five thousand year long history, while the history of translation has three thousand-year. Although translation studies cover such a wild field,it can be roughly divided into three general periods as follows: Ancient china,Contemporary China and Modern china. The paper is to provide general overview of translation history and corresponding characteristics in China from ancient to present times.The translation of Buddhist scripture and Science translation in Late Ming Dynasty formed the main stream in Ancient China.The earliest translation activities of China originated from Zhou dynasty, when the translation was carried out by government clerks, who paid much attention on ideological works.However,with the introduction of Buddhist scripture written in Sanskrit to China, a great efforts were needed to translate these scriptures into Chinese. Especially during the two Jin dynasties, Southern dynasty and Northern dynasty,translation of Buddhist scripture was officially organized on a large scale in China. Many State Translation School opened for this purpose. And one of the famous translators at this time is Dao An who advocated strict literal translation, while Kumarajiva ,another famous translator emphasized the accuracy of translation.Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty had brought the first peak of translation in China.Unlike translators of other periods, they were mainly Buddhist monks. Xuan Zang, who is the vital person we have to mention, contributed a lot to the development of Chinese translation, not only the theories but also the practices. He set down the famous translation criteria that translation "must be both truthful and intelligible to the populace, to some extent, he tried to take account of literal translation and free translation in the process of translation. Furthermore, he is also the first Chinese to translate famous works of Chinese into other languages, which laid a solid foundation for the international cultural exchange.As the times changed, the science translation was springing up quickly. In Yuan Dynasty ,due to the settlement of Arbas in China, they were engaged in translating scientific works from the West. Later, the subject of translation shifted from Buddhist scriptures to scientific and technological knowledge in Ming Dynasty. Scientists and government mainly had taken up the task of translation then. However, the disadvantages of this period should not be neglected. No translation theories were as well developed as the Tang Dynasty.The history of translation in Ancient China did also play a significant role in the promoting of translation in Contemporary and Modern China. In the Late Qing Dynasty,Chinese translators ,headed by Yan Fu welcomed the trend of new outlook from the western countries.A large number of works about Social Science had been translated.There is no doubt that Yan Fu was the most influential translator and translation theorist in this period. He had come up with the triple criteria of translation --- "Faithfulness, Fluency and Elegance", which was still spoken highly of by some relative experts at present.Meanwhile, literary translation was popular and marked another peak of translation in China. Many famous western works have been brought into China, in reverse, it make benefits to the enrichment of Chinese literature field. A group of excellent translators were emerging from time to time at this period. Take Lin Shu for example. He acted the equally important role in literature translation as Yan Fu insocial science translation. Regarded as the pioneer of literature translation in China, he opened a new Chapter for Chinese translation.Compared to the two former period, translation work in Modern China has a wider coverage,such as the translation of socialist and communist works,literature works and so on.The May 4th Movement was a famous activity happened in the Chinese history,which was also the starting point of the new democratic revolution in China. Great changes have taken place in translation in China. Karl Marx's (1818-1883) and Lenin's works on socialist and communist theories were the focus of our translation work , as it will guide the direction of our revolution. What’s more, literary translation was different from the past.The quality and quantity of literary translation were greatly improved. No matter where it comes from,the world famous literary works were translated into Chinese. Translators as Lin Yutang, Lu Xun and Qu Qiubai were the three most famous .The translation theory was completed during this period of time,one of them was put forward by Lin,that is his three translation criteria:the first is fidelity,the second is coherence,the third is elegance.However, the heated topics on translation theory were still translation criteria, literary vs free translation.Even any little progress in the history of Chinese translation still means a huge leap to the development of our society. Without these efforts, China may haven’t avoided the mistakes that other countries have made, nor learned from the advanced technology around the world. Despite the achievement on translation theory we have already got, it turned out to be a failure to guide translation practice without any difficulty.There is still a long way ahead. To be in accordance with booming economy and the expansion of its political influence in the international community,China will continue to strive unremittingly all the time.。
The history of translation in China,中国翻译史介绍
我国的翻译有着数千年的历史。打开 这一翻译史册，我们可以看到翻译高潮迭 起，翻译家难以计数，翻译理论博大精深。 了解这一历史不仅有助于我们继承我们的 先人的优秀文化遗产，而且也有助于我们 今天更加深入认识和发展我们的翻译事业。 简单说来，中国的翻译史大致可以分为以 下几个阶段：一、汉代-秦符时期； 二、隋 -唐-宋时期； 三、明清时期； 四、五四时 期； 五、新中过成立至今。
二、隋-唐-宋时代
从隋代（公元五九0年）到唐代，这段时间是我国翻译事业高度 发达时期。隋代历史较短，译者和译作都很少。比较有名的翻译家 有释彦琮（俗姓李，赵郡柏人）。他是译经史上第一位中国僧人。 一生翻译了佛经23部100余卷。彦琮在他撰写的《辨证论》中总结翻 译经验，提出了作好佛经翻译的八项条件：1）诚心受法，志愿益人， 不惮久时（诚心热爱佛法，立志帮助别人，不怕费时长久）；2）将 践觉场，先牢戒足，不染讥恶（品行端正，忠实可信，不惹旁人讥 疑）；3）荃晓三藏，义贯两乘，不苦闇滞（博览经典，通达义旨。 不存在暗昧疑难的问题）；4）旁涉坟史，工缀典词，不过鲁拙（涉 猎中国经史，兼擅文学，不要过于疏拙）；5）襟抱平恕。器量虚融， 不好专执（度量宽和，虚心求益，不可武断固执）；6）耽于道术， 淡于名利，不欲高炫（深爱道术，淡于名利，不想出风头）；7）要 识梵言，乃闲正译，不坠彼学（精通梵文，熟悉正确的翻译方法， 不失梵文所载的义理）；8）薄阅苍雅，粗谙篆隶。不昧此文（兼通 中训诂之学，不使译本文字欠准确）。
彦琮还说，"八者备矣，方是得人".这八条说的是译者的修养问题，至今 仍有参考价值。在彦琮以后，出现了我国古代翻译界的巨星玄奘（俗称三藏 法师）。他和上述鸠摩罗什、真谛一起号称华夏三大翻译家。玄奘在唐太宗 贞观二年（公元六二八年）从长安出发去印度取经，十七年后才回国。他带 回佛经六百五十七部，主持了中国古代史上规模最大、组织最为健全的译场， 在十九年间译出了七十五部佛经，共一三三五卷。玄奘不仅将梵文译成汉语， 而且还将老子著作的一部分译成梵文，是第一个将汉语著作向外国人介绍的 中国人。玄奘所主持的译场在组织方面更为健全。据《宋高僧传》记载，唐 代的翻译职司多至11种：1）译主，为全场主脑，精通梵文，深广佛理。遇有 疑难，能判断解决；2）证义，为译主的助手，凡已译的意义与梵文有和差殊， 均由他和译主商讨；3）证文，或称证梵本，译主诵梵文时，由他注意原文有 无讹误；4）度语，根据梵文文字音改记成汉字，又称书字；5）笔受，把录 下来的梵文字音译成汉文；6）缀文，整理译文，使之符合汉语习惯；7）参 译，既校勘原文是否有误，又用译文回证原文有无歧异；8）刊定，因中外文 体不同，故每行每节须去其芜冗重复；9）润文，从修辞上对译文加以润饰； 10）梵呗，译文完成后，用梵文读音的法子来念唱，看音调是否协调，便于 僧侣诵读；11）监护大使，钦命大臣监阅译经。
lecture 2 brief history of translation-lj
Unit 2 中西 翻译 理论 的历 史和 现状
2、陈福康编著的《中国译学理论史稿》中则是按照 中国历史的分期来划分的，即把中国翻译史划分 为古代、近代、现代、当代四个部分 ： 2.1 古代翻译史 起于先秦时有关翻译的零星论述， 至清乾隆初年《番清说》为止: 东汉至宋代的佛经翻译 2.1.1古代佛经翻译的三个阶段 明清的宗教、科技翻译 2.2 近代翻译史 起于鸦片战争止于“五四”运动 2.3 现代翻译史 从“五四”运动到1949年新中国成 立 2.4 当代翻译史 则从建国后至今
二、西方翻译简史
Unit 2 中西 翻译 理论 的历 史和 现状
1. 西方翻译实践史 第一次翻译活动高潮 罗马文学三大鼻祖之一的安德 罗尼柯于公元前3世纪翻译的拉丁文版《奥德赛》被视为 西方翻译史上最早的译作，其后的一些大文学家们也都 开始尝试用拉丁语翻译或改写希腊戏剧作品，从而掀起 了西方历史上第一次翻译活动高潮 。这一阶段的翻译活 动将古希腊文学介绍到罗马，促进了罗马文学的诞生和 发展。 第二次高潮 出现在罗马帝国后期。此时圣·哲罗姆 翻译的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》成为定本，标志着《圣经》 翻译取得了与世俗文学翻译同样重要的地位。 第三次高潮 出现在11－12世纪。此时，西方世界出 现了大规模的翻译活动。西方翻译家把大批阿拉伯语作 品译成拉丁语，在翻译史上留下了重要的一页。
Unit 2 中西 翻译 理论 的历 史和 现状
第四次高潮发生在文艺复兴时代晚期。这时候，除了宗 教之外，翻译活动已经深入到思想、政治、文化等各 个方面，同时也涌现出一批优秀的翻译家和译作。其 中英王詹姆士一世1611年命人翻译的英文钦定本《圣 经》则标志着英国翻译的一次飞跃。这部译著至今仍 被奉为英语语言的经典之作，对英语语言和英国文学 的发展产生了巨大的影响。 第五次高潮是在17－20世纪。这一时期的翻译比文艺复 兴时期稍为逊色，但仍有大批西方文学名著被翻译出 来，此时东方的一些优秀文学作品也开始被译成各国 文字。 第六次高潮开始于二战时期，一直延续至今。二战以来， 世界经济获得了巨大的发展，科技领域也取得了前所 未有的成果，翻译的范围随之大大扩展，科技和商业 翻译日趋成熟。各种国内、国际翻译协会和团体的组 建，为集中翻译力量多出翻译精品打下坚实的基础。 更重要的是，随着计算机的出现，人们对机器翻译的 研究也已正式提上议事日程。虽然目前计算机翻译的 质量远远不如人工翻译，但其速度却是人类无法比拟 的，这无疑对人工翻译提出了严峻的挑战。在未来的 世纪里计算机到底能不能代替人脑还是个谜。
英文中国简史
The brief introduction to China History For quite a long time Chinese truly believed that China was the center of the world.(Today they still call China Zhongguo which means central kingdom in English.)They were so proud of themselves and living peacefully. And for quite a long time their economy remained self-sufficient that they never needed to trade with anybody for anything. Their world was closed and so much isolated. But we also found some good reasons for this unique and interesting Chinese social pattern due to its special geographical location in the world. Actually Chinese culture started from the middle reaches of the Yellow River, same as Egypt, India and Babylon originating from some big rivers or lakes as well. But China was bordered by the huge mountains like Himalayas in the south, the terrible deserts in the west, the forever frozen Siberia up in the north and the Pacific Ocean to the east. Obviously Chinese were not able to go beyond these barriers and to meet anybody easily, maybe once they wished and tried, but the fact was they had been living alone for so many years. So far no records could show China ever had any contacts of any kinds with India until 1st century AD though they were so close to each other like neighbors and their cultures began almost the same period of time, and the Himalayas stood between these two great countries keeping our people from meeting each other. About 3000 years ago Mongols grew up and began to ply with Chinese from the north. This was the first time that Chinese had been made to rethink who they were and where these Mongols were from. Now we can imagine how difficult it was for Chinese to change for a new way of living and thinking and how hard it was for them to share their world with others. Their easy and peaceful life and their pride in being the only people in the world were challenged so much. They got lost completely. They once tried to rebuild their country and system, but we saw they failed the wars to Mongols continuously; they even became hostile toward their own neighbor states in the end. It caused a terrible confusion regarding the value of life and left such a social chaos. This lasted for almost 500 years. Somebody terms it the Warring States Period; others may use the word like the Spring and Autumn Period. Since then their pride and self-confidence were gone and they began to trust nobody and started to make the famous walls of China we see today, attempting to keep everybody away regardless of friends or enemies. And finally they walled themselves in, like a snail in its shell. Higher the wall they built more isolated, reserved and ignorant they became. Eventually they rejected anything foreign. This was what we saw in the last 300 years. In the Chinese history few dynasties really ruled outside these walls, but they fought wars with Mongols constantly. The 2nd dynasty, Han dynasty once attempted to make peace with Mongols. They used to send their emperors ‘daughters and concubines over to intermarry Mongols. But we know marriages are not dependable, cannot make peace last very long. For so many years it seemed that Chinese had never had time to seriously think of themselves and Mongols. It was very strange that sometimes Chinese appeared arrogant, superior when these foreign devils were outside these walls, but sometimes these foreign devils would become Chinese distinguished Foreign Quests being treated so deferentially when they finally got inside these Chinese walls. Marco Polo was the first to come to China from Europe. It was even a bigger surprise now to see thesered haired and blue eyed people while Mongols first came, but it didn’t surprise them that much because they brought a new culture, but we still looked alike .Soon they even saw some black people too. They finally understood they were actually living with so many strangers around them in the smear world. They became lost again. This psychological problem had been perplexing Chinese for centuries. Today it still is. By the turn of the 19th century, over a dozen of cities were opened along the coast for free trade by foreign forces. Western products were brought into China. This meant Chinese had to change again. The fact was Chinese liked western powerful engines, new machines, beautiful clocks, colorful stained glasses and so on, but not foreign ideas. This is as ridiculous as buying eggs without their shells in the market. They didn’t understand all these together made this new and different culture from the west..So it resulted in two opium wars both in 1840 and 1860 and the boxer Rebellion in 1900. Today few still remember as early as in 1870,some Chinese students once were sent overseas to study the western Culture hoping to find something in common for both Chinese and foreigners. Some students came back with science and technology which they thought could make China a strong country and Chinese people stand up again. They opened some factories near the coast like in Shanghai and Tianjin. But it didn’t made China a strong country at all .China once boasted very advanced technology long time ago such as the four great inventions(gun powder, paper, printing and compass).Obviously it was not a matter of technology. Others believed China needed to learn to practice the western election system of democracy, but it never really worked in China. The fact was we couldn’t have democracy alone.We need a big middle class to support it like in America. Some students learnt about the communism in France and Germany. It was believed Communism was a better system in which everybody could get something he needed. The idea is great and wonderful. But it can never work in anywhere because it is surely against the human nature Family Privacy. In 1911 Qing dynasty was overthrown, Manchu emperors were gone. But what really happened was since the industrial revolution started in England, it changed Europe and it changed the whole world. But Chinese were still proud of their old culture, still in fantasy of No.1 middle kingdom of the world. Now Europeans built their ships bigger and bigger, but we still farmed the same way our grand fathers farmed one thousand years ago. We were made to compete with the westerners unfairly. Our economy got crumbled gradually. The governors of those provinces surely felt Qing dynasty was going up to the end. They all chose to wait and see if they could get hold of some more government armies or local forces. They hoped they might get an upper hand in the next dynasty or a new government of some kind they were not quite sure about yet. At this moment Chinese communists were getting active and the Qing government was overthrown unexpectedly fast. Those big provinces became independent states. But when they finally discussed who was going to be the new leader, they found everybody had enough armies and was powerful enough to be this new leader. At the end they compromised and got an outsider to act as their new leader who actually had no power in his hand. This lucky and unlucky person was Dorsum absent. And this was our warlord period in the 1920s. Since then China has never been reallyruled and controlled by either Jiang Chichimec or Chairman Mao, because today we are still one country but two different systems. In the last 100 years we have had so many power struggles and revolutions in which our people suffered innocently. Every revolution left our people something different from what they were promised. Our people were cheated and made fools of. Today we have TVs, computers, some may even have cars and nice houses. but we still cannot choose our leaders yet. In China you may still find much similarity of what was commonly practiced in Qing dynasty. Official may get certain treatment according to his rank. They are granted a power to enjoy and to abuse even to be forgiven. To some extents this government is no better than the old. Because there are too many emperor like officials today while there was only one emperor who could enslave our people in old China. No country, no system, no people in the world can afford these many emperor like officials. Mao was a great man in deed. He was a man who really cared our people. He was born in a rich farmer family in Hunan. He had good traditional education in his hometown. If he were not becoming one of the most important Chinese communist leaders, he might be remembered as a great poet, historian, strategist, philosopher and calligrapher. In his early poems he was found ambitious and outstanding. He had all necessary powers and abilities a Chinese emperor needed already. In 1921 Chinese communist party was founded in Shanghai, soon they established a relation with Soviet Union. They swore to make China another communist. Eventually Soviet Union brought Dr. Sun’s nationalist and the communist together. And they cooperated for a few years. In 1925,Dr Sun passed away. Mr. Jiang took his position quickly, He believed sooner or later Chinese communists were going to be his dangerous political enemies. So in 1927 Mr. Jiang killed hundreds of communists in the south near Canton, but those communist escapees got together again in deep mountains where no warlords cared. It was this event that taught Mao Spears and rifles bring a birth to a new government. They started from scratches again. And they set up a few Soviet governments very quickly there. When Mr. Jiang was aware of what happened there it was too late already. In 1934 Mr. Jiang brought the troupes from 6 different provinces to try to wipe out Mao’s farmer forces.Mao led his farmers away and played Tom and Jerry with Mr. Jiang. Mao didn’t want to have war with Mr. Jiang now yet. He started the famous long march instead. They fought through 13 provinces and got up in the north to fight against the Japanese. He knew he could win the whole country by winning the minds of the poor. He was showing the public that he was fighting against the Japanese for China alone; on the contrary Mr. Jiang was doing nothing but killing the Chinese communists. This may best answer why with 8 million well armed soldiers and millions of dollars from US every year Mr. Jiang still lost the war to Mao later? In 1949 new China was founded and we hoped we might live better by having a new country and system., but we found those communist leaders move into emperors ‘beautiful palaces and take concubines of the old warlords and officials and do the same as the farmer rebels did in the past revolutions. Chairman Mao tried to correct it and he started several movements to remove those senior leaders. I understand this was also why he started the Cultural Revolution in 1965.Before he passed away he taught us We need a revolution every 7 to 8 years toclean out. Now we know we just need a second party to check them. But unfortunately we haven’t had the system yet.We see more and more corrupt officials today. It’s unfair to blame Mao, one dad man who couldn’t argue any more for all hardships we had before, because he couldn’t make the revolution happen himself..We should check and blame ourselves for all what we shouldn’t have done to each other. Our people have suffered enough. We all got hurt in these revolutions, didn’t we? In 1976 Mao passed away. China was getting reopened and we were all wakening up from nightmares slowly. Chinese government sent some young people abroad to study same as what we did over 100 years ago, but most of these students chose to stay overseas. They enjoyed their western lives there instead. Chinese had been worshipping Confucius for over 2000 years, and he emphasized the right relation of someone with others. Respect. He devoted his whole life to Chinese traditional education. He tried to rebuild our self-confidence and trust in our own people. For hundreds of years our people hoped their next generation could live better if they worked hard and saved enough to let their children go to school. They understand they cannot choose their parents but they should be able to change themselves. But I am sorry to say today our government is trying to make money from these poor parents now. Schools are no longer free. I want to state here: Our people may have poor food and live in poor places but they should be granted the right to be educated because they are born with this right. I heard some poor parents couldn’t afford the school expenses; they took poison to kill themselves in some rural areas last year. Actually we have never had true revolutions in China. All these revolutions were just nightmares, one revolution makes rich poor and another makes poor rich. Nobody can win and everybody becomes victim. Our history just repeats these hurting and being hurts on and on. The post revolution impact remains for so long in our minds that we don’t trust each other anymore. Now think of someone living with all he doesn’t trust. Let’s pray for our Chinese. Once China was a great country boasting 5000 years long history. But today she needs to feed 20% of the whole world people with only 7% of arable land of the world. I dream Chinese stand up again. I dream Chinese be free thinkers and I dream China become a great country again. Most of our people cannot understand human rights and freedom yet, because they need to service first. China is my home country. I am proud of my culture and proud to be a Chinese. I love my people in deed. And I am deeply rooted culturally and spiritually in China. I wish you become our messengers to tell the world that You are neither our foreign devils, nor our foreign guests, but our foreign friends. Chinese want to know you, you come to know us, and the world needs to be understood. God wants men and women, old and young, black and white, weak and strong, poor and rich to be together in har mony in peace in God’s world. God bless China and his loved.。
中国翻译简史(英语专业版)
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3. Modern introduction of western thoughts through translation (19th~mid-20th)
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see its word file*
It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole country visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature”. Except, it may be, by raising a few sepulchral mounds, such as those which still, here and there, break the following contours of the downs, man’s hands had made no mark upon it; and the thin veil of vegetation which overspread the broadbacked heights and the shelving sides of the tombs was unaffected by his industry. The native grasses and weeds, the scattered patches of gorse, contended with one another for the possession of the scanty surface soil; they fought against the droughts of summer, the frosts of winter, and the furious gales which swept, with unbroken force, now from the Atlantic, and now from the North Sea, at all times of the year; they filled up, as they might, the gaps made in their ranks by all sorts of underground animal ravagers. One year after another, with an average population, the floating balance of the unceasing struggle for existence among the indigenous plants, maintained itself.
英语论文参考题目(同名27217)
论文写作参考题目翻译研究方向选题1.The Great Translator Yan Fu (伟大的翻译家严复)2.Gu Hongming: A Pioneer of Translating the Chinese Classics into English (汉英翻译的先驱——辜鸿铭)3.On the Principles of Equivalence in Literary Translation (论文学翻译中的等值原则)4. A Brief Comment on E. A. Nida’s Concept of Translation (浅谈奈达的翻译观)5.Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability （文化差异与不可译性）6.Translating and the Background Information （翻译与背景知识）7. A Preliminary Study of Explanatory Translating (解释性翻译初探)8.Translating the English Articles into Chinese (英语冠词汉译)9.Translating the English Plural Nouns into Chinese (英语复数名词汉译)10.Translating the Lengthy English Sentences into Chinese （英语长句汉译）11.On Translating English Book Titles into Chinese （谈英语书名汉译）12.A Brief Comment on the Several Chinese Versions of Jane Eyre (简评《简●爱》的几种汉译本)13.Views on the Chinese Version of Jude the Obscure: An Outstanding Example of ArtisticRecreation （艺术再创造的范例——《无名的裘德》汉译本）14.Views on the Chinese Version of Emma(关于汉译本《爱玛》的几点看法)15.Translating the Style of Literary Works ——A Preliminary Study of Wu Ningkun’s Versionof The Great Gatsby (文学作品的风格翻译——巫宁坤译《了不起的盖茨比》初探) 16.A Comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions of The Merchant of Venice (《威尼斯商人两种汉译本比较》)17.A Reading of Fang Zhong’s Translation of The Canterbury Tales （读方重译《坎特伯雷故事集》）18.On the English Versions of Some of Du Fu’s Poems （评杜甫诗歌英译）19.Translating the Titles of Chinese Classic Poetry （中国古典诗歌标题英译）mon Errors in Translation: An Analysis （常见翻译错误分析）21.English Idioms and The Translation （英语习语的翻译）22.How to Deal with Ellipsis in Translating （翻译中如何处理省略用法）23.The Importance of Comprehension in Translating （理解对于翻译的重要性）24.The Importance of Knowledge in Translating （知识对于翻译的重要性）翻译研究参考书目选录陈富康《中国译学理论史稿》，上海外语教育出版社，1997。
翻译简史
Lesson 1 Brief Introduction of Translation Standard in China and Abroad 1 Translation history in China中国历史上有三次规模的外来文化的传八：第一次是公元一世纪到九世纪印度佛教的传入，第二次是明中叶到清初西方自然科学的传入（开始主要是以西方传教士利玛窦等传入的西方文明），第三次是鸦片战争以后西方文化的全面传播，特别是五四运动时期马克思主义的传八。
这三次外来文化的传入中国，由于历史条件的不同、时代背景的差异以及传入的方式和性质的不同，而在中国发生了不同的作用。
1．1佛经翻译家（1）娄迦谶娄迦谶，简称支谶西域大月支国人。
生卒不详。
东汉桓帝末年（公元167年），从月支国东渡洛阳。
在灵帝光和、中平（公元178——189年）间，住洛阳翻译讲经。
他比安世高稍晚些。
支谶的操行淳厚深沉，性格开朗敏捷，出家后，在学佛过程中，严禀法度戒律，以精勤着于世。
他博闻强记，讽诵群经，志在宣扬佛法，不辞万里来到当时东西方文化交流中心——洛阳。
支谶在洛阳译经十分勤奋，前后共译经十四部、二十七卷。
这些佛经中，最主要的有二部，《般若道行经》和《般舟三昧经》，都是在灵帝光和二年（公元179年）一年中译出的。
原本都是由竺朔佛从西域传来。
这两部佛经由支谶口译，河南洛阳孟福（字元士）、张莲（字少安）笔受。
在汉献帝建安十三年（公元208年）于佛寺中校定。
支谶通晓汉语，在译经中，他主张朴实中肯，不加修饰。
但有些梵文不能用汉语对译时，他就用原音译起来。
所以，诵读时，佛徒们深感难懂真意；而佛学者研究这些佛经时，认为文字的表达和内容的真实性，都有问题，错误严重，当时，从译经的发展眼光来说，不无正确，但在当时能够将经译出，并得以传播和学习，其精神是难能可贵的了。
支娄迦谶所译佛经，与安世高所译佛经恰恰相反，几乎全是属于大乘佛经。
支谶是大乘佛经翻译、传播的先驱者。
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林纾（1852-1924 ）
best known for his translations of Western fiction into classical Chinese. 183 novels：《巴黎茶花女遗事》（La Dame aux Camelias）、《黑奴吁天录》(Uncle Tom‟s Cabin)、 《块肉余生述》(David Copperfield)、《王子复仇记》 (Hamlet)等。 (British, American, French, Russian, Japanese, Spanish, Belgium, Norwegian, Greek,etc.)
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林纾的意译 康有为充分肯定了林纾的翻译，把他和严复相提 并论，“并世数严林”。 钱锺书说，比起那些“忠实”的译文，林译更加 吸引人。林纾不懂外文，但他是一个深得“古文 义法”作家，他的助手译意，他便以作家的灵感 加以再创造，自然流畅，引人入胜。
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林语堂
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翻译的标准问题大致包括三方面。我们可依三方 面的次序讨论它。第一是忠实标准，第二是通顺 标准，第三是美的标准。这翻译的三重标准，与 严氏的“译事三难”大体上氏正相比符的。
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矛盾的“再现意境” 早在1921年，他就提出翻译中的“神韵”命题， 曾拿绘画来与翻译相比。可以说傅雷的翻译观受 矛盾的启示。 矛盾最精辟的译论，是他创造性地提出：再现意 境是文学翻译的最高任务，让译语读者能够像读 原作一样得到的享受。
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钱锺书
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文学翻译的最高理想可以说是“化”。把作品从一国文 字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出 生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原作的风味，那就算的 入于“化境”(sublimation)。
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许渊冲
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所谓“美”，指的是意美、音美、形美。
《汉英对照唐诗三百首· 序》许渊冲， 高等教育出版社，2000
1997年11月1日，在北京的国际翻译学术研讨会上， 许渊冲先生说了三句话：一、关于理论与实践。 二者如有矛盾，应以实践为主；二、关于科学与 艺术。翻译理论不是客观的科学规律；三、关于 创作与翻译。21世纪是世界文学时代，文学翻译 应该提高到和创作同等重要的地位。
《旧文四篇· 林的翻译》
钱锺书是中国当代博大精深的大学问家。他学贯中西、涵 盖古今。钱锺书的“化境”为我们指出了翻译的最高理想。 任何一个翻译工作者都应该追求这个理想。当然，作为翻 译标准或原则，这个要求太高了。他自己也说：“彻底和 全部的‘化’是不可实现的理想。”然而，倘若把这个 “化境”比作一座高山的顶峰，我们努力去攀登，即使只 能到达半山腰，也该别有一番风景。
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刘重德的“信、达、切” 刘重德的三字原则，明显是对严复三字原则的改 进，目的想避免人们对于“雅”字的争论。 他说： 信——信于内容。 达——达如其分。 切——切合风格。
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3. Modern introduction of western thoughts through translation (19th~mid-20th)
11
see its word file*
It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole country visible from the windows of the room in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature”. Except, it may be, by raising a few sepulchral mounds, such as those which still, here and there, break the following contours of the downs, man’s hands had made no mark upon it; and the thin veil of vegetation which overspread the broadbacked heights and the shelving sides of the tombs was unaffected by his industry. The native grasses and weeds, the scattered patches of gorse, contended with one another for the possession of the scanty surface soil; they fought against the droughts of summer, the frosts of winter, and the furious gales which swept, with unbroken force, now from the Atlantic, and now from the North Sea, at all times of the year; they filled up, as they might, the gaps made in their ranks by all sorts of underground animal ravagers. One year after another, with an average population, the floating balance of the unceasing struggle for existence among the indigenous plants, maintained itself.
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傅雷
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以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在 形似而在神似(similarity in spirit)。
《高老头》重译本序，1951 傅雷的译作达到了炉火纯青的境界，在当代翻译界享有 很高的盛誉。而他的翻译观，在中国译论史上也独树一帜。 许渊冲把傅雷的翻译观总结为如下四点：一、翻译应当 像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似；二、理想的译文， 仿佛是原作者的中文写作；三、最大限度内我们是要保持 原文句法的，但无论如何要叫人觉得尽管句法新奇而仍不 失为中文；四、只要有人能胜过我，就表示中国还有人， 不至于“廖化当先锋”，那就是我莫大的安慰。
A Brief Introduction to the History of Translation in China
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Ancient Times
Zhou Dynasty 《周礼· 秋官》 “胥,掌蛮夷闽貉戎狄之国使,掌传王之言而喻说焉,以和亲 之。若以时入宾,则协其礼与其言辞传之。 ” 《礼记· 王制》 “五方之民，言语不通，嗜欲不同。达其志，通其欲，东 方曰‘寄’，南方曰‘象’，西方曰‘狄鞮’，北方曰 ‘译’。 ”
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Representative translators of each phase
1. Translation of Buddhist scripture(2nd~11th century) climax: Tang Dynasty
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玄奘（约６００~６６４ ）
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/chinese/indexchinese.htm
译者不但要求达义，并且要以传神为目的，译文 必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。 ――林语堂
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鲁迅
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鲁迅的“一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿” 鲁迅先生主张“直译”但不是死译。针对当时那 种“牛头不对马嘴”、“削鼻剜眼”的胡译、乱 译，他提出了“宁信而不顺”的主张。 事实上，鲁迅是主张“信”、“顺”兼顾的. “凡 是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一 则保存着原作的丰姿，但这保存，却又常常和易 懂相矛盾：看不惯了。不过它原来是洋鬼子，当 然谁也看不惯，为比较的顺眼起见，只能改换他 的衣裳，却不能削低他的鼻子，剜掉他的眼睛。 我是不主张削鼻剜眼的，所以有些地方，仍然宁 可译得不顺口”（《且介亭杂文二集》）。
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2. Early translation of Bible and western sci-tech works
(17th~18th: to the end of the Ming Dynasty)
Matteo Ricci利玛窦 (1552~1610) born Oct. 6, 1552, Macerata, Papal States died May 11, 1610, China Italian Jesuit missionary
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瞿秋白的“对等概念” 瞿秋白相当偏激，他主张翻译“绝对的正确和绝 对的白话文”，“翻译绝对不容许错误”。瞿秋 白提出的翻译标准是：“翻译应当把原文的本意， 完全正确地介绍给中国读者，使中国读者所得到 的概念等于英俄日德法……读者从原文得来的概 念。”（《二心集· 关于翻译的通讯》）这就是当 今美国的奈达（Nida）提出的“动态对等”理论， 瞿秋白的提出比他早60多年。
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玄奘的“既须求真，有须喻俗”和“五不翻” 玄奘被认为是我国古代翻译界的巨星，他与鸠摩罗什、真 谛并称我国佛经的三大翻译家。他是我国第一位把中国文 化典籍向国外介绍的人。他的翻译原则意即“忠实、通 顺”，直到今天仍有指导意义。 玄奘的“不翻”，就是用音译（transliteration）。有五种 情况：一、神秘语；二、多义词；三、中国没有的物名； 四、久已通行的音译；五、为宣扬佛教需要的场合。如 “般若”一词显得庄重，“智慧”就显得轻浮了。
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明徐光启和意大利人利玛窦合作翻译欧几里德的《几 何原本》、《测量法义》等书（co-operated in translation of Euclid„s Elements）。