医学英语教程Chapter 6

Chapter 6Additional Suffixes and Digestive System TerminologyI. IntroductionThis chapter gives you practice in word building, while not introducing a large number of new terms. It uses many familiar terms from Chapter 5, which should give you a breather after your hard work.Study the new suffixes in Section II first and complete the meanings of the terms in Section II and III. Checking the meanings of the terms with a dictionary may prove helpful and add additional understanding.The information include in Section IV relates to the gastrointestinal system and will be useful for work in clinical or laboratory medical settings.Section V gives you examples of medical language in context. Congratulate yourself as you decipher medical sentences, operation reports, case studies, and other material.II. SuffixesWrite the meaning of the medical term in the space providedSuffix meaning Terminology Meaning-ectasis, -ectasia stretching, dilation, bronchiectasis_____________________________dilatation Bronchi/o means bronchial tubeslymphangiectasia____________________________-emesis vomiting hematemesis_______________________________Bright red blood is vomitted, often associated withesophageal varices or peptic ulcer.-lysis destruction, breakdown, hemolysis_________________________________ separation Red blood cells are destroyed-pepsia digestion dyspepsia_________________________________-phagia eating, swallowing polyphagia_________________________________Excessive appetite and uncontrolled eatingdysphagia _________________________________Difficult swallowingodynophagia_______________________________Pain caused by swallowing-plasty surgical repair rhinoplasty______________________________The structure of the nose is changedblepharoplasty___________________________-ptosis prolapse, fall, sag proptosis______________________________Pro- means before, forward. This term refers tothe forward protrusion of the eye.-ptysis spitting hemoptysis______________________________From the respiratory tract and lungs-rrhage, rrhagia bursting forth hemorrhage____________________________Loss of a large amount of blood in a short periodmenorrhagia_____________________________Excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation.Men/o means menstrual flow or menstruation-rrhaphy sutrue herniorrhaphy_____________________________Repair of a hernia. Herni/o means hernia--rrhea flow, discharge dysmenorrhea_____________________________-spasm sudden, involuntory pylorospasm______________________________ contraction of musclesbronchospasm____________________________A chief characteristic of bronchitis and asthma-stasis to stop; control cholestasis_______________________________Flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum isinterruptedhemostasis_______________________________Bleeding is stopped by mechanical or chemicalmeans, or by the coagulation process of the body.-stenosis tightening, stricture, narrowing pyloric stenosis____________________________This is a congenital defect in newborns blocking theflow of food into the small intestine.Pyloromyotomy can correct the condition.-tresia opening atresia____________________________________The closure of a normal body structure that should be openFigure 6-1Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula.esophageal atresia________________________A congenital anomaly in which the esophagusdoes not connect with the stomach. Atracheoesophageal fistula often accompanies thisabnormality.biliary atresia_____________________________Congenital hypoplasia or nonformation of bileducts causes neonatal cholestasis and jaundiceMany of the suffixes listen on pages 186-187 are also used alone as separate terms. Here are examples of how each term is used in a sentenceectasia Mammary duct ectasia may cause mastitislysis The disease caused lysis of liver cellsemesis If a child swallows poison, physicians prescribe a drug to induce emesis. An example of an emetic is a strong solution of salt or ipecac syrup.ptosis Mr. Smith’s weakened eyelid muscles caused ptosis of his lids.spasm Eating spicy foods can lead to spasm of gastric sphinctersstasis Overgrowth of bacteria within the small intestine causes stasis of the intestinal contentsstenosis Projectile vomiting in an infant during feeding is symptom of pyloric stenosis.III. Combining Forms and TerminologyWrite the meaning of the combining form and then the meaning of the term that includes that combining form in the spaces providedCombiningForm Meaning Terminology Mesningbucc/o _________________ buccal _________________________________cec/o _________________ cecal volvulus____________________________celi/o _________________ celiac artery______________________________Carries blood from the aorta to the abdomencheil/o _________________ cheilosis_________________________________Characterized by scales and fissures on the lipsand resulting from a deficiency of vitamin B2 inthe dietchol/e _________________ cholelithiasis____________________________ cholangi/o ________________ cholangiectasis__________________________ cholecyst/o __________________ cholecystectomy__________________________ choledoch/o _________________ choledochal______________________________col/o _________________ colectomy_______________________________Surgeons perform laparoscopic-assistedcolectomy as an alternative to open colectomy toremove nonmetastatic colorectal carcinomas colon/o ________________ colonoscopy____________________________ dent/i ________________ dentalgia________________________________ duoden/o ________________ gastroduodenal anastomosis__________________ enter/o ________________ gastroenteritis_____________________________esophag/o _________________ esophageal atresia_________________________This congenital anomaly must be corretedsurgicallygastr/o _________________ gastrojejunostomy________________________giniv/o _________________ gingivectomy__________________________gloss/o __________________ glossopharyngeal_______________________ glyc/o __________________ glycolysis____________________________ hepat/o __________________ hepatomegaly_________________________ herni/o __________________ heniorrhaphy__________________________ile/o __________________ ileostomy______________________________ jejun/o __________________ cholecystojejunostomy____________________ labi/o __________________ labioglossopharyngeal_____________________ lingu/o __________________ sublingual______________________________ lip/o __________________ lipase__________________________________ lith/o _________________ cholecystolithiasis________________________ odont/o _________________ periodontal membrane_____________________or/o __________________ oropharynx______________________________The tonsils are located in the oropharynxpalat/o __________________ palatoplasty_____________________________Also called palatorrhaphy, this procedure correctscleft palate, a congenital anomalypancreat/o _________________ pancreatic_______________________________ proct/o _________________ proctosigmoidoscopy_______________________ pylor/o _________________ pyloric stenosis___________________________rect/o _________________ rectosigmoidoscopy_______________________ sialaden/o ____________________ sialadenectomy __________________________ splen/o ____________________ splenic flexure____________________________The bend in the transverse colon downward nearthe spleen.steat/o ___________________ steatorrhea______________________________ stomat/o ___________________ aphthous stomatitis________________________IV. Laboratory Tests, Clinical Procedures, and Abbreviations Laboratory Testsliver function tests Tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in serumExamples are ALT or SGPT and AST or SGOT. ALT andAST are transaminases present in many tissues and elevatedin the serum of patients with liver disease. High ALT andAST levels indicate damage to liver cells.Alkaline phosphatase is another enzyme that may beelevated in patients with liver, bone, and other diseases.Serum bilirubin levels are elevated in patients with liverdisease and jaundice. A direct bilirubin test measuresconjugated bilirubin. High levels indicate liver disease orbiliary obstruction. An indirect bilirubin test measuresunconjugated bilirubin. Increased levels mean excessivehemolysis, as may occur in a newborn.stool culture Test for microorganisms present in stoolFeces are placed in a growth medium and examinedmicroscopicallystool guaiac or Hemoccult test Detection of blood in fecesThis is an important screening test for colon cancer. Guaiacis a chemical from the wood of trees. when added to a stoolsample, it reacts with occult blood.Clinical ProceduresX-ray Testslower gastrointestinal series X-ray images of the colon and rectum after injectingbarium into the rectum.Radiologists inject barium, acontrast medium, by enema intothe rectum. Figure 6-2A shows a barium enema of a colonwith diverticulosisupper gastrointestinal series X-ray images of the esophagus, stomach, and smallintestine after administering barium by mouthOften performed immediately after an upper gastrointestinalseries, a small-bowel follow-through shows sequential x-raypictures of the small intestine as barium passes through. Abarium swallow is a study of the esophagus.Figure 6-2(A) Barium enema. This x-ray record of a barium enema with air contrast demonstrates diverticulosis. The arrowheads point to the diverticula throughout the colon. The majority of patients with diverticula are asymptomatic, but complications may occur. (B) An x-ray record of a small-bowel follow-through demonsting the normal appearance of the jejunum in the upper left abdomen and of the ileum in the right lower abdomen. Notice the contrast material within the stomach and cecum.cholangiography X-ray examination of the biliary system afterinjecting contract into the bile ducts.In percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, thecontrast medium enters via a needle through theabdominal wall into the liver. In endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, contrast medium isinjected via catheter through the mouth, esophagus,stomach, duodenum, and then into bile ducts.Figure 6-3(A) Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrating normal bile ducts. Note the small stone in the gallbladder. The arrow shows the cystic duct. ERCP showing choledocholithiasis in a patient with biliary colic. Multiple stones are visible in the gallbladder and common bile duct. The stones are seen as filling defects in the contrast-opacified gallbladder and duct.computed tomography;X-ray series showing corss-sectional images of internal also called CT, CT scan,organs allows visualization.or CAT scanA circular array of x-ray beams produces thecross-sectional image based on differences in tissuedensities. Contrast material allows visualization of the GItract, blood vessels, and organs. Tomography produces aseries of x-ray pictures showing multiple views of anorgan.Ultrasoundabdominal ultrasonography Sound waves beamed into the abdomen, producean image of abdominal visceraUltrasonography is especially useful for examination offluid-filled structures such as the gallbladderFigure 6-4Computed tomographic images of normal and diseased liver. (A) Normal liver. Contrast material has been injected intravenously, making blood vessels appear bright. The liver and spleen are the same density. (B) Fatty liver. The radiodensity of the liver tissue is reduced becaused of the large volume of fat contained in the tissue, making it appear darker than normal. Compare to the spleen.(C) CT-guided needle aspiration biopsy of the a liver lesion. The lesion has a lower density than the surrounding liver. A needle has been placed into the liver tissue and its tip can be seen in the center of the lesion. Microscopic examination of material aspirated from the lesion revealed it to be a hepatocellular carcinoma. CT-guided needle placement can also be used to inset a catheter for drainage of a liver abscess.magnetic resonance imaging Magnetic and radio waves produce images of organsand tissues in all three planes of the bodyThis technique does not use x-rays and shows subtledifferences in tissue composition.Radioactiveliver scan Image of the liver after injecting radioactive materialinto the blood stream.Radioactive material is injected intravenously and takenup by the liver cells. An image of the liver is made usinga special scanner that records the radioistipe uptake bythe liver cells.Other Proceduresgastric bypass Reducing the size of the stomach and divertingfood to the jejunumThis is bariatric surgery for severe obesity. TheRoux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure reduces the sizr ofthe stomach to volume of 2 table-spoons and bypasses alarge section of the small intestine.gastrointestinal endoscopy Viaual examination of the gastrointestinal tractusing an endoscopy.A physician places a flexible fiberoptic tube through themouth or the anus to view parts of the gastrointstinaltract. Examples are esophagogastroduodenoscopy,colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, protoscopy, and anoscopy.Figure 6-5Colonoscopy and polypectomy. Prior to this procedure, a patient ingests agents to clean the bowel of feces. The patient is sedated and the gastroenterologist advances the instrument retrograde, guided by images from a video camera on the tip of the colonoscope. When a polyp is located, a wire snare is passed through the endoscope and looped around the stalk. After the loop is gently tightened, an electric current is applied to cut through the stalk. The polyp is removed for microscopic examinationliver biopsy Removal liver tissue followed by microscopic visualizationA physician inserts a needle through the skin to removea small piece of tissue for microscopic examination.The average sample is les than 1 inch long. Theprocedure helps doctors diagnose cirrhosis, chronichepatitis, and tumors of the liver.masogastric intubation Insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomachPhysicians use a nasogastric tube to remove fluidpostoperatively and to obtain gastric or intestinalcontents for analysisparacentesis Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomenThis procedure is necessary to drain fluid from theperitoneal cavity.Abbreviationsalk phos alkaline phosphatase MRI magnetic resonance imagingALT, AST alanine transaminase, aspartate NG tube nasogastric tubeBE barium enema NPO nothing by mouthBRBPR hright read blood per rectum; PEG tube percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy hematochezia tubeBM bowel movement PEJ tube percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomytubeCT scan computed tomography PTHC percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographyEGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy PUD peptic ulcer diseaseERCP endoscopic retrograde SGOT, SGPT emzyme tests of liver function;cholangiopancreatography SGOT=AST, SGPT= ALTGB gallbladder TPN total parenteral nutritionThis intravenous solution contains sugar,proteins, electrolytes, and vitaminsGERD gastroesophageal reflux diseaseGI gastrointestinal T tube tube place in the biliary tract for drainageHBV hepatitis B virus LFTs liver function tests; alk phos, birubin, AST, ALTIBD inflammatory bowel diseaseV. Practical ApplicationsThis section contains an actual medical report using terms that you have studied in this and previous chapters. Explanations of more diffcult terms are added in brackets Questions based on your reading of the report follow. Check your answers on Page 206, Answers to Practical Applications.Colonoscopy ReportThe patient is a 73-year-old female who underwent colonoscopy and polypectomy on June 10, 1997. Biopsy revealed an invasive carcinoma, and on June 12, 1997, she underwent a low anterior resection and coloproctostomy. Sixteen months later, on August 2, 1998, she was seen in the office for flexible sigmoidoscopy, and a polyp was detected. Colonoscopy was scheduled.Description of Procedure. The fiberoptic colonoscope was introduced, and I could pass it to about15 cm, at which point there appeared to be an anastomosis. The colonoscope passed easily througha wide-open anastomosis to 30 cm, at which point a very friable polyp, irregular, on a short little stalk, was encountered. This was snared, the coagtulating current was applied, and the pedicle was evered and recovered and sent to pathology for histological indetification. The colonoscope was then reintroduced and passed through the rectum to the sigmoid colon. Again the anastomosis was seen, and proximal to this the fulgurated base of the removed polyp could be seen. No bleeding was encountered, and I continued to advance the colonoscopy through the descending colon. I proceeded to advance the colonoscope through the splenic flexure in the transverse colon. Despite vigorous mechanical bowel preparation and the shortened colon from the previous resection, she had a considerable amount of stool, and it became progressively more difficult to visualize as I approached the hepatic flexure. Finally, at the hepatic flexure, I abandoned further evaluation and began to withdraw the colonoscope. The colonoscope passed through the transverse colon, spenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anus and was was withdrawn. She tolerated the procedure well, but had some nausea. I will await the results of pathology, and in the event that it is not an invasive carcinoma, I would recommend a repeat colonoscopy in 6 months, at which time we will use a 48-hour, more vigorous mechanical bowel preparation.Questions about the Colonoscopy Report1.On June 10, the initial procedure that the patient underwent wasA.Anastomosis of two parts of the colonB.Visual examination of the rectum and anusC.Visual examination of the large bowel and removal of a growthD.Resection of a portion of the colon2.On June 12 the patient had additional surgery toA.Remove a portion of the colon and reattach the cut end to the rectumB.Join two parts of the small intestineC.Reconnect the colon to the small intestineD.Remove a portion of the distal end of the small intestine3.Which term in the report refers to an anastomosisA.SigmoidoscopyB.ColonoscopyC.Low anterior resectionD.Coloproctostomy4.Why was it impossible to visualize the entire colonA.The patient experienced nauseaB.Feces were blocking the colonC.Tumor was blocking the colonD.The hepatic flexure was twistedVI. ExercisesRemember to check your answers carefully with those given in Section VII, Answers to Exercises.A. Give the meanings of the following suffixes.1. –pepsia________________________ 9. –plasty___________________________2. –ptysis ________________________ 10. –lysis ___________________________3. –emesis________________________ 11. –ectasis__________________________4. –phagia ________________________ 12. –stenosis_________________________5. –ptosis_________________________ 13. –stasis___________________________6. –rrhea__________________________ 14. –spasm__________________________7. –rrhagia_________________________ 15. –ectasia__________________________8. –rrhaphy________________________B. Using the suffixes listed in exercise A and the following combining forms, build medicalterms.blephar/o hemat/o men/o bronch/o herni/o pylor/o chol/e lymphangi/o rhin/o hem/o1.painful menstrual flow___________________________________________________2.stoppage of bile ___________________________________________________3.suture of a hernia _____________________________________________________4.dilation of lymph vessels______________________________________________5.spitting up blood __________________________________________6.vomiting blood _____________________________________________7.dilation of tubes leading from the windpipe into the lungs____________________________8.surgical repair of eyelids______________________________________9.stopping blood flow______________________________________10.surgical repiar of the nose___________________________________________11.destruction of blood ___________________________________________12.sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles at the distal region of the stomach_____________13.excessive bledding during menstruation _______________________________14.sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles within the bronchial tubes__________________C. Give the meanings of the following terms1. dysphagia ________________________________________2. polyphagia____________________________________3. dyspepsia____________________________________4.biliary atresia__________________________________5. proptosis_______________________________________6. cholestasis____________________________________7. esophageal atresia_______________________________8. odynophagia___________________________________9. stenosis________________________________________10. stenosis_____________________________________D. Match the following surgical procedures with their meanings below.blepharoplasty colectomy ileostomy cecostomy gastroducodenal anastomosis paracentesis cholecystectomy gingivectomy rectosigmoidoscopy cholecystojejunostomy herniorrhaphy sphincterotomy1.removal of the gallbladder__________________________________rge bowel resection ____________________________________3.suture of a weakened muscular wall _____________________________________4.new opening of the first part of the colon to the outside of the body______________________5.surgical repair of the eyelid____________________________________6.incision of a ring of muscles__________________________________7.new surgical connection between the stomach and the first part of the smallintestine______________________________________________________8.opening of the third part of the small intestine to the outside of the body__________________9.removal of gum tissue___________________________________________10.new surgical connection between the gallbladder and the second part of the smallintestine_______________________________________________________11.surgical puncture of the abdomen for withdrawal of fluid______________________________12.visual examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon__________________________________E. Complete the following terms based on their meanings1. discharge of fat: steat___________________________________2. difficulty in swallowing: dys_____________________________________3. abnormal condition of gallstones: chole__________________________________4.pertaining to the cheek: __________________________________ al5.pain in a tooth: dent_____________________________________6.prolapse of an eyelid: blepharo_________________________________7.enlargement of the liver; hepato___________________________________8.pertaining to under the tongue: sub__________________________________________9.removal of the gallbladder: ______________________________ ectomy10.pertaining to the common bile duct: chole_______________________________________F. Give the meannings of the following terms.1. cecal volvulus_________________________________________________2. aphthous stomatitis____________________________________________3. celiac artery_________________________________________4.lipase___________________________________5.cheilosis_______________________________________6.oropharynx______________________________________7.glycolysis_____________________________________8.glossopharyngeal______________________________9.sialadenectomy_______________________________10.periodontal membrane_________________________G. Match the name of the laboratory test or clinical procedure with its description abdominal ultrasonography liver biopsy serum bilirubin baarium enemaliver scan small bowel follow-through CT of the abdomen nasogastric intubation stool culture endoscopic retrograde percutaneous transhepatic stool guaiac cholangiopancreatography cholangiography gastric bypass1.measure ment of bile pigment in the blood________________________________2.placement of feces in a growth medium fir bacterial analysis__________________________3.x-ray examination of the lower gastrointestinal tract____________________________4.imaging of abdominal viscera via sound waves_______________________________5.test of reveal hidden blood in feces________________________________6.sequential x-ray images of the small intestine______________________________7.injection of contrast material through the skin into the liver, to obtain x-ray images of bilevessels___________________________________________8.insertion of a tube through the nose into the stomach______________________________9.transverse x-ray pictures of the abdominal organs________________________________10.injection of contrast material via endoscope to obtain x-ray images of the pancreas and bileducts______________________________________________11.reduction of stomach size and gastrojejunostomy_______________________________12.injection of radioactive material intravenously, and produces an image of liver cells as theytake up the radioactivity______________________________________13.percutaneous removal of liver tissue followed by microscopic examination_______________H. Give the meanings of the following abbreviations in column I. Then select the letter from the sentences in column II that makes the best association for each.Column I Coulum II1. TPN_______________ A. Tests such as ALT, AST, alk phos, and serum bilirubin2. PUD_______________ B. Heartburn is a symptom of this condition3. EGD_______________ C. This general condition includes Crohn disease and ulcerativecolitis.4. IBD________________ D, H.pylori causes this condition5. BE_________________ E. Nothing by mouth, but intravenous feeding is allowed6. BRBPR_____________ F. This is a lower gastrointestinal series7. LETs_______________ G. X-ray procedure that produces a series of cross-sectional images8. GERD______________ H. This infectious agent causes chronic inflammation of the liver9. HBV_______________ I. Hematochezia describes this gastrointestinal symptom10. CT_______________ J. Endoscopic visualization of the upper gastrointestinal tractI. Give the suffixes for the following terms.1. bursting forth______________________ 11. eating, swallowing_______________________2. flow, discharge_____________________ 12. hardening_____________________________3. suture____________________________ 13. to stop; control_________________________4. dilation___________________________ 14. surgical repair__________________________5. narrowing, stricture_________________ 15. opening_______________________________6. vomiting__________________________ 16. surgical puncture_______________________7. spitting___________________________ 17. involuntary contraction__________________8. prolapse__________________________ 18. new opening__________________________9. excision__________________________ 19. incision______________________________10. digestion________________________ 20. destruction, breakdown__________________。