jazz age名词解释
爵士——精选推荐
爵士乐爵士乐：是爵士舞起源的重要原动力，但现代爵士舞也受到古典音乐、摇滚乐、迪斯可和hip hop的影响，发展出modern-jazz、disco-jazz、rock-jazz、new-jazz等。
【拼音】 jué shì爵士的起源1Ragtime Blues与已有形式融合事情发生在1917年的一个夜晚，在纽约的一家名叫赖森威的夜总会里出现了一个由五个白人组成的乐队，他们自称为“正宗狄克西兰爵士乐队”，他们演奏着一种十分新奇的音乐，这种音乐似乎有一种特殊的魅力，使跳舞的人感到十分轻松，而且越跳越高兴。
第二天一家杂志对这一事件进行了报道和评论，立即在社会上产生了很大反响。
随后，这一乐队录制的唱片也被人们竞相购买，同爵士时，爵士这一次也成为美国词汇中的常用词了。
它们还鲜有那种衍生出现代爵士乐的基本特征(即兴，音色、音高与时值上的微妙变化)。
一些热衷于报道爵士音乐的专栏作者与观察者，通常本身并非是受过专门训练的音乐研究者。
当我们想从他们的报道中了解些专业的知识时经常会陷入困窘之中，因为访谈中记录下的对话通常很少涉及实质性的问题(从早期爵士乐手演奏角度提问的)。
采访者几乎不会问及这些早期音乐家有关音乐方面的关键性问题，而把采访角度倾向于个人经历与社会话题上。
即使采访者问及探索音乐方面的问题，被采访者的如实回答也比不上一段真实的音乐资料来得准确与有价值。
爵士乐的起源问题始终笼罩着一层迷雾，然而，接下来我们还是尝试着整合一下从各个角度对这个问题的研究成果。
当你阅读时，始终要记着爵士乐并不是完全这样起源的，即使这些观点看上去多么得合理与符合逻辑。
爵士乐源自于二十世纪初期新奥尔良一带民间音乐、流行音乐、古典音乐的融合。
它至少是由两股潮流演变发展而来，一是美国黑人在音乐上的创造性的贡献－Ragtime和Blues，这在后面我们会谈到；其二是一些已有的音乐形式(当时的流行音乐、进行曲、四对舞曲quadrilles等等)表演上往两个特殊方面的不断探索。
名词解释+问题
ExplanationsChapter 1New England: the northeastern corner of the United States including the present states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.Great Lakes: the five lakes between Canada and the US. They are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.Chapter 3Mayflower Compact: the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, drafted by the “Pilgrims”who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower, seeking religious freedom. It was signed on November 11, 1620. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority role, and to have a right to choose their own leader.Thanksgiving Day: It is an annual one-day holiday to give thanks at the conclusion of the harvest season. The United States celebrates Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November.Chapter 4Boston Tea Party: on the evening of , 1773, in Boston, when ships of tea reached Boston and the governor was determined to see that tea was legally protected in its distribution, a group of angry colonists, known as the Boston Tea Party, dressed themselves up as Indians and boarded the three company ships, ripped open 342 chests of tea valued at ￡17000, and dumped all the tea into the harbor.The First Continental Congress: In 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods, and organized colonial militia units.Chapter 5Confederation: a confederation is a government in which the constituent governments, called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct of individuals.The Bill of Rights: In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.Chapter 6Missouri Compromise: in 1820, the North and South reached a solution, “Missouri Compromise”. Missouri was admitted as a slave state, but the balance of political power maintained by admission of Maine as a free state; in addition, slavery was to be prohibited in the rest of Louisiana Territory north of the line 36’30’ parallel of latitude.Gettysburg Address: It refers to the short speech President Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”.Chapter 7Open Door Policy: in Sin-America relations, Theodore Roosevelt pushed the so-called “Open Door Policy” which demanded that all the imperial ist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as other aggressors.The Ku Klux Klan: the KKK was the first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867. The KKK terrorized and attacked not only blacks, but also progressives, labor union organizers communist or socialist party members.Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction: it was passed in 1866. It divided all the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into five military districts and each was put under the control of a Northern army officer. The officer had the power to keep order and to enforce martial law if necessary.Chapter 8Roaring Twenties: the ten years between 1919 and 1929 usually called the “Roaring Twenties” or the “Jazz Age”: a time of carefree prosperity, isolation from the world’s problems, bewildering social changes and feverish pursuit of pleasure.The Social Security Act: in 1935, it was signed by Roosevelt which provided a system of pensions for the retired, unemployment insurance, and care for the dependent and disabled.Chapter 9The Cold War:a. In the post war period the different between Russia and the US increased and led to a new kind of war, a war, without fighting, which was called the Cold War.b. The Cold War was marked by international tension and hostility arousing from various military, diplomatic, social, propagandistic, and economic pressures employed by one side against the order to gain advantage economically in terms of security, or in terms world opinion.c. The Cold War was ended with the dissolution of the USSR in 1991.Truman Doctrine: On , 1949, President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine in his speech to the joint session of Congress. The Doctrine meant to support any country which said it was fighting communism.The Marshall Plan: It was announced by George Marshall on , 1947, and was the economic aid plan for Western Europe. It was also used to prevent the loss of Western Europe into the Soviet sphere.Chapter 10Pocket veto: A pocket veto is a legislative maneuver in lawmaking that allows a president or other official with veto power effectively to exercise that power over a bill by taking no action.Federalism:① The division of powers by a constitution between the central government is called federalism.② Federalism operates on two levels, the national and the state.③ Units of governments within a state enjoy no independent existence.Separation of powers:Constitutional division of powers among thelegislative, executive, and judicial branches.Chapter 11Selective veto:Judicial review: John Marshall, the most famous chief justice in American history, called the power of the interpretation of the Constitution judicial review.Chapter 12Election Day: Tuesday after the first Monday in November, each leap year.Winner-take-all: the candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes.QuestionChapter 3Q: Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century A: a. The New World was a great and rich land. In the New World there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development.b. During the reign of Queen ElizabethⅠ(1588-1603), the English in growing numbers realized make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs.c. Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burdensome church duties, to acquire large landholdings or merely to change their general pattern of living. Ofcourse, material gain was a common factor.Q: What was the social structure of the 13 coloniesA: Society in the 13 colonies was like a pyramid.a.The top was made up of merchants and landlords.b.The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa,and the native Indians.Chapter 4Q: What were the main the contents of the Declaration of Independence A: The Declaration includes these five parts:a.the Preamble, which explains why the Declaration was issued;b.a statement of principles of government to which the American peoplewere committed;c.a list of injustices suffered by the colonies;d.a summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with themother country; ande.The proclamation that the “Colonies are Free and IndependentStates.”Chapter 5Q: What were the chief causes of the War of 1812A: a. The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies. Using Canada as the base, they always challenged to battle with the young Republic.b. This anger reached its peak in 1807 when one British warship attached and board the American ship, killing and wounding 21 men and impressing four sailors.Q: What powers do the national and the individual have under the Articles of ConfederationA: Under the Articles of Confederation the national government consisted of only a legislature; it had no separate executive and judicial divisions. The state government had sole right to legislate matters concerning debts, contracts, family affairs and it could tax their citizens.Chapter 6Q: What was the Monroe DoctrineA: The foreign policy of James Monroe, the 5th. President. It was announced in 1823. The essence of the Doctrine was “America for Americans”, which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy.Q: What were the basic causes of the Civil WarA: In 1825, Harriet Beecher Stowe published her famous book Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This novel has been described as one of the significant events leading up to the Civil War. Two different social-economic systems existed side by side in the US. In the South slavery was the foundation of the economic system while in the North industry and commerce were the main character of its economy. The swiftly growing industries in the North required the restriction of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order to provide capitalist production with raw materials, markets and abundant labor supply. The slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. This economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South.Chapter 7Q: Do you think Chicago is a city with glorious revolutionary tradition WhyA: Yes. In Chicago, four strikers died at the hands of police. On the night of the 4th, 1886, workers gathered at Haymarket Square of Chicago to mourn for the dead. Unfortunately eight leaders of the workers’ organization were arrested by the police. News spread out. Workers of the whole country and of some other countries expressed their support. Paying tribute to American martyrs, the Second International meeting was held at Paris in 1889. The meeting adopted a resolution designating May 1 as International Labor Day to be observed by the workers of all countries. The US working class movement had a new upsurge at the turn of the century. On March 8, 1909, women workers in Chicago launched a big struggle for freedom and equal rights with men. Their efforts won the recognition of the Second International Congress of Women Socialists which decided in 1910 that March 8 each year was to be observed as International Working Women’s Day.Chapter 8Q: Why did the US join the Allies in the warA:a. The US was lack of military preparedness when the war began.b.Another factor for the US to join the war was the American financialand industrial commitment to the Allied cause.c.Finally, the factor that pushed the US into the war was Germany’ssubmarine campaign against merchant ships. That was to attack every ship that approached the British Isles.Q: What were the basic ideas of the New Deal How do you comment on theNew DealA: a. ① The main aims of the New Deal were to raise commodity prices by limiting production, and to carry through a modest inflation by providing money at low rates of interest to farmers and to industry.② For farmers, the Agricultural Adjustment Act was passed in 1933, which enabled the government, among other things to pay grants to farmers to induce them to reduce the amount of products, which included such commodities as cotton, wheat, corn, pigs, rice, tobacco, milk, sugar, and others.③ In industry, Roosevelt, by the National Recovery Act of 1933, was given power to control working hours and working conditions, and to fix minimum wages. Furthermore, through the National Recovery Act a vast scheme of public works were provided by the government.④ By 1938, the New Deal was over with the expansion of the European crisis. Roosevelt had to switch his emphasis from domestic to foreign affairs.b. The basic ideas behind the New Deal, that the federal government has the prime responsibility for the welfare of the people and must not be limited by narrow concepts of states’rights, that bold experimentation is the way to find solutions to new social problems, and that active presidential leadership of Congress and the people is vital in a world of growing complexity, have not been challenged strongly in the years since 1938.Chapter 9Q: How did America’s foreign policies change around World War ⅡA: ⒈ From isolation to intervention. Between 1935 and 1937 the Congress passed three Neutral Acts which prohibited the sale of munitions and the lending of money to nations at war. It even outlawed travel by the UScitizens on belligerents’ vessels.⒉ WWⅡ erupted in 1939. The US Congress repealed the arms embargo and substituted a “Cash-and-Carry”policy. The policy required that belligerents trading with American merchants transport their goods in foreign vessels and that the goods be paid for before they left American ports.⒊ In March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which enabled any country whose defense the President considered vital to that of the US to receive arms and other equipment and supplies by sale, transfer, exchange, or lease. In President Roosevelt’s words, this act made the republic the arsenal of world democracy.⒋ Japan suddenly attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7,1941. This made America formally enter the war.Q: What are the major forms of American Civil Rights Movement from 1955 to 1968 Can you give two specific examplesA:Chapter 10Q: How does a bill become a law in CongressA: With the exception of revenue or tax, legislation can be introduced in either the House or the Senate; sometimes identical bills are introduced in both houses. When bills are introduced, they are sent to the appropriate committees by the Speaker of the House or the Senate majority leader. The chair of the committee then sends the bill to a subcommittee, which usually issues a report that is either favorable or unfavorable to the bill. Or it may report out an amended or changed billor rewrite the original bill. A bill favorably reported out of a Senate committee is put on the calendar for floor action.Q: What are the three basic principles of US political systemA: The Three Basic Principles: federalism, the separation of powers and respect for the constitution and the rule of the law.Chapter 11Q: How is the President’ power limitedA: In spite of his great power, the President is actually moving within the limits already drawn for him. For example, all appropriations of the government are legislated by Congress. The Supreme Court has the power to declare his policy, even if it has already been approved by Congress, unconstitutional and thus abolish it. Finally, if he abuses his power or commits crimes, he will be impeached by Congress. Impeachment simply means to bring formal charges; it does not mean conviction. In American history there have been two presidents who faced impeachment proceedings, but they were not convicted.Chapter 12Q: How is the President electedA: ⒈The major parties hold conventions to choose candidates for President and Vice President and to determine the parties’ platforms.⒉ Campaigning stage: Be early fall of the election year, the presidential race is on. Voters are bombarded from all sides.⒊ Voters choose a slate of presidential electors in their state who make up the Electoral College. a. The number of the Electoral College in each state is equal to that of its senators and representatives in Congress.b. The candidate with the most votes in a state wins all of that state’s electoral votes. This is known as the “winner-take-all” principle.c. The candidate who wins the majority (270) of the 538 Electoral College votes will be President in the next four years.⒋ The electors meet in their state capitals and cast their votes for President and Vice President on the 1st Monday after Wednesday in Dec. When the Congress assembles in January 6, the electoral votes are formally counted in a joint session of the two houses and the President of the Senate announces the “state of the vote”. If no candidates receive a majority of the electoral votes, the House, by a majority vote, will choose for President one out of the three having the highest electoral votes.。
美国文学史名词解释
1、the Lost GenerationIn general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U.S. writers who cameof age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems froma remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You a re all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises(1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of itsspiritual alienation from a U.S. that, basking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren.The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, e.e. cummings and manyother writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never aliterary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost thedistinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald'sTenderLost generationThe lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation ofAmerican writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought aboutby the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought themeaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest Americanliterature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos.Lost generationThe Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris duringthe 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, whoto refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War Iused “a lost generation” experiences a nd disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as anepigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers,including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.2、Iceberg TheoryIt is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. Themeaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because t he crux of the story lies below thesurface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface.Iceberg Theorys that the writer include in the text only a smallErnest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” suggestportion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that growsbeneath the surface of the writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writingabout he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writerhad stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it beingabove water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or actionThere is seven-eighths of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can（PPT）eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. (193 3、Code heroThe Hemingway hero is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent,a man of action, and one of few words. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control,stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place. These people are usually spiritual strong, people ofcertain skills, and most of them encounter death many times. The heroes in his book are all have something in common which Hemingway values: they have seen the cold world and for onecause or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality; whatever the result is, they areready to live with grace under pressure. The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spiritfor his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is Hemingway.4、Stream?of?consciousness?The?continuous?flow?of?sense-perceptions,?thoughts,?feelings,?and?memories?in?the?human? mind:?or?a?literary?method?of?representing?such?a?blending?of?mental?processes?infictional? characters,?usually?in?an?unpunctuated?or?disjoint?form?of?interior?monologue.注：sense-perceptions：认知，观念?blending：混合物?unpunctuated:未加标点的?Disjoint：脱节5、ImagismA poetic movement of England and the U.S. that flourished from 1909 to 1917. The movementinsists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing”of wording. “poetic techniques to record exactly the momentary impressions”The lead movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.Three main principles of the Imagist Movement (1912) :[1] direct treatment of poetic subjects[2] elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, to use no word that does notcontribute to the presentation.[3] rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.etro is a well-known poem.[4]pound’s In a Station of the MMajor features:--- it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period.--- with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti—romantic and anti-victorian--- In a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction--- it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.--- Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.--- it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.--- Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet.The most outstanding figures:Ezra Pound Amy Lowell Hilda DoolittleThe form of free verse (Ezra Loomis Pound)影响its influence1)the imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words aspossible. This new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry.2)the second lasting influence of Imagism is the form of free verse. There are no metrical rules.There are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life itself. Thatis art of the poem. The poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words toshow how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters6、ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious. Modernism（来自老师的PPT)A general term applied retrospectively to the wide range of experimental and avant-garde trends in the literature and other arts of the early 20th century, including Symbolism, Futurism, Expressionism, Imagism, Vorticism, Dada, and Surrealism, along with the innovations of unaffiliated writers.7、The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance, a flowering of literature (and to a lesser extent other arts) in New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, has long been considered by many to be the high point in African American writing. It probably had its foundation in the works of W.E. B. Du Bois who believed that an educated Black elite should lead Blacks to liberation. He further believed thathis people could not achieve social equality by emulating white ideals; that equality could be achieved only by teaching Black racial pride with an emphasis on an African cultural heritage. Although the Renaissance w as not a school, nor did the writers associated with it share a common purpose, nevertheless they had a common bond: they dealt with Black life from a Black perspective. Among the major writers who are usually viewed as part of the Harlem Renaissance are Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Rudolph Fisher, James Weldon Johnson, and Jean Toomer.Harlem Renaissance主要作品：The Weary Blues, The Dream keeper and Other Poems, Fine Clothes to the Jew8、Postmodernism(F rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)Postmodernism is a term which describes the postmodernist movement in the arts, its set of cultural tendencies and associated cultural movements. It is in general the era that follows Modernism.It frequently serves as an ambiguous overarching term forskeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism. It is often associated with deconstruction and post-structuralism because its usage as a term g ained significant popularity at the same time as twentieth-century post-structural thought.后现代主义是一个术语，它描述了后现代主义运动在艺术，文化倾向和相关的文化运动。
爵士时代名词解释
爵士时代名词解释在20世纪20年代至60年代的爵士时代，爵士音乐成为了美国文化的重要组成部分。
在这个时代，许多特定的名词被用来描述和解释与这种音乐风格和文化相关的概念。
1. 爵士乐：爵士乐是一种起源于非洲裔美国人社区的音乐风格，它融合了非洲音乐元素、布鲁斯、拉格泰姆以及欧洲古典音乐。
爵士乐以其复杂的和声、即兴演奏和独特的节奏感而闻名。
2. 即兴演奏：即兴演奏是爵士乐的重要特征，它指的是演奏者在现场即时创作音乐，而不是按照预先排练好的曲谱演奏。
即兴演奏要求演奏者具备良好的音乐感知力和技巧，能够在即兴创作中展现独特的个人风格。
3. 大乐队：大乐队是一种由多个乐器组成的爵士乐团体，通常由铜管乐器、萨克斯管、打击乐器和键盘乐器组成。
大乐队的音乐编曲通常是为了展现不同乐器之间的和声、旋律和节奏的交互。
4. 斗琴：斗琴是爵士乐中一种特殊的吉他演奏技巧，演奏者使用拇指弹奏低音弦，而其他手指弹奏高音弦和和弦。
斗琴技巧给吉他增添了更丰富的音色和节奏感。
5. 嗓音：嗓音是一种特殊的演唱技巧，爵士乐中经常使用。
演唱者通过模仿乐器的音色和节奏，使用不同的嗓音技巧，如震音、颤音和扩音，为歌曲增添个性和表现力。
6. 酒吧舞台：在爵士时代，酒吧舞台是爵士乐表演的主要场所。
这些酒吧通常以烟雾弥漫、闪烁的舞池和激动人心的音乐表演而闻名，成为了年轻人放松、享受音乐和舞蹈的场所。
7. 斯温格：斯温格是一种特殊的爵士乐舞蹈，起源于非洲裔美国人社区。
它以优雅、流畅的舞姿和快节奏的音乐为特点，通常由一对男女表演者进行。
爵士时代是音乐史上一个重要的时期，它不仅影响了音乐风格和技巧的发展，也对社会和文化产生了深远的影响。
通过解释这些爵士时代的名词，我们可以更好地理解和欣赏这一独特的音乐风格。
名词解释
Transcendentalism(超验主义)Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in new england from about 1836 to 1860. it is the summit of American Romanticism. it originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Chruch, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic german philosophy, and from such english authors as coleridge and wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Although Transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents. The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism,self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature , and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.超验主义是从1836至1860于新英格兰发起的一场文学,哲学以及艺术运动.即浪漫主义的顶点.由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性的形式主义,他们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念.超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主义作家柯勒律治和沃兹华斯的影响,还在一定程度上受到东方古典哲学和宗教的影响.尽管超验主义思想并不能算是严格意义上的哲学, 但是它还是有一些基本原则的.超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性,只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互融合.从而超验主义十分强调个人主义,自立,拒绝传统权威思想.超验主义思想在爱默生的<论自然> 和梭罗的<瓦尔登湖>等书中表现得淋漓尽致Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. famous writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
the_roaring_twenties名词解释_概述及解释说明
the roaring twenties名词解释概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述The Roaring Twenties, 亦被称之为“The Jazz Age”（爵士乐时代），是20世纪20年代的一个重要时期，这一时期以经济繁荣和社会变革为特点。
这是一个充满活力、追求享乐与自由的时代，也是现代文化与娱乐业蓬勃发展的年代。
本文将对The Roaring Twenties进行全面解析，包括其定义、背景、主要特点以及经济、社会、娱乐和时尚等方面的重要变革。
1.2 文章结构本文将按以下结构进行论述：- 引言：对The Roaring Twenties进行概述，并介绍文章结构和目的。
- The Roaring Twenties名词解释：对The Roaring Twenties进行定义，并探讨其背景和主要特点。
- 经济繁荣与社会变革：详细讨论经济状况、文化进步以及女性权益运动在该时期的发展。
- 娱乐与时尚的革新：探究爵士乐与舞蹈风潮、电影与娱乐业兴盛，以及流行时尚与消费文化的演变。
- 结局和影响力：分析危机与衰落的原因、社会影响力，以及The RoaringTwenties的遗产。
1.3 目的本文旨在全面介绍并解释The Roaring Twenties这一历史时期，帮助读者更好地了解该时期的重要性和对现代社会的影响。
通过详细探究经济、社会、娱乐和时尚等方面的发展变化，希望能够呈现出这一时期独特而多元化的风貌，并评估其对后世产生的持久影响。
2. The Roaring Twenties名词解释：2.1 定义：The Roaring Twenties指的是20世纪20年代，特指美国在第一次世界大战结束后进入的一个时期。
这个时期以经济繁荣、社会变革、文化进步和娱乐革新为特征，以及对传统价值观的挑战。
2.2 背景：第一次世界大战结束后，美国经历了一个重要的转变。
战争带来了技术和工业的发展，国内市场扩大，并使得美国成为全球最大的债权国。
美国文学名词解释整理版
Colonial Period:1.American Puritanism（p16）It is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.,who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. They werea group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious andmoral principles. They wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination original sin and total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.Romanticism Period:2.Romanticism(p32)the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death.The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint.They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography.3.American Romantism(P34)①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war. It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature. The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and common man was typical of this period. Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American. Works concentrate on unique characteristics of the American land.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.4.Gothic tradition (哥特传统)Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.In an extended sense, many novels do not have a medievalzed setting, but share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or claustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism.5.Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论)(p47)It is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind,stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature.The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.6.Stream of consciousness（意识流）：It is one of the modern literarytechniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly。
美国文学名词解释复习
1.Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra P ound and Amy Lowell.2.Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor3.Psychological Realism: James’s realism is characterized by his psychological a pproach to his subject matter. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner l ife of human beings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature wor ks will render the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-mo ment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And we observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in h is experience. This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness prov es to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the comin g generations. James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century " stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism.4.International theme:Henry James’s fame generally rests on his novels and stories with the international theme. These novels are always set against a large international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.The treatment of the international theme is characterized by the richness of syntax and characterization and the originality in point of view, symbolism, metaphoric texture, and organizing rhyme. James is now more mature as an artist, more at home in the craft of fiction.5. Modernism：It was a complex and diverse （复杂多样的）international movement in all the creative arts （创造性艺术），originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided （出现）the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets （方面），such as symbolism，surrealism （超现实主义），cubism （立体主义），expressionism，futurism （未来主义），ect6. American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7.Surrealism(超现实主义):An anti-rational movement of imaginative liberation in European in art and literature in the 1920s and 1930s, which launched by Andre Breton after his break from the Dada group in 1922. Surrealism seeks to break down the boundaries between rationality and irrationality, exploring the resources and revolutionary energies of dreams, hallucinations and sexual desire. Influenced both by the symbolists and by Sigmund Freud’s theories of the unconscious, the surrealists experimented with automatic writing and with the free association of random images brought in surprising juxtaposition.8. Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.9. Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄): Hemingway Code Hero ,also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sentitive, enjoys the pleasures of life( sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.2> barnes in the sun also Rises, henry in a Farewell to arms and santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code Hero10.Iceberg Theory :Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory”suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement ofan iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action11.American Dream:American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights.12. Jazz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and world war II. Particularly in north America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited wi th coining the term” Jazz Age”.（了解）13.Stream of consciousness（意识流）：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
jazz age名词解释
“爵士时代”是指20世纪20年代和30年代初期的美国文化时期，这个时期被誉为“狂欢时代”，因为当时的年轻一代意气风发，追求自由和狂欢。
以下是一些与“爵士时代”相关的术语和定义：
1. 爵士乐：一种源于黑人音乐的音乐风格，强调即兴演奏和复杂的和声，是“爵士时代”最具代表性的文化元素之一。
2. 禁酒令：一项法律，旨在禁止生产、销售和消费酒精饮料，从而打击酒类走私和酗酒问题。
禁酒令期间，很多人将酒精饮料非法地制造和销售，这导致了“地下酒吧”的兴起和爵士时代的文化繁荣。
3. 狂欢派对：在爵士时代，狂欢派对是非常流行的活动，通常在地下酒吧和私人住宅中举行。
这些派对的主题包括爵士乐、酒类、时尚和社交活动。
4. 电影：电影在20世纪20年代和30年代初期成为了流行文化的一部分。
无声电影和有声电影的出现让电影成为了一种受欢迎的娱乐方式，也促进了“好莱坞黄金时代”的出现。
5. 妇女权利：爵士时代是女性争取平等权利的时期。
女性开始涉足工作领域，参加政治活动，并追求社会和经济上的平等。
这些进展对整个美国社会产生了深远的影响。
6. 流行文化：爵士时代是美国流行文化的转折点。
人们开始关注娱乐、时尚和消费，这种文化现象在后来的年代中继续发展。
7. 大萧条：20世纪30年代早期，美国经历了一场经济大萧条。
这场危机对美国社会和文化产生了深远的影响，也标志着“爵士时代”文化的结束。
总之，“爵士时代”是一个充满活力和创造力的时期，对美国文化和社会产生了重要的影响。
这个时期的文化元素和社会进展对我们今天的生活仍然具有重要的意义。