社会科学研究中的几个基本问题详解

Personal Motivations- based on the idea that people have
expectations for the outcomes of their choices and select activities accordingly
– Social foundation of ROS
Norms – Contend that there are fundamental agreements about
appropriate and desired settings among groups of unassociated people
– Research related to acceptability, capacity, support for management and limitations, trade-offs
不同的学科也有不同的方法论 在社会研究中应遵循何种方法论，是一个实践的问题， 因为研究社会现象有各种可供选择的方法论、研究途
径和判断标准，这就要对具体现象作具体分析
因此，在做具体研究时，研究者一般是根
据研究课题的性质，来选择更适于这一课题
的方法论和学科理论作为指导，或者是根据
自己在理论、方法论方面的专业特长来选择
社会科学研究中的几个基本问题
社会研究的方法体系 研究的过程
社会科学研究中的理论问题
§1 社会研究方法体系
一、方法论 methodology
方法论是指指导研究的一般思想方法或哲 学，包括研究的基本假设、逻辑、原则等 问题。
社会研究的方法论所探讨的主要问题包括：
社会现象的性质及其理解； 社会研究的哲学基础及其假定； 社会研究过程和结果的客观性问题； 社会研究者的价值与研究之间的关系； 社会研究中的不同范式及其应用； 不同研究方式的内在逻辑等等。
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Feminist paradigms
- examines how previous images of social reality have often come from and reinforced the experiences of men.
– Are the needs, demands, and interests of women adequately responded to in recreation? – Are there equal professional opportunities for women in natural resources management? – How is power allocated and assigned in professional, academic and community settings?
Structural functionalism
- focuses on the functions the elements of society perform for the whole system of society.
– What is the purpose of parks, and how do fees help or interfere with providing those goods and services
社会科学研究的两种方法论
（一）实证主义方法论 positivist sociology
社会研究应向自然科学研究看齐，要通过具体客观的观察、通过
经验概括得出结论。
定量研究
（二）人文主义方法论
anti-positivist sociology
社会研究要考虑人的特殊性，要发挥研究者在研究中 的主动性。 定性研究
Ethnomethodology
focuses on how people make sense of life while they are living it.
– Multiphasic aspects of the experience, what does it mean to be a fire-fighter?
Symbolic interactionism
- examines development of shared meanings and social patterns in the course of social interactions.
– Studies of visitor types, desired setting conditions, specialization, etc.
适当的研究题目。
二、研究方式
定义：指研究采取的具体形式或研究的具体类型 研究方式包括研究法与研究设计类型
社会科学常用研究方式
调查研究 实验研究 实地研究 文献研究
Consumer choice theories-
using principles of microeconomic theory, visitors and tourists will make vacationing and recreational decisions based on a cost-benefit analysis that considers scarcity, opportunity cost, substitutability and external factors such as pressure by family members.
Other Common Social Science Paradigms in Recreation Conflict
- focuses on attempts of a person or group to dominate and avoid being dominated.
– Competition between users, conflict between management and visitors, community concerns, etc.