汉英翻译课件之_句子翻译之主语确定
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翻译汉译英之主语的确定
1.3 零主语Vs 形式主语
英语句子常常必须有主语，有时找不到表示事物或 人的名词或代词作主语时，就用“it”作形式主语。 尤其在表示天气、时间、距离、度量等概念时，这 种与汉语思维方式的差异就显得尤为突出。相比较 而言，汉语中主语的使用灵活得多，而且常常可以 省略。只要通过上下文可以判断句子的主语，主语 就没必要出现，此时所用的就是我们常说的“零位 主语”。英语中的形式主语是汉语所没有的，而汉 语的零位主语在英语中也是不存在的。
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汉英主谓结构的差异
1.1主题Vs 主语 1.2有灵Vs 无灵 1.3 零主语Vs 形式主语
1.1主题Vs 主语
主语显著的语言是指该语言的核心句型是主语＋谓语构成的框 架，而主题显著是指由主题＋述题构成的句式。主题即句子的 起首部分，相当于“话题”，述题是针对“话题”发表的信息 或评论，通常是“新的信息”。汉语句子的主题可能是名词结 构，与主语一致，但在很多情况下还可能是其他成分。 汉语是“注重主题的语言”(topic-prominent language) 英语是“注重主语的语言”(subject-prominent language ). e.g. 这件事你不用操心。（通顺） This you don’t need to worry about. (×) You don’t need to worry about this. (√) It is unnecessary for you to worry about this. ( √) (汉语没有对 应结构) There is no need for you to worry about this. ( √) （汉语没有 对应结构）
2. 2 主语必须是句中应该突出的信息
汉英翻译四步..
❖ B从语篇衔接中确定主语
❖ 在汉语语篇中，主语的衔接作用主要是 通过对原词的重复，省略或代词替代来 实现。而英语语篇中的主语则往往避免 重复原词，更不能省略原词，而更多地 使用照应和替代来衔接上下文。
❖ 蜜蜂这物件，最爱劳动，广东天气好， 花又多，蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着，酿的 蜜多，自己吃的可有限。
2、谓语的确定
❖汉语中的谓语同主语相似，具有开 放性，几乎各种词类和语言单位都 可以充当汉语句子的谓语，但译成 英语时，句子的谓语只能转化成系 动词或实义动词。
❖ A：汉语谓语如果是名词、数词、形容 词、介词短语等，译成英语的时候一般 要在这些词前面加上连系动词，如be, look, appear, seem, feel, sound, smell, taste等，否则译文句子就不能成立。如：
不断地运动。
1）He is a scientist and a violinist as well. 2）In the solar system the planets as well as the
sun itself are in constant motion.
3、选择关系
1）他们宁愿待在家里而不愿意去观光。 They would rather stay at home than go sightseeing.
❖人ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้常把闯红灯看成小错，不当回 事，然而闯红灯一旦形成习惯，则 问题远非是违反交通规则。
❖ Red-light running has always been regarded as a minor wrong, so it has never been taken seriously. When the violation becomes habitual, however, a great deal more than a traffic problem is involved.
汉译英——主语的确定
三．所选主语必须符合英美人的思维视角.
1. 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.
2. 由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且 浪费了所有的钱。 • Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time.
7. 调查研究能解决这个难题。 • This problem can be solved through investigation. • Through investigation, this problem can be solved. • Investigation will enable this problem to be solved.
11. 从王教授那里能解决这个难题。 • We/ One /You can solve this problem with the help from Professor Wang. • This problem can be solved with the help from Professor Wang. • With Professor Wang’s help, this problem can be solved. • Professor Wang’s help means the solving of the problem. 12. 把技术人员的积极性调动起来能解决这个难题。 • This problem can be solved by bring into play the positive factor of the technical staff. • Bring into play the positive factor of the technical staff, and this problem can be solved. • The solution of this problem lies in bring into play the positive factor of the technical staff.
汉译英时 如何确定主语
以原句主语作译文主语
• 英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代 词或名词性的词语。当汉语原文有明确的 主语，而且该主语由名词或主格人称代词 充当时，我们可以原主语作为英译文的主 语。如：
• 1.幽默是智慧、学识、机敏的结晶，幽默 在我们社会、家庭、工作、学习、生活中 不可或缺。 • Humor is the crystallization of wit,knowledge, and resourcefulness.It is also indispensable to our work,study,family,society,and life is in general.
unlessweburstoutweshallperish添补包括作者和读者在内的we作主语成功地传达了鲁迅对反对派屠杀进步人士的愤慨对国家及民众前途和命运的担忧还有他激励人们奋起反抗的呐喊
汉译英时，如何确定主语？
吴诗君 李双 蒋亚萍 曹璐 杨青慧
主语的确定：
• 以原句主语作译ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ主语
• 重新确定主语 • 增补主语
重新确定主语
• 在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定 主语，以保证译文逻辑通顺、行文流畅、 语言自然地道，行使与原文相似的功能。 可以是句子其他成分，也可以是句外的词 语。如：
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃
• a.The turn of the century finds China most acti-ve on the diplomatic arena. • b.At the turn of the century,China is very active in its diplomatic activities. • 有比较就有鉴别。将the turn (of the century) 替换原主语“中国”的译文a，比照原主语 的译文b地道、有韵味。
翻译课件 主语的确定
英语句中的主语只能是名词、主格 人称代词或名词性短语。当汉语原 文有明确的主语，而且该主语有名 次或主格人称代词充当时，我们可 以原主语作为英译文的主语。
1、假日里，青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。 The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays. 2、如果不适当的处理，锅炉及机动车辆排 出的废气就会造成城市的空气污染。 Exhausted from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.
2、用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想 知道自己的劳动。 You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.
1、世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 A. The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. B. At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. 分析：A 将The turn 替换原主语中的“中国”，相当于换 成无灵主语，加上find的使用，使原文更加有韵味， 并增加了叙述的客观性。
4、哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学 之一。中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直 同哈佛大学保持着文化交流。 Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university.
1、假日里，青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。 The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays. 2、如果不适当的处理，锅炉及机动车辆排 出的废气就会造成城市的空气污染。 Exhausted from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.
2、用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想 知道自己的劳动。 You realize your ideals through labour and you guide your labour by ideals.
1、世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 A. The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. B. At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. 分析：A 将The turn 替换原主语中的“中国”，相当于换 成无灵主语，加上find的使用，使原文更加有韵味， 并增加了叙述的客观性。
4、哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学 之一。中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直 同哈佛大学保持着文化交流。 Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university.
汉英翻译课件之 句子翻译之主语确定
With a concept inspired by the Silk Road, our Torch relay will travel through Greece, Egypt, Rome, Mesopotamia, Persia, India and China, carrying the message “Share the peace, Share the Olympics”.
句子翻译
之 主语确定
汉语句子中主语可由不同类型的词语充当，主语隐 含或无主语的情况时有发生。
例如： 校门口今天停满了小汽车。 星期天下大雨。 每隔两个铺面就是一条仿宋标语。 在桌子上有两本字典。 空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。
必须对党员，特别是领导干部要严格要求，严格 管理，严格监督。 起大风了。
我们每个人都知道，大气污染不仅影响了环境，而且 严重损害了人的健康，大大缩短了人的寿命。
Everyone of us knows that air pollution does more than affect our environment; it cripples and shortens the lives of human beings.
--Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
---At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
公园里设有专门的英语角，老老少少会定期聚在一起 操练。
In public parks there are special English corners where English learners, old and young, gather at regular time to practice their oral English.
句子翻译
之 主语确定
汉语句子中主语可由不同类型的词语充当，主语隐 含或无主语的情况时有发生。
例如： 校门口今天停满了小汽车。 星期天下大雨。 每隔两个铺面就是一条仿宋标语。 在桌子上有两本字典。 空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。
必须对党员，特别是领导干部要严格要求，严格 管理，严格监督。 起大风了。
我们每个人都知道，大气污染不仅影响了环境，而且 严重损害了人的健康，大大缩短了人的寿命。
Everyone of us knows that air pollution does more than affect our environment; it cripples and shortens the lives of human beings.
--Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy and obsequiousness.
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。
---At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
公园里设有专门的英语角，老老少少会定期聚在一起 操练。
In public parks there are special English corners where English learners, old and young, gather at regular time to practice their oral English.
翻译汉译英之主语的确定共33页
21、要知道对好事的称颂过于夸大，也会招来人们的反感轻蔑和嫉妒。——培根 22、业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。——韩愈
23、一切节省，归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 24、意志命运往往背道而驰，决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚
25、学习是劳动，是充满思想的劳动。——乌申斯基
谢谢！
翻译汉译英之主语的确定
21、没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要 适应孤 独，没 有人会 帮你一 辈子， 所以你 要奋斗 一生。 22、当眼24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首，因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿． 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ，它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ，以便 让别一 只脚能 够再往 上登。
汉译英――主语的确定PPT课件
problemg a scientific method, this
problem can be solved. • The adoption of a scientific method can
bring about the solution to this problem.
4. 明年五月以前能解决这个难题。 • Before/ prior to next May, this problem
can be solved. • Before/ prior to next May, a solution to
this problem can be found.
3
5. 那个地方能解决这个难题。 • This problem can be solved at that place. • A solution can be found to this problem at
• The solution of this problem lies in bring into
play the positive factor of the technical
staff.
7
13. 如果运用科学的方法能解决这个难题。 • If a scientific method is adopted, this
problem.
2
3. 两天时间能解决这个难题。 • We/ One can solve this problem in two
days. • This problem can be solved in two days. • Two days’ time will guarantee a
solution to this problem.
problem can be solved. • The adoption of a scientific method can
bring about the solution to this problem.
4. 明年五月以前能解决这个难题。 • Before/ prior to next May, this problem
can be solved. • Before/ prior to next May, a solution to
this problem can be found.
3
5. 那个地方能解决这个难题。 • This problem can be solved at that place. • A solution can be found to this problem at
• The solution of this problem lies in bring into
play the positive factor of the technical
staff.
7
13. 如果运用科学的方法能解决这个难题。 • If a scientific method is adopted, this
problem.
2
3. 两天时间能解决这个难题。 • We/ One can solve this problem in two
days. • This problem can be solved in two days. • Two days’ time will guarantee a
solution to this problem.
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改错： 楼的质量不好。 The qualityof the building is poor. 为了维持生计，有沉重和繁琐的家务要干。不少家庭主妇被家 务活累坏了身体。 In order to make a living, there is a lot of heavy housework. As a result, many housewives break down. 人们认为他翻译的这首诗不忠于原文。 He was not regarded faithful in his translation of this poem. The building is not well built. In order to make a living, many housewives have to do a lot of heavy housework so that they finally break down. His translation of this poem was regarded unfaithful.
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ---At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ---The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. 胎又瘪了。 --the tire turns flat again. ---we have got another flat tire.
句子翻译
之 主语确定
1、他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨，重新做人。 He determined to start a new life (change to be a new man). He was determined to turn over a new leaf.（ 省重复）
2、花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了 的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完 的金银财宝。（周而复；上海的早晨） The garden was a paradise on earth, which is full of super abundant finest rice and top noodles, silks and satins that are too many to wear, jewellery that is more than you can spend. The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. （减词）
5、我们都喜欢博得掌声，听到恭维，或者受 到称赞。 We are fond of applausing, hearing compliments and praising. We all enjoy applause, compliments and praise.（省动词）
6）我想要他画一张他没有画过的画，我说 ：“你给我画一张册页，从来没有画过 的。”他欣然答应了，……（艾青） I wanted him to paint me something he’d never painted before. When I asked him, he readily agreed.
我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋 友，而且成为兄弟。--The development of our relations has made us not only close friends but also brothers. Our relations have so grown that they bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers. 中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。 The strength,prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries. A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.
汉英句子比较
汉语为语义型语言，注重内容的意会性。其句法特征是意合： 主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主语 句的情况常见；谓语成分复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、 数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词。 所以汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。
英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子 结构受形式逻辑制约。其句法特征是形合：即主语突出，易 于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主 语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有时态、 语态和语气的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词 相联。所以英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。
汉语句子中主语可由不同类型的词语充当，主语隐 含或无主语的情况时有发生。 例如： 宿舍门口今天停满了小汽车。 星期天下大雪。 在桌子上有两本字典。 绿油油的草地上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。 必须对党员，特别是领导干部要严格要求，严格 管理，严格监督。 起大风了。
英语句子则主语突出，易于识别，且只能由名词或名 词性词语或主格人称代词充当。 在英语里，除祈使句等外，句子必须要有主语，否则 就不成句子。 We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned. Despite the serious damage in flooding, China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide efforts to deal with flooding. The first and basic experience gained in our financial work over the last years was that it is correct to secure supplies through economic growth.
2 重新确定主语 由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯存在较 大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对应地转换英语 中。 在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语，以 保证译文行文流畅，语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的. --Lu Hsun’s bones were the hardest. --Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity.
7、你们偶然看见一棵花生瑟缩地长在地上， 不能立刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接 触它才能知道。 （《落花生》） When you come upon a peanut plant growing in the soil, you can never immediately recognize whether it bears any nuts until you touch (get in touch with, contact with) them. When you come upon a peanut plant lying curled up on the ground, you can never tell whether or not it bears any nuts until you dig it up.
汉译英时主语确定
1 以原文主语作为译文主语； 当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词 或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以以原主语 作为英译文的主语。
我们的房子是十年前建造的。---Our house was built over ten years ago. 假日里，青年人成双成对漫步在公园里。--The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.
3、为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美 国也需要进一步了解中国。 To promote China-U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa. （省重复） 4、将右腿提放20次。再将左腿提放20次。 Lift and lower the right leg 20 times.The same to the left leg. Then the same with the left leg. Repeat the same as the left leg. The left is the same as the right. Lift and lower the right leg 20 times, as well as the left leg. Lift and lower the right leg 20 times. Repeat with the left leg. （省重复）
早晨的公园里，遛鸟者时常可见。 Early in the park we often see people walk with caged birds in hand. Taking a walk in parks with caged birds in hand is a common scene in the early morning.
3增补主语 汉语中主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常可见。译 者必须依照英语的语法规则将主语增补起来。
那肥大的荷叶下面，有一个人的脸，下半截身 子长在水里，那不是水生吗？?又往左右看去， 不久，个人就找到了个人丈夫的脸，啊，原 来是他们。--Not far away under a broad lotus leaf they saw a man’s head—the rest of him was submerged. It was Shuisheng. Looking right and left, each soon discovered her husbane. 端午节?吃粽子—On the Dragon Boat Festival, people eat Zongzi (pyramid-shaped dumplings made of glutinous rice).