学术英语理工lecture12

How Radiation Threatens Health如何辐射威胁健康As worries grow over radiation leaks at Fukushima, is it possible to gauge the immediate and lasting health effects of radiation exposure? Here's the science behind radiation sickness and other threats facing Japan。

由于担心福岛核电站辐射泄漏,有可能测量辐射的直接和持久的健康影响?这是背后的科学面临辐射病和其他威胁日本。

The japan earthquake and tsunami on match 11,a powerful,magnitude 9.0 quake hit northeastern japan,triggering a tsunami with 10-meter-high waves that reached the U.S. West coast.Here’s the science behind the disaster.在比赛11日日本地震和海啸,强大,日本东北部发生9.0级地震,地震引发的海啸与西方10-meter-high波,达到美国coast.Here灾难背后的科学。

The developing crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in the wake of the March 11 earthquake and tsunami has raised concerns over the health effects of radiation exposure: What is a "dangerous" level of radiation? How does radiation damage health? What are the consequences of acute and long-term low-dose radiation? 发展危机福岛第一核电站在3月11日地震和海啸后引发了担忧辐射对健康的影响:“危险”水平的辐射是什么?如何辐射损伤健康?急性和长期低剂量辐射的后果是什么?Though radioactive steam has been released to reduce pressure within the wrecked complex's reactors and there has been additional radiation leakage from the three explosions there, the resulting spikes in radiation levels have not been sustained. The highest radiation level reported thus far was a pulse of 400 millisieverts per hour at reactor No. 3, measured at 10:22 A.M. local time March 15. (A sievert is a unit of ionizing radiation equal to 100 rems; a rem is a dosage unit of x-ray and gamma-ray radiation exposure.) The level of radiation decreases dramatically as distance from the site increases. Radiation levels in Tokyo, about 220 kilometers to the southwest, have been reported to be only slightly above normal.尽管放射性蒸汽被释放减少受损的反应堆内压力和有额外的辐射泄漏的三次爆炸,产生的辐射水平激增并不持久。

迄今为止,报道的最高辐射水平是每小时400毫西弗的脉冲在三号反应堆,以当地时间3月15日上午十。

(译者按电离辐射的单位等于100雷姆;快速眼动是x射线和伽马射线辐射剂量单位。

)的辐射水平显著降低站点的距离增加,辐射水平在东京,西南约220公里处,已报告仅略高于正常。

"We are nowhere near levels where people should be worried," says Susan M. Langhorst, a health physicist and the radiation safety officer at Washington University in Saint Louis. “我们离辐射人们应该担心,”Susan m . Langhorst说健康物理学家与辐射安全官在圣路易斯华盛顿大学。

According to Abel Gonzalez, vice chairman of the International Commission on Radiological Protection who studied the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, current information coming from Japan about levels of radiation leakage are incomplete at best andspeculations about "worst-case scenarios" are as of yet irrelevant. 根据亚伯冈萨雷斯,国际放射防护委员会的副主席谁研究过1986年的切尔诺贝利灾难,当前信息来自日本关于核泄漏辐射水平是不完善的,于是对“最糟糕的情况”的无关紧要。

The health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.辐射对健康的影响水平,类型和持续时间。

Radiation level:辐射水平:The average person is exposed to 2 to 3 millisieverts of background radiation per year from a combination of cosmic radiation and emissions from building materials and natural radioactive substances in the environment.普通人接触到2 - 3毫西弗每yearfrom背景辐射的宇宙辐射和排放的建筑材料和自然环境中的放射性物质。

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission recommends that beyond this background level, the public limit their exposure to less than an additional one millisievert per year. The U.S. limit for radiation workers is 50 millisieverts annually, although few workers are exposed to anything approaching that amount. For patients undergoing medical radiation there is no strict exposure limit—it is the responsibility of medical professionals to weigh the risks and benefits of radiation used in diagnostics and treatment, according to Langhorst. A single CT scan, for example, can expose a patient to more than one millisievert.美国核管理委员会建议,在此背景下,公众限制他们接触不到一个1毫希。

美国限制辐射工作人员每年50毫希,但很少有工人暴露在接近这个数值。

对于接受辐射治疗的病人没有严格Langhorst称医护人员负责医疗辐射的风险与收益用于诊断和治疗,。

一个CT扫描,例如,可以使病人不止一个毫西弗。

Radiation sickness (or acute radiation syndrome) usually sets in after a whole-body dose of three sieverts—3,000 times the recommended public dose limit per year, Langhorst says. The first symptoms of radiation sickness—nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea—can appear within minutes or in days, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A period of serious illness, including appetite loss, fatigue, fever, gastrointestinal problems, and possible seizures or coma, may follow and last from hours to months.辐射病(或急性辐射综合症)通常在全身剂量的三集西弗特- 3000倍推荐每年公众剂量限制,Langhorst说。

第一个辐射病症状为恶心、呕吐、腹泻,可以出现在几分钟或几日内,根据美国疾病控制和预防中心一段严重的疾病,比如食欲不振、疲劳、发烧、肠胃问题,癫痫发作或昏迷,最后从小时到几个月。