which-在定语从句中的用法
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which 在定语从句中的用法
江苏朱姝
关系代词 which 一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语,既可引导限制性定语从句,又可引导非限制性定语从句。下面就进行归纳总结:
1. 引导限制性定语从句
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
商店应存有最畅销的货物。
This is the family which is planning to move to the party.
这是要搬进城里的一家。
2. 引导非限制性定语从句。
( 1 )用来指代一个句子。
Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen.
因特网是如此有趣,它使任何事都有可能发生。
( 2 )用来指代句子的一部分。
When deep in thought, which he often was, he would forget all around him.
他常常陷入沉思,这时他就会忘掉周围的一切。
( 3 )如果要引导两个非限制性定语从句,第二个 which 前要加 and.
He bought a book, which was written by LuXun, and which he decided to give to his friend.
他买了本鲁迅写的书,他决定送给朋友。
3. 名词+ of + which (= of which +名词= whose + 名词)通常放在先行词的后面。
I'd like a room the window of which looks out over the sea. / I'd like a room of which the window looks out over the sea. / I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
我要一间窗户面临大海的房间。
4. 介词+ which 的替代作用。
( 1 )作时间状语替代 when 。
There used to be a time at which / during which ( = when ) the Chinese people struggled for freedom.
中国人曾有一段为自由而斗争的日子。
( 2 )作地点状语替代 where 。
This is the office in which ( = where ) I used to work.
这是我过去工作过的办公室。
( 3 )作原因状语替代 why 。
I'd like you to explain the reason for which (= why ) you were absent.
我想让你解释一下缺席的原因。
( 4 )作方式状语替代 that 或省略。
There are many ways in which (= that / 省略) we can solve the problem.
解决这个问题有很多方法。
5. which, when, where 关系词的选择。
关系副词 when 与 where 用于引导定语从句时,往往修饰句中表示地点或时间的名词。但是,有时候在表示时间或地点的名词后面却不能用 when 或 where ,而该用 which 或 that 。
Is this the factory which / that produces all kinds of washing machines? ( which / that 在定语从句中作主语,指代前面的 the factory )这就是生产各种洗衣机的那家工厂吗?
I often think of the days which / that we spent together on the seaside. ( which / that 在定语从句中作宾语,指代 the days ,此时可省略。)我经常想起我们一起在海滩度过的日子。
The river where I used to swim is now seriously polluted.
( where 在定语从句中作状语, where = in which = in the river )我过去常去游泳的那条河现在已被严重地污染了。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
( when 在定语从句中作状语, when = on which = on the day )我仍然记得我第一次来北京的日子。
总结:在表示时间或地点的名词后面,选择何种关系词,应看它们在从句中的作用,即在从句中充当什么成份。如果在定语从句中充当时间或地点状语,就该用 when 或 where ;如果在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等,则应用 which / that 。
6. 引导非限制性定语从句关系代词 which, as 的选择。
关系代词 as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句时可以用整个句子作为先行词,指代上文或下文所说的一件事。
He said he'd been working in the office for an hour, which / as was true.
他说他一直在办公室工作了一个小时,这是真的。
总结:
( 1 ) Which 指前面主句所提到的这件事,常译为“这件事,这一点”等; as 具有“正如、像、由……而知、与……一致”的意思。
He was elected mayor of the city, which made us happy.
他被选为这个市的市长,这使我们很高兴。
As we expected, he didn't appear at the party.
正如我们所预料,他没有在聚会上出现。